No description available.

This dissertation introduces a general, predictive and cost-efficient reduced-order modeling (ROM) technique for characterization of flame response under acoustic modulation. The model is built upon the kinematic flame model–G-equation to describe the flame topology and dynamics, and the novelties of the ROM lie in i) a procedure to create the compatible base flow that can reproduce the correct flame geometry and ii) the use of a physically-consistent acoustic modulation field for the characterization of flame response. This ROM addresses the significant limitations of the classical kinematic model, which is only applicable to simple flame configurations and relies on ad-hoc models for the modulation field. The ROM is validated by considering the acoustically-excited premixed methane/air flames in conical and M-shape configurations. To test the model availability to practical burners, a confined flame configuration is also employed for model evaluation. Furthermore, to investigate the generality of the ROM to the burner flame, the performance of the ROM with respect to the V-shape and the swirled V-shape is investigated. The model accuracy is evaluated concerning flame geometrical features and flame describing function, and assessed by comparing the ROM results with both experimental measurements and direct- numerical-simulation results. It is found that the flame describing/transfer functions predicted by the ROM compare well with reference data, and are more accurate than those obtained from the conventional kinematic model built upon heuristically-presumed modulation fields.

The first objective of this Dissertation is to present a methodology to calculate analytically the mode shapes and corresponding natural frequencies and determine critical buckling loads of mechanically coupled microbeam resonators with a focus on micromechanical filters. The second objective is to adopt a nonlinear approach to build a reduced-order model and obtain closed-form expressions for the response of the filter to a primary resonance. The third objective is to investigate the feasibility of employing subharmonic excitation to build bandpass filters consisting of either two sets of two beams coupled mechanically or two sets of clamped-clamped beams. Throughout this Dissertation, we treat filters as distributed-parameter systems. In the first part of the Dissertation, we demonstrate the methodology by considering a mechanical filter composed of two beams coupled by a weak beam. We solve a boundary-value problem (BVP) composed of five equations and twenty boundary conditions for the natural frequencies and mode shapes. We reduce the problem to a set of three linear homogeneous algebraic equations for three constants and the frequencies in order to obtain a deeper insight into the relation between the design parameters and the performance metrics. In an approach similar to the vibration problem, we solve the buckling problem to study the effect of the residual stress on the static stability of the structure. To achieve the second objective, we develop a reduced-order model for the filter by writing the Lagrangian and applying the Galerkin procedure using its analytically calculated linear global mode shapes as basis functions. The resulting model accounts for the geometric and electric nonlinearities and the coupling between them. Using the method of multiple scales, we obtain closed-form expressions for the deflection and the electric current in the case of one-to-one internal and primary resonances. The closed-form solution shows that there are three possible operating ranges, depending on the DC voltage. For low DC voltages, the effective nonlinearity is positive and the filter behavior is hardening, whereas for large DC voltages, the effective nonlinearity is negative and the filter behavior is softening. We found that, when mismatched DC voltages are applied to the primary resonators, the first mode is localized in the softer resonator and the second mode is localized in the stiffer resonator. We note that the excitation amplitude can be increased without worrying about the appearance of multivaluedness when operating the filter in the near-linear range. The upper bound in this case is the occurrence of the dynamic pull-in instability. In the softening and hardening operating ranges, the adverse effects of the multi-valued response, such as hysteresis and jumps, limit the range of the input signal. To achieve the third objective, we propose a filtration technique based on subharmonic resonance excitation to attain bandpass filters with ideal stopband rejection and sharp rolloff. The filtration mechanism depends on tuning two oscillators such that one operates in the softening range and the other operates in the hardening range. Hardware and logic schemes are necessary to realize the proposed filter. We derive a reduced-order model using a methodology similar to that used in the primary excitation case, but with all necessary changes to account for the subharmonic resonance of order one-half. We observe that some manipulations are essential for a structure of two beams coupled by a weak spring to be suitable for filtration. To avoid these complications, we use a pair of single clamped-clamped beams to achieve our goal. Using a model derived by attacking directly the distributed-parameters problem, we suggest design guidelines to select beams that are potential candidates for building a bandpass filter. We demonstrate the proposed mechanism using an example. / Ph. D.

Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Stabilitätsuntersuchung von offenen Naturumlaufsystemen als Grundlage zur Verwendung als passives Wärmeabfuhrsystem im Sicherheitsbehälter eines Siedewasserreaktors. Der Betrieb eines solchen Systems im Naturumlauf basiert einzig auf der Ausbildung eines Dichtegradienten, der infolge einer freien Konvektion zu einer Strömung innerhalb dieses Systems führt. Dieser Dichtegradient im Arbeitsfluid wird durch die Wärmezu- und -abfuhr hervorgerufen. Der sich ausbildende und kontinuierlich steigende Massenstrom geht bei Erreichen der Sättigungstemperatur in Massenstromoszillationen, den sogenannten Zweiphasenströmungsinstabilitäten, über. Mit steigender Temperatur des Arbeitsfluides kehrt der Massenstrom zu einer stabilen Strömung und kontinuierlichen Wärmeabfuhr zurück, jedoch als Zweiphasenströmung. Es wurde an der Technischen Universität Dresden eine Versuchsanlage errichtet, die den Gebäudekondensator des KERENA\textsuperscript{TM}(ehemals SWR1000)-Reaktorkonzepts nachstellt, um die Anlagen- und die Betriebscharakteristik hinsichtlich geometrischer Einflüsse zu bewerten. Mit Hilfe hochauflösender Temperatur und Volumendampfgehaltsmessung wurde festgestellt, dass bei parallel angeordneten Steigrohren die durch Kondensationsschläge hervorgerufenen Druckschläge stark reduziert oder sogar unterbunden werden konnten. So fungiert eines der Steigrohre als Puffer für rückströmendes unterkühltes Fluid aus der Wärmesenke in dem anderen. Zusammengefasst wurde zudem die Betriebscharakteristik in Stabilitätskarten, die die stabile Einphasenströmung, die instabile Zweiphasenströmung und die stabile Zweiphasenströmung eindeutig voneinander abgrenzt. Die Vorhersage der Stabilitätsgrenze zwischen instabiler und stabiler Zweiphasenströmung durch einen analytischen Ansatz ist gelungen. Das zugrundeliegende Modell für ein solches offenes Naturumlaufsystem wurde durch die Methode der gewichteten Residuen und die Finite-Volumen-Methode gelöst und mit Hilfe der Proper Orthogonal Decomposition auf ein Modell niedriger Ordnung reduziert (ROM). Vergleichsrechnungen mit einem entwickelten Abbild des Versuchsstandes GENEVA unter Verwendung des bereits validierten Systemcodes ATHLET der \textit{Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) gGmbH} bestätigten die berechneten Betriebszustände und letztendlich die durch die lineare Stabilitätsuntersuchung ermittelte Stabilitätsgrenze. Eben dieses ROM bildet die Zweiphasenströmung mittels des \textit{Drift-flux mixture} Modells ab, welches die relativen Geschwindigkeiten jeder Phase berücksichtigt. Die nichtlineare Stabilitätsuntersuchung dieses ROMs ergab an ausgewählten Referenzbetriebspunkten superkritische Hopfbifurkationen, die nur durch die Detektion aufkommender stabiler Grenzzyklen während der numerischen Integration nachgewiesen werden konnten. Parameterstudien zur Stabilitätsanalyse können durch dieses ROMs unter erheblicher Reduktion von Rechenaufwand durchgeführt werden.

No description available.

Over the past century, great strides have been made in the advancement of mine fire knowledge since the 1909 Cherry Mine Fire Disaster, one of the worst in U.S. history. However, fire hazards remain omnipresent in underground coal mines in the U.S. and around the world. A precise fire numerical analysis (simulation) before any fire events can give a broad view of the emergency scenarios, leading to improved emergency response, and better health and safety outcomes. However, the simulation cost of precise large complex dynamical systems such as fire in underground mines makes practical and even theoretical application challenging. This work details a novel methodology to reduce fire and airflow simulation costs in order to make simulation of complex systems around fire and mine ventilation systems viable. This study will examine the development of a Reduced Order Model (ROM) to predict the flow field of an underground mine geometry using proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to reduce the airflow simulation cost in a nonlinear model. ROM proves to be an effective tool for approximating several possible solutions near a known solution, resulting in significant time savings over calculating full solutions and suitable for ensemble calculations. In addition, a novel iterative methodology was developed based on the physics of the fluid structure, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) of the dynamical system, and the vortex dynamics to determine the interface boundary in multiscale (3D-1D) fire simulations of underground space environments. The proposed methodology was demonstrated to be a useful technique for the determination of near and far fire fields, and could be applied across a broad range of flow simulations and mine geometries. Moreover, this research develops a methodology to analyze the tenable limits in a methane fire event in an underground coal mine for bare-faced miners, mine rescue teams, and fire brigade teams in order to improve safety and training of personnel trained to fight fires. The outcomes of this research are specific to mining although the methods outlined might have broader impacts on the other fields such as tunneling and underground spaces technology, HVAC, and fire protection engineering industries. / Ph. D. / With the rapid advancement of technology, the mine fire knowledge has progressed significantly. Atmospheric monitoring and early sensing of heating has improved; the numerical analysis has been expedited with the usage of supercomputers, and more regulations and standards have been set to