Yes / Background: Presently, there is limited guidance on the maximal dosing of psychosis drugs that is based on effectiveness rather than safety or toxicity. Current maximum dosing recommendations may far exceed the necessary degree of dopamine D2 receptor blockade required to treat psychosis. This may lead to excess harm through cognitive impairment and side effects. Aims: This analysis aimed to establish guidance for prescribers by optimally dosing drugs for psychosis based on efficacy and benefit. Methods: We used data from two dose–response meta-analyses and reviewed seven of the most prescribed drugs for psychosis in the UK. Where data were not available, we used appropriate comparison techniques based on D2 receptor occupancy to extrapolate our recommendations. Results: We found that the likely threshold dose for achieving remission of psychotic symptoms was often significantly below the currently licensed dose for these drugs. We therefore recommend that clinicians are cautious about exceeding our recommended doses. Individual factors, however, should be accounted for. We outline potentially relevant factors including age, ethnicity, sex, smoking status and pharmacogenetics. Additionally, we recommend therapeutic drug monitoring as a tool to determine individual pharmacokinetic variation. Conclusions: In summary, we propose a new set of maximum target doses for psychosis drugs based on efficacy. Further research through randomised controlled trials should be undertaken to evaluate the effect of reducing doses from current licensing maximums or from doses that are above our recommendations. However, dose reductions should be implemented in a manner that accounts for and reduces the effects of drug withdrawal.

The present study was undertaken to elucidate the electrochemical reduction mechanisms of benzil derivatives using the techniques of polarography and controlled potential electrolysis. Another objective of this study was to determine a quantitative relationship between reactivity and structure. The electrochemical experiments have been conducted in a 50% ethanol-water solvent over the pH range of 1.5 to 13.5. Potentiometric titrations and ultraviolet spectra were obtained to help understand the ionization of hydroxy-substituted benzil derivatives and how the ionization affects the polarographic reductions. Benzoin and two benzoin derivatives were studied to help determine the reduction products.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

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A power grid network is an interconnected network of coupled devices that generate, transmit and distribute power to consumers. These complex and usually large-scale systems have high dimensional models that are computationally expensive to simulate especially in real time applications, stability analysis, and control design. Model order reduction (MOR) tackles this issue by approximating these high dimensional models with reduced high-fidelity representations. When the internal description of the models is not available, the reduced representations are constructed by data. In this dissertation, we investigate four problems regarding the MOR and data-driven modeling of the power networks model, particularly the swing equations. We first develop a parametric MOR approach for linearized parametric swing equations that preserves the physically-meaningful second-order structure of the swing equations dynamics. Parameters in the model correspond to variations in operating conditions. We employ a global basis approach to develop the parametric reduced model. We obtain these local bases by $mathcal{H}_2$-based interpolatory model reduction and then concatenate them to form a global basis. We develop a framework to enrich this global basis based on a residue analysis to ensure bounded $mathcal{H}_2$ and $mathcal{H}_infty$ errors over the entire parameter domain. Then, we focus on nonlinear power grid networks and develop a structure-preserving system-theoretic model reduction framework. First, to perform an intermediate model reduction step, we convert the original nonlinear system to an equivalent quadratic nonlinear model via a lifting transformation. Then, we employ the $mathcal{H}_2$-based model reduction approach, Quadratic Iterative Rational Krylov Algorithm (Q-IRKA). Using a special subspace structure of the model reduction bases resulting from Q-IRKA and the structure of the underlying power network model, we form our final reduction basis that yields a reduced model of the same second-order structure as the original model. Next, we focus on a data-driven modeling framework for power network dynamics by applying the Lift and Learn approach. Once again, with the help of the lifting transformation, we lift the snapshot data resulting from the simulation of the original nonlinear swing equations such that the resulting lifted-data corresponds to a quadratic nonlinearity. We then, project the lifted data onto a lower dimensional basis via a singular value decomposition. By employing a least-squares measure, we fit the reduced quadratic matrices to this reduced lifted data. Moreover, we investigate various regularization approaches. Finally, inspired by the second-order sparse identification of nonlinear dynamics (SINDY) method, we propose a structure-preserving data-driven system identification method for the nonlinear swing equations. Using the special structure on the right-hand-side of power systems dynamics, we choose functions in the SINDY library of terms, and enforce sparsity in the SINDY output of coefficients. Throughout the dissertation, we use various power network models to illustrate the effectiveness of our approaches. / Doctor of Philosophy / Power grid networks are interconnected networks of devices responsible for delivering electricity to consumers, e.g., houses and industries for their daily needs. There exist mathematical models representing power networks dynamics that are generally nonlinear but can also be simplified by linear dynamics. Usually, these models are complex and large-scale and therefore take a long time to simulate. Hence, obtaining models of much smaller dimension that can capture the behavior of the original systems with an acceptable accuracy is a necessity. In this dissertation, we focus on approximation of power networks model through the swing equations. First, we study the linear parametric power network model whose operating conditions depend on parameters. We develop an algorithm to replace the original model with a model of smaller dimension and the ability to perform in different operating conditions. Second, given an explicit representation of the nonlinear power network model, we approximate the original model with a model of the same structure but smaller dimension. In the cases where the mathematical models are not available but only time-domain data resulting from simulation of the model is at hand, we apply an already developed framework to infer a model of a small dimension and a specific nonlinear structure: quadratic dynamics. In addition, we develop a framework to identify the nonlinear dynamics while maintaining their original physically-meaningful structure.

Miniaturisation of electronic chips poses challenges at the design stage. The progressively decreasing circuit dimensions result in complex electrical behaviour that necessitates complex models. Simulation of complex circuit models involves extraordinarily large compu- tational complexity. Such complexity is better managed through Model Order Reduction. Model order reduction has been successful in large reductions in system order for most types of circuits, at high levels of accuracy. However, multiport circuits with large number of inputs/outputs, pose an additional computational challenge. A strategy based on exible clustering of interconnects results in more e cient reduction of multiport circuits. Clustering methods traditionally use Krylov-subspace methods such as PRIMA for the actual model reduction step. These clustering methods are unable to reduce the model order to the optimum extent. SVD-based methods like Truncated Balanced Realization have shown higher reduction potential than Krylov-subspace methods. In this thesis, the di erences in reduction potential and computational cost thereof between SVD-based methods and Krylov-subspace methods are identi ed, analyzed and quanti ed. A novel algorithm has been developed, utilizing a particular combination of both these methods to achieve better results. It enhances the clustering method for model reduction using Truncated Balanced Realization as a second-level reduction technique. The algorithm is tested and signi cant gains are illustrated. The proposed novel algorithm preserves the other advantages of the current clustering algorithm.

O uso de fitase em dietas destinadas a frangos de corte é um consenso na indústria avícola. Juntamente ao emprego de 500FTU/kg de fitase, a recomendação de reduções de cálcio (Ca) e fósforo disponível (Pd) na matriz nutricional é tida como uma estratégia para a redução dos custos da dieta sem causar redução no desempenho dos animais. Com isso, foi hipotetizado que o uso de superdosagem de fitase (1500FTU/kg) em dietas com matriz nutricional valorizada para Ca e Pd, energia metabolizável (EM) e proteína bruta (PB), apresentaria menores custos de dieta e maior lucratividade, sem acarretar redução no desempenho dos animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da redução de Ca, Pd, PB e EM em dietas comerciais suplementadas com superdosagem de fitase sobre o custo de dietas e margem de lucro, bem como o desempenho, mineralização óssea e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte de 1 a 42d. Para tanto, foram utilizados 1200 pintos de um dia (Cobb500) distribuídos aleatoriamente em um programa de alimentação comercial composto por dieta sem redução nutricional e sem suplementação enzimática ( C ); dietas reduzidas em 23kcal, 0,23%, 0,10% e 0,09% na fase 1 e 2, e reduzida em 23kcal, 0,24%, 0,11% e 0,10% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementadas com 500FTU/kg de fitase (500); dietas reduzidas em 29kcal, 0,29%, 0,13%, 0,12% nas fases 1 e 2, e dietas reduzidas em 30kcal, 0,31%, 0,14% e 0,13% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementada com 1000FTU/kg de fitase (1000); e dietas reduzidas em 34kcal, 0,34%, 0,15%, 0,14% nas fases 1 e 2, e dietas reduzidas em 35kcal, 0,36%, 0,16% e 0,15% de EM, PB, Ca e Pd na fase 3, suplementada com 1500FTU/kg de fitase (1500); com 25 repetições por tratamento e 12 aves por unidade experimental. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC GLM do SAS (2012) e quando atendidas, os dados foram submetidos ao teste de comparação de médias (Tukey) a 5% de probabilidade. O uso de superdosagem de fitase promoveu o desempenho, cinzas ósseas e rendimento de carcaça e pernas similares entre os animais (p<0.05). No entanto, os animais submetidos a dietas suplementadas com 1500FTU/kg de fitase apresentaram melhor rendimento de peito (p=0.037). Além disso, as dietas suplementadas com fitase apresentaram menor custo de dieta e maior lucratividade (p<0001). Em conclusão, neste estudo, a utilização de superdosagem de fitase em dietas com matriz nutricional valorizada para Ca, Pd, EM e PB apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável para a redução de custos e aumento da lucratividade, sem afetar o desempenho de frangos de corte aos 42d. / The use of phytase in diets for broilers is a consensus in the poultry industry. Together with the use of 500 FTU/kg of phytase, the recommendation of reductions in calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) in the nutritional matrix is taken as a strategy to reduce dietary costs without causing a reduction in animal performance. Therefore, it was hypothesized that the use of phytase superdosings (1500 FTU/kg) in diets with nutritional matrix valued for Ca and aP, metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) would present lower dietary costs and higher profitability, with no effects on animal performance. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of reduction of Ca, aP, CP and ME in commercial diets supplemented with phytase superdosing on the cost of diets and profit margin, as well as performance, bone mineralization and carcass dressing of broiler chickens from 1 to 42d of age. For this purpose, 1200 day-old chicks (Cobb500) were randomly distributed in a commercial feeding program composed of a diet without nutritional reduction and without enzymatic supplementation (C); diets reduced by 23kcal, 0.23%, 0.10% and 0.09% in phase 1 and 2, and reduced by 23kcal, 0.24%, 0.11% and 0.10% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 500 FTU/kg of phytase (500); diets reduced by 29 kcal, 0.29%, 0.13%, 0.12% in phases 1 and 2, and diets reduced by 30 kcal, 0.31%, 0.14% and 0.13% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 1000 FTU/kg of phytase (1000); and diets reduced by 34 kcal, 0.34%, 0.15%, 0.14% in phases 1 and 2, and diets reduced by 35 kcal, 0.36%, 0.16% and 0.15% of ME, CP, Ca and aP in stage 3, supplemented with 1500 FTU/kg of phytase (1500); with 25 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per experimental unit. The data were analyzed by PROC GLM of SAS (2012) and when met, the data were submitted to the test of comparison of averages (Tukey) at 5% of probability. The use of phytase superdosing promoted performance, bone ash, and carcass dressing and leg yield similar among treatments (p>0.05). However, animals fed diets supplemented with 1500 FTU/kg of phytase showed greater breast yield (p=0.037). In addition, diets supplemented with phytase had lower diet cost and greater profitability (p<0001). In conclusion, in this study, the use of phytase superdosing in diets with nutritional matrix valued for Ca, aP, ME and CP is a viable alternative for reducing costs and increasing profitability, without affecting the performance of broiler chickens at 42d of age.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Geology, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references.

A variety of new features have been added in the present-day vehicles like a pre-crash warning, the vehicle to vehicle communication, semi-autonomous driving systems, telematics, drive by wire. They demand very high bandwidth from in-vehicle networks. Various electronic control units present inside the automotive transmit useful information via automotive multiplexing. Automotive multiplexing allows sharing information among various intelligent modules inside an automotive electronic system. Optimum functionality is achieved by transmitting this data in real time. The high bandwidth and high-speed requirement can be achieved either by using multiple buses or by implementing higher bandwidth. But, by doing so the cost of the network and the complexity of the wiring in the vehicle increases. Another option is to implement higher layer protocol which can reduce the amount of data transferred by using data reduction (DR) techniques, thus reducing the bandwidth usage. The implementation cost is minimal as only the changes are required in the software and not in hardware. In our work, we present a new data reduction algorithm termed as “Comprehensive Data Reduction (CDR)” algorithm. The proposed algorithm is used for minimization of the bus utilization of CAN bus for a future vehicle. The reduction in the busload was efficiently made by compressing the parameters; thus, more number of messages and lower priority messages can be efficiently sent on the CAN bus. The proposed work also presents a performance analysis of proposed algorithm with the boundary of fifteen compression algorithm, and Compression area selection algorithms (Existing Data Reduction Algorithm). The results of the analysis show that proposed CDR algorithm provides better data reduction compared to earlier proposed algorithms. The promising results were obtained in terms of reduction in bus utilization, compression efficiency, and percent peak load of CAN bus. This Reduction in the bus utilization permits to utilize a larger number of network nodes (ECU’s) in the existing system without increasing the overall cost of the system. The proposed algorithm has been developed for automotive environment, but it can also be utilized in any applications where extensive information transmission among various control units is carried out via a multiplexing bus.