Leaves and fruit of nine apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) genotypes were evaluated for insect injury in 1998 and 1999. Foliar and fruit injury from 12 insect species was inconsistently affected by genotype. Spraying trees with oil affected neither fruit insect injury nor fruit phytotoxicity. In choice feeding assays, incidence of Japanese beetle (JB) feeding and leaf area consumed was greater for 'Liberty' than for 'York.' Genotypes did not differ in no-choice feeding assays. Choice and no-choice feeding assays between apple and oak indicated that JB could distinguish host plants in an artificial environment. Trichome density appeared different among three genotypes. 'York', the non-preferred genotype, had highest specific leaf weight and concentration of phloridzin, a feeding repellent. 'Liberty' the preferred genotype, had the lowest specific leaf weight, and had the highest concentration of quercitrin, a feeding stimulant. Olfactory stimuli of JB was evaluated with a Y-tube olfactometer. Beetles preferred the side of the Y-tube containing leaf tissue of apple or Virginia creeper over the side with no leaf. Beetles did not choose one plant species over the other. Bias test of beetle orientation in the Y-tube olfactometer indicated that in the morning, but not the afternoon, beetles preferentially moved into the left side of the Y-tube. Humidity did not affect beetle orientation. In darkness JB preferred a leaf disc over a paper disc and beetles tended to remain on the leaf. / Ph. D.

Submitted by Lorenzo Pieri (lpieri@ymail.com) on 2013-07-01T22:47:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EPGEFGV_Dissertacao_Pieri_Lorenzo_FINAL.pdf: 21467835 bytes, checksum: 660c8bb8775579959cc7d94bb71d0a0a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza (vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2013-07-11T17:43:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 EPGEFGV_Dissertacao_Pieri_Lorenzo_FINAL.pdf: 21467835 bytes, checksum: 660c8bb8775579959cc7d94bb71d0a0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-19T13:44:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EPGEFGV_Dissertacao_Pieri_Lorenzo_FINAL.pdf: 21467835 bytes, checksum: 660c8bb8775579959cc7d94bb71d0a0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-19 / Through an Error Correction Model this study explores possible asymmetries in the passthrough of the oil prices to gasoline and diesel prices in the US market and, mainly, analyzes if the trends reversals of those refined oil products demand at the above market affected the price transmission mechanism. Using monthly date from January 2001 to December 2012, the results for gasoline indicated that there was evidence of passthrough due to the demand shift. However, it is worth noting that this result occurred concurrently with the period of recovery in prices witnessed after the 2008 crisis. Regarding diesel, there is no evidence that there were changes in the passthrough. Finally, we found evidence of the WTI decline as an oil reference due to its devaluation from 2010. / Através de um Modelo de Correção de Erros este estudo explora possíveis assimetrias no passthrough dos preços de petróleos para os preços do diesel e da gasolina no mercado dos Estados Unidos, analisando, principalmente, se as inversões das tendências das demandas destes derivados afetaram o mecanismo de transmissão de preços. A partir de dados mensais de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2012, para a gasolina foram encontrados indícios de que houve alterações do passthrough em decorrência da quebra da demanda. Porém, é válido destacar que tal resultado ocorreu concomitantemente ao período de recuperação de preços presenciada após a crise de 2008. Em relação ao diesel, não há indícios de que houve alterações no passthrough. Por fim, há evidências da redução do WTI como petróleo de referência em decorrência da sua desvalorização a partir de 2010.