increase health and safety of miners. In spite of advancements in these areas, fire hazards remain a critical hazard in underground mines. Developing an emergency plan for the safe escape and for fighting the fire is one of the most important issues during a fire event in underground space environments such as mines. A precise fire numerical analysis (simulation) before any fire events can give a broad view of the emergency situation that leads to improving the health and safety issues in the mining industry. Unfortunately, the precise simulation of the large complex dynamical system such as a fire in underground spaces is costly. This work details a cutting edge approach to reduce the fire and airflow simulation costs in order to make simulation of complex systems around fire and mine ventilation systems viable. The main focus of this proposal is to develop novel methodologies to decrease the time of the fire and airflow simulations. The developed methodologies prove to be useful techniques for the reduction of fire simulation and airflow simulation costs. In addition, this study will examine the development of a comprehensive methodology to analyze the tenable limits in a fire event in an underground coal mine in order to improve safety and training of personnel trained to fight fires. These simulations, applied to training, will result in more efficient evacuations (e.g., the decision to leave can be made quickly and with less delay), as well as safe and effective firefighting under certain situations. The target of this research is specific to mining industry although the methods outlined might have broader impacts on the other fields such as tunneling and underground spaces technology, HVAC, and fire protection engineering industries. Therefore, this research may have an immense contribution on the improvement of health and safety associated with firefighting.

[pt] Elementos de paredes finas com seções transversais abertas têm sido amplamente empregados em aplicações de engenharia. Embora as aplicações convencionais e os códigos de projeto se concentrem predominantemente em elementos de aço, observa-se um interesse crescente no uso de materiais alternativos, especialmente compósitos. Entre estes, polímeros reforçados com fibra (FRP) têm sido cada vez mais empregados devido às suas propriedades benéficas. No entanto, a natureza ortotrópica das colunas FRP, produzidas através de pultrusão, apresenta um desafio, uma vez que as prescrições convencionais de projeto para estruturas de aço não podem ser aplicadas diretamente. Assim, mais pesquisas são essenciais para fornecer normas de projeto confiáveis para membros estruturais em FRP. Entre as geometrias tradicionais de seção aberta, seções cantoneira têm sido comumente empregadas. Apesar de sua simplicidade geométrica, colunas com seção cantoneira apresentam uma flambagem estrutural e um comportamento dinâmico complexos, que decorre do fato de tais colunas apresentarem diferentes modos de deformação, função de suas propriedades geométricas e materiais, incluindo interação modal, principalmente entre os modos de flexão e torção. Este trabalho se concentra na investigação das características de flambagem e vibração de colunas pultrudadas FRP com seção cantoneira, abrangendo seções de abas iguais e desiguais, e abrangendo colunas curtas a longas. Para isso, são desenvolvidos modelos de dimensão reduzida (ROMs) baseados na teoria clássica não linear de placas (CPT) proposta por von Kármán. A seção cantoneira é modelada como duas placas, com restrições de continuidade imposta na ligação entre ambas. Utilizando o software GBTul, é conduzida uma investigação abrangente da participação modal nos modos de flambagem e vibração. Com base nesta análise, o campo de deslocamentos de cada placa para todos os ROMs é aproximado por funções de interpolação derivadas analiticamente, que são usadas para discretizar o sistema contínuo com base no método de Ritz. Pela aplicação do princípio de Hamilton, os problemas de autovalor e equações não lineares de movimento são derivados. São realizadas análises paramétricas dimensionais e adimensionais, com cargas críticas e frequências de vibração comparadas favoravelmente com os resultados do GBTul. Caminhos pós-flambagem são explorados resolvendo-se os sistemas de equações de equilíbrio não lineares para cada ROM. A influência dos parâmetros geométricos e materiais na rigidez pós-flambagem é investigada, juntamente com a sensibilidade às imperfeições geométricas iniciais. Finalmente, a estabilidade de colunas sob carregamento axial harmônico é avaliada resolvendo-se numericamente as equações não lineares de movimento usando-se o método Runge-Kutta de quarta ordem. As regiões de instabilidade paramétrica são determinadas em função da frequência e magnitude da força de excitação harmônica, considerando a influência do material, do amortecimento e da geometria da seção transversal. Os diagramas de bifurcação são obtidos empregando-se o método da força bruta e técnicas de continuação, esclarecendo as bifurcações associadas aos limites de instabilidade paramétrica. A evolução das bacias de atração de soluções coexistentes é investigada, proporcionando uma avaliação da integridade dinâmica. Os resultados demonstram que a coluna pode perder estabilidade sob níveis de carga bem abaixo da carga estática de flambagem e, portanto, os projetistas devem ter cautela ao trabalhar com essas estruturas sujeitas a cargas axiais variáveis no tempo. / [en] Thin-walled elements with open cross sections have been widely employed in engineering applications. While conventional applications and design codes predominantly focus on steel members, a growing interest has emerged in exploring alternative materials, particularly composites. Among these, fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) has witnessed increased application owing to its advantageous properties. However, the orthotropic nature of FRP columns, produced through pultrusion, presents a challenge as conventional design prescriptions for structural steel cannot be directly applied. Thus, further research is essential to derive reliable design rules for FRP members. In the realm of traditional open section geometries, angle sections have been commonly employed. Despite their geometric simplicity, angles exhibit a complex structural buckling and dynamic behaviour which arises from the fact that such columns may undergo different deformation modes, according to their geometric and material properties, with modal interaction observed, particularly between flexural and torsional modes. This work focuses on investigating the buckling and vibration characteristics of pultruded FRP angle sections, encompassing both equal and unequal-leg sections, and spanning short to long columns. For this, reduced order models (ROMs) are developed based on the classical von Kármán nonlinear plate theory (CPT). The angle section is modelled as two plates, with continuity constraints considered at the common boundary. Utilizing GBTul software, a comprehensive investigation of modal participation in linear buckling and vibration modes is conducted. Based on this analysis, the plate displacement field for each ROM is approximated by suitable analytically derived interpolating functions, which are used to discretize the continuous system on the basis of the Ritz energy method. By application of Hamilton s principle, the eigenvalue problems and nonlinear equations of motion are derived. Parametric dimensional and nondimensional analyses are carried out, with critical loads and vibration frequencies compared favorably with GBTul results. Post-buckling paths are explored by solving the systems of nonlinear equilibrium equations for each ROM. The influence of geometric and material parameters on post-buckling stiffness is investigated, along with the sensitivity to initial geometrical imperfections. Finally, the stability of the columns under harmonic axial loading is assessed by numerically solving the nonlinear equations of motion using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. Parametric instability regions are determined as a function of the frequency and magnitude of the harmonic excitation force, considering the influence of material, damping, and cross-sectional geometry. Bifurcation diagrams are obtained employing the brute force method and continuation techniques, clarifying the bifurcations associated to the parametric instability boundaries. The evolution of basins of attraction of coexisting solutions is investigated, providing an evaluation of dynamic integrity. The results demonstrate that the column may lose stability at load levels well below the static buckling loads and, therefore, designers must exercise caution when working with these structures subjected to time-varying axial loads.

This dissertation uses spatial filtering to develop a large eddy simulation reduced order model (LES-ROM) framework for fluid flows. Proper orthogonal decomposition is utilized to extract the dominant spatial structures of the system. Within the general LES-ROM framework, two approaches are proposed to address the celebrated ROM closure problem. No phenomenological arguments (e.g., of eddy viscosity type) are used to develop these new ROM closure models. The first novel model is the approximate deconvolution ROM (AD-ROM), which uses methods from image processing and inverse problems to solve the ROM closure problem. The AD-ROM is investigated in the numerical simulation of a 3D flow past a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number $Re=1000$. The AD-ROM generates accurate results without any numerical dissipation mechanism. It also decreases the CPU time of the standard ROM by orders of magnitude. The second new model is the calibrated-filtered ROM (CF-ROM), which is a data-driven ROM. The available full order model results are used offline in an optimization problem to calibrate the ROM subfilter-scale stress tensor. The resulting CF-ROM is tested numerically in the simulation of the 1D Burgers equation with a small diffusion parameter. The numerical results show that the CF-ROM is more efficient than and as accurate as state-of-the-art ROM closure models. / Ph. D. / Numerical simulation of complex fluid flows is often challenging in many realistic engineering, scientific, and medical applications. Indeed, an accurate numerical approximation of such flows generally requires millions and even billions of degrees of freedom. Furthermore, some design and control applications involve repeated numerical simulations for different parameter values. Reduced order models (ROMs) are an efficient approach to the numerical simulation of fluid flows, since they can reduce the computational time of a brute force computational approach by orders of magnitude while preserving key features of the flow. Our main contribution to the field is the use of spatial filtering to develop better ROMs. To construct the new spatially filtered ROMs, we use ideas from image processing and inverse problems, as well as data-driven algorithms. The new ROMs are more accurate than standard ROMs in the numerical simulation of challenging three-dimensional flows past a circular cylinder.

Dans le domaine automobile, les modules électroniques de puissance des produits mécatroniques voient leur puissance sans cesse s'accroître, tout en étant confinés dans des volumes de plus en plus réduits. Au cours de leur fonctionnement, les composants semi-conducteurs et leur assemblage subissent ainsi des contraintes électro-thermo-mécaniques sévères, susceptibles d'entraîner leur destruction et de provoquer la défaillance du produit. L'étude de la fiabilité et le calcul de la durée de vie de tels produits dépendent des températures de jonction calculées au niveau des puces des composants de puissances. De surcroît, le contexte d'applications embarquées requiert de maîtriser, outre les paramètres électriques et mécaniques, les paramètres thermiques tels que les températures de jonctions et les puissances dissipées au niveau des composants, qu'il est nécessaire de réguler et contrôler en temps réel afin d'assurer le bon fonctionnement du produit. L'objectif de cette thèse est ainsi de proposer une méthode d'identification de modèles réduits dans le but d'estimer le comportement thermique des modules électroniques de puissance, en se fondant uniquement sur les données d'entrées et les résultats issus d'une simulation numérique d'un modèle détaillé du système étudié. Dans cette thèse, une nouvelle méthode d'identification, nommée « Kernel Identification Method », est développée. Cette méthode a été validée sur une application industrielle traitant d'un problème thermique couplé solide/fluide dont le comportement est essentiellement régi par de la convection forcée. Une étude exploratoire portant sur l'identification de problèmes non linéaires où la convection naturelle joue le rôle dominant est ensuite proposée. A cet effet, deux méthodes d’identification non-paramétrique sont proposées : (i) une première méthode basée sur l’extension de la méthode Kernel Identification Method ; et (ii) une deuxième méthode basée sur la variante dite « Unscented » du filtre de Kalman. / In automotive applications, the thermal dissipation of power electronics modules in mechatronic products is constantly increasing, whereas these products are confined in increasingly reduced volumes. During their operation, the semiconductor components and their environment are then submitted to severe electro-thermo-mechanical stresses that could cause their damage and lead to the product failure. The reliability and lifetime prevision of such products depend on the temperature junction located at the chip of power components. Furthermore, in order to ensure the safe operation of embedded applications, it is essential to perform a real-time control of thermal parameters such as the junction temperatures and power dissipated on the power components, in addition to the electrical and mechanical parameters. The objective of this thesis is to develop an identification method aimed at producing reduced thermal models to estimate the thermal behaviour of power electronic modules. Designed in a non-intrusive framework, this method post-processes the input data and the results produced by the numerical simulation of a detailed of the system under study. In this thesis, a new identification method, called "Kernel Identification Method" is developed. It has been validated on an industrial application dealing with a thermally coupled solid / fluid problem mainly governed by forced convection. An exploratory study of nonlinear problems identification where the natural convection plays the dominant role is then proposed. To this end, two identification methods of nonparametric nature are proposed: (i) a method based on the extension of the Kernel Identification Method; and (ii) a second method based on the "unscented" variant of the Kalman filter.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta um método para calcular a resistência à fadiga de uma torre de perfuração considerando a elevação da superfície do mar, a dinâmica da plataforma na qual a torre está instalada e a dinâmica da própria torre. Modelos de ordem reduzida são utilizados para obter a elevação da superfície do mar e a dinâmica torre, e as incertezas nos parâmetros dos componentes do sistema podem ser incluídas na análise também. As análises podem ser feitas para vários estados de mar, conforme sua distribuição de probabilidade, e nenhuma hipótese sobre a distribuição de probabilidade precisa ser feita inicialmente. O histograma de distribuição de ciclos de tensão para toda vida útil do equipamento é obtido usando um procedimento de contagem de ciclos Rainflow. Os resultados e as incertezas nos mesmos são discutidos. / [en] This work presents a method for evaluation of the fatigue resistance of a drilling tower considering the sea surface elevation, the dynamics of the platform on which the tower is installed and the dynamics of the tower itself. Reduced order models are used for obtaining the sea surface elevation and the dynamics of the tower, and the uncertainties on the parameters of the components of the system can be included in the analysis as well. The analysis can be done for several sea states, according its probability distribution, and no assumption about the probability distribution of the stress ranges has to be made previously. The histogram for the distribution of stress ranges for the entire working life of the equipment is obtained using a Rainflow technique. The results and the uncertainties on them are discussed.