Based on the results of numerous studies, researchers have found that metacognition, or the ability to "think about thinking," plays a significant role in students' design education. Educators are increasingly focused on metacognition in design education, not only with the subject matter, but also with the development of metacognitive skills for self-regulated and lifelong learning. Since the early 2000s, there have been an increasing number of studies on the role of metacognition in education. However, there is a lack of research on the nature of metacognitive processing in design education and how metacognitive strategies develop in design students. This study focuses on the process of learning, in terms of design thinking, and specifically on the role of metacognitive learning. The purpose of the inquiry is to extend metacognitive theory to design learning and uncover the factors and influences of metacognitive thinking and learning during a student's first year in the Design Lab. In this study, the researcher probed the students' metacognitive ability in different design learning-tasks. The research frames metacognitive aspects of students' learning based on evidence obtained from students while they were working in the Design Lab. The evidence is as follows: verbal description (oral or written), experiential (videos or notes about people in action) and artifactual objects of the learning process (sketches and models). The field studies utilized a constructivist paradigm to examine the various forms of thinking in action, and the actions that occur during a learning-task. Verbal protocol analysis of video recordings of students engaged in selected learning design tasks was used to uncover the metacognitive thinking that develops during the execution of the learning-task. The researcher used a thematic data analysis process to develop an understanding of the data and identify common themes that arose from the investigation. Themes were generated through the interpretation of the data in light of the literature reviewed, the research questions, and the researcher's personal knowledge and intuition. The cyclical process of metacognitive thinking for design students was examined based on three main categories: Reflective process knowledge, reflective process monitoring, and reflective process control. The research reveals that metacognitive thinking plays an important role in design idea generation and development, and is an important part of the creative process in design. As one would expect, based on metacognitive theory, the differences between high-performing and low-performing students are well explained. High-performing students focused more on metacognitive thinking, especially monitoring their design process, while low-performance students were more concerned with cognition, or doing the task. The findings have added new knowledge to the fields of metacognition and self-regulated learning by identifying the conscious thinking process that occurs when students engage in design learning in the first year Design Lab. This knowledge will be helpful to design educators in formulating design learning-tasks for students in their labs in tandem with fully utilizing the environment of their school. / Ph. D. / Researchers have indicated that metacognition or the ability to “think about thinking” plays a significant role in the education of design students. Educators are focusing on metacognition in design education not only to improve students’ performance in design education but also to improve students’ metacognitive skills that can be utilized for self-regulated and lifelong learning. Although there have been increasing number of studies on metacognition in the past decade, there is still a need to further investigate metacognition in design education and also how to develop metacognitive strategies in design students. This study focuses on the influence of metacognition on designers thinking and learning process. The purpose of this research is to extend the current metacognition theories to design environment and uncover the factors and influences of metacognitive thinking and learning during a student’s first year in the Design Lab. In this study the researcher used different design learning-tasks to better understand students’ metacognitive abilities, which is done by analyzing the data acquired from students while they were engaged in the Design Lab. The following types if data was acquired: verbal description (oral or written), experiential (videos or notes about people in action) and artifactual objects of the learning process (sketches and models. To better understand students’ metacognitive thinking, they were video/audio taped as they worked on the design learning-tasks. The researcher used a thematic data analysis process to extract the common themes that existed in the data. Themes were generated by interpreting students’ actions in light of the reviewed literature, the research questions, and the personal knowledge and intuition of the researcher. Metacognitive thinking is divided in to three main subcategories: Reflective process knowledge, reflective process monitoring, and reflective process control. Results indicated that the metacognitive thinking plays an important role in the generation and development of design ideas and is an important part of the creative process in design. The metacognitive theory was able to clearly explain the differences between High-performance and Low-performance students. High-performing students focused more on metacognitive thinking, especially monitoring their design process, while low-performance students were more concerned with cognition, or doing the task. The findings have added new knowledge to the fields of metacognition and self-regulated learning by identifying the conscious thinking process that occurs when students engage in design learning in the first year Design Lab. This knowledge will be helpful to design educators in formulating design learning-tasks for students in their labs in tandem with fully utilizing the environment of their school.

Thesis advisor: Lauri Johnson / This qualitative case study examined the perceptions of teachers and leaders in one Massachusetts school district about the actions of school leaders that engaged teachers in the reflective process. Utilizing Lave and Wenger's (1991) "Communities of Practice" as a framework enabled the researcher to examine the extent to which a social process of learning existed and whether the district's current structures and conditions engaged teachers in the reflective process. The findings from this study drew upon interview, observation, and document data to explore teacher and leader views regarding specific leadership actions (or inactions) that supported and facilitated teacher engagement in the examination of their practice and whether teachers viewed those actions as impacting their ability to reflect. Results indicated that school leaders implemented anticipatory and ongoing actions to create necessary preconditions, which fostered teacher reflection. Data revealed a district belief that reflective dialogue in pairs (teacher to teacher or teacher to administrator) or in groups (faculty meetings, grade level or departmental meeting) was important to educator growth. Administrators' actions, which engaged teachers in a reflective process, were perceived to be those associated with being an instructional leader. Recommendations include helping district leaders understand the role and design of collaborative reflection as well as the role of the principal in order to plan and implement effective professional learning, which develops reflective practitioners. / Thesis (EdD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

Submitted by Caroline Periotto (carol@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-21T18:32:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePOL.pdf: 3203228 bytes, checksum: 1a3d1d06141f013d2d39368d80fd729c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:29:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePOL.pdf: 3203228 bytes, checksum: 1a3d1d06141f013d2d39368d80fd729c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-23T18:29:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePOL.pdf: 3203228 bytes, checksum: 1a3d1d06141f013d2d39368d80fd729c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-23T18:29:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TesePOL.pdf: 3203228 bytes, checksum: 1a3d1d06141f013d2d39368d80fd729c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This study investigates the pedagogical practices of four EFL public school teachers, when these professionals make use of teaching materials in their classrooms. In their own voices and guided by their own experiences, these teachers were asked to characterize and report how they handle materials while teaching their students. The roles represented by these materials according to the observed practices were also discussed and analyzed in this dissertation, and distilled into metaphors. In order to better understand the relationship between teachers’ practices and teaching materials, the researcher made use of stimulated recall sessions and a reflective interview. These tools were crucial to this research, as they gave the teachers the opportunity to revisit pedagogical practices. This study is ethnographic-based within a qualitative-interpretive paradigm. According to the data presented in this dissertation, we can infer that stimulated recall sessions and a reflective interview were invaluable resources for this research, as both of them contributed to the reflection process, helping teachers to (re)think their own practices and the roles they have in the classroom as professionals. This dissertation also tries to knit together studies related to teacher preparation and teaching materials, as this combination still remains a gap in the teacher education area. Another gap, which this dissertation attempts to address, is the lack of studies that have given voice to teachers, in order to understand their own perspectives on teaching materials. For future research, we would like to deepen and better investigate and undertake studies which focus is on the combination of teacher preparation and teaching materials (conceptualizations and uses), according to teachers’ and also students’ voices. / Este estudo investiga a prática pedagógica de quatro professores de inglês como língua estrangeira (LE), da rede pública de ensino, ao utilizarem materiais didáticos (MDs) em suas práticas de sala de aula. De acordo com suas próprias vozes e guiados por suas próprias experiências, solicitamos a esses professores que caracterizassem os MDs disponíveis em suas práticas pedagógicas e reportassem como eles lidam com esses recursos enquanto ensinam a seus aprendizes. Os papéis representados por esses materiais, com base nas práticas observadas também foram discutidos e analisados nesta tese, à luz das metáforas. Para melhor compreendermos a relação entre as práticas dos professores e o MDs, fizemos uso de sessões de visionamento (SV) e de entrevista reflexiva (ER). Esses instrumentos foram cruciais para esta pesquisa, proporcionando aos professores a oportunidade de revisitar suas práticas pedagógicas. Esta pesquisa é uma investigação qualitativa-interpretativa de base etnográfica. De acordo com os dados apresentados nesta tese, podemos inferir que as sessões de visionamento e a entrevista reflexiva foram ferramentas essenciais para este estudo, pois ambas contribuíram para o processo reflexivo, auxiliando professores a (re)pensar suas práticas e os papéis que eles desempenham em sala de aula como profissionais de ensino. O trabalho em questão busca entrelaçar os estudos sobre a preparação de professores e os materiais didáticos, especialmente por essa combinação ainda revelar-se como uma lacuna na área de formação de professores. Outra lacuna, que esta pesquisa tenta contemplar, é a falta de estudos que dão vozes aos professores, na tentativa de entender suas próprias perspectivas com relação à temática dos materiais didáticos. Para pesquisas futuras, gostaríamos de aprofundar e melhor investigar os estudos cujo foco interliga a preparação de professores e os MDs (caracterizações e usos), de acordo com as vozes dos professores e também dos aprendizes.

No description available.

Nesta dissertação estudamos os relatos pedagógicos produzidos por sete professoras participantes de um Programa de Formação continuada no município de São Caetano do Sul durante os anos de 2011 e 2012. Para análise e posterior obtenção de categorias dos registros escritos que compunham o relatório final das professoras utilizamos a Análise Textual Discursiva que permitiu vislumbrar elementos convergentes entre os sete relatos e, outros elementos que permitiram um diálogo profícuo com o referencial teórico escolhido para fundamentar este trabalho. Como objetivos da investigação buscamos identificar o percurso reflexivo vivido pelas docentes autoras e alguns elementos daquele Programa de Formação relevantes para o processo reflexivo dos sujeitos da pesquisa. A partir da elaboração das categorias de análise identificamos três grandes domínios, a saber: Domínio I - Reflexão antes da ação; Domínio II - Reflexão na ação e Domínio III - Reflexão sobre a ação. Em cada um dos domínios foi possível perceber da parte das professoras a reflexão ocorrida sobre diferentes aspectos das suas vivências como educadoras. Os relatos mostram que as docentes repensaram e reelaboraram algumas questões sobre os seus educandos, a sua realidade comunitária e as suas escolas. A reflexão revelou o compromisso didático/pedagógico das autoras com a tarefa educativa e a autonomia das mesmas ao fazer parte do seu percurso formativo um dispositivo que foi elaborado conjuntamente por especialistas e por elas mesmas atuando como coautoras da proposta. Desta forma, a formação centrada no professor e na escola dá ao saber da experiência um estatuto importante e possibilita ao professor que mude de maneira articulada e colaborativamente os contextos em que trabalha e que esta mudança seja uma decisão assumida a partir da sua própria reflexão. Na medida em que Programas ou cursos de formação continuada promovam a reflexão inserida na realidade dos professores, as escolas como comunidades poderão se transformar em centros de desenvolvimento profissional e humano para estes. / In this text we studied the pedagogical reports produced by seven teachers who participated in a Continuing Education Program in the municipality of São Caetano do Sul during the years 2011 and 2012. For analysis and for to obtain categories of the written records that made up the final report of the teachers we used the Discursive Textual Analysis that allowed to glimpse converging elements between the seven reports and other elements that allowed a fruitful dialogue with the theoretical framework chosen to base this work. As research objectives we seek to identify the reflective course lived by the authors and some elements of that Training Program relevant to the reflective process of the research subjects. From the elaboration of the categories of analysis we identified three major domains, namely: Domain I - Reflection before action; Domain II - Reflection in action and Domain III - Reflection on action. In each of the domains it was possible to perceive the reflection that took place on different aspects of the teacher experiences as educators. The reports show that the teachers rethought and reworked some questions about their students, their community reality and their schools. The reflection revealed the didactic / pedagogical commitment of the authors with the educational task and the autonomy of the same ones as part of their formative course a device that was elaborated jointly by specialists and by themselves acting as coauthors of the proposal. In this way, teacher and school-centered training gives the knowledge of experience an important status and enables the teacher to change in an articulated and collaborative way the contexts in which he works and that this change is a decision taken from his own reflection. To the extent that programs or continuing education courses promote reflection within the reality of teachers, schools as communities can become centers of professional and human development for them.

Nesta dissertação estudamos os relatos pedagógicos produzidos por sete professoras participantes de um Programa de Formação continuada no município de São Caetano do Sul durante os anos de 2011 e 2012. Para análise e posterior obtenção de categorias dos registros escritos que compunham o relatório final das professoras utilizamos a Análise Textual Discursiva que permitiu vislumbrar elementos convergentes entre os sete relatos e, outros elementos que permitiram um diálogo profícuo com o referencial teórico escolhido para fundamentar este trabalho. Como objetivos da investigação buscamos identificar o percurso reflexivo vivido pelas docentes autoras e alguns elementos daquele Programa de Formação relevantes para o processo reflexivo dos sujeitos da pesquisa. A partir da elaboração das categorias de análise identificamos três grandes domínios, a saber: Domínio I - Reflexão antes da ação; Domínio II - Reflexão na ação e Domínio III - Reflexão sobre a ação. Em cada um dos domínios foi possível perceber da parte das professoras a reflexão ocorrida sobre diferentes aspectos das suas vivências como educadoras. Os relatos mostram que as docentes repensaram e reelaboraram algumas questões sobre os seus educandos, a sua realidade comunitária e as suas escolas. A reflexão revelou o compromisso didático/pedagógico das autoras com a tarefa educativa e a autonomia das mesmas ao fazer parte do seu percurso formativo um dispositivo que foi elaborado conjuntamente por especialistas e por elas mesmas atuando como coautoras da proposta. Desta forma, a formação centrada no professor e na escola dá ao saber da experiência um estatuto importante e possibilita ao professor que mude de maneira articulada e colaborativamente os contextos em que trabalha e que esta mudança seja uma decisão assumida a partir da sua própria reflexão. Na medida em que Programas ou cursos de formação continuada promovam a reflexão inserida na realidade dos professores, as escolas como comunidades poderão se transformar em centros de desenvolvimento profissional e humano para estes. / In this text we studied the pedagogical reports produced by seven teachers who participated in a Continuing Education Program in the municipality of São Caetano do Sul during the years 2011 and 2012. For analysis and for to obtain categories of the written records that made up the final report of the teachers we used the Discursive Textual Analysis that allowed to glimpse converging elements between the seven reports and other elements that allowed a fruitful dialogue with the theoretical framework chosen to base this work. As research objectives we seek to identify the reflective course lived by the authors and some elements of that Training Program relevant to the reflective process of the research subjects. From the elaboration of the categories of analysis we identified three major domains, namely: Domain I - Reflection before action; Domain II - Reflection in action and Domain III - Reflection on action. In each of the domains it was possible to perceive the reflection that took place on different aspects of the teacher experiences as educators. The reports show that the teachers rethought and reworked some questions about their students, their community reality and their schools. The reflection revealed the didactic / pedagogical commitment of the authors with the educational task and the autonomy of the same ones as part of their formative course a device that was elaborated jointly by specialists and by themselves acting as coauthors of the proposal. In this way, teacher and school-centered training gives the knowledge of experience an important status and enables the teacher to change in an articulated and collaborative way the contexts in which he works and that this change is a decision taken from his own reflection. To the extent that programs or continuing education courses promote reflection within the reality of teachers, schools as communities can become centers of professional and human development for them.

En France, la formation en soins infirmiers de premier cycle s’inscrit, depuis 2009, dans un schéma universitaire en vue de s’harmoniser avec la politique européenne de l’enseignement supérieur. Le système formel d’apprentissage est dorénavant construit selon une approche par compétences et met en lumière la place de la recherche avec l’introduction d’une unité d’enseignement associée à l’initiation à la démarche de recherche. La présente étude vise à décrire et comprendre la signification du processus réflexif d’étudiants de France en soins infirmiers de premier cycle, à partir de l’expérience vécue de la réalisation de leur travail de fin d’études d’initiation à la démarche de recherche. Préalablement à la présente recherche doctorale, aucune étude scientifique ne portait sur la compréhension du processus réflexif des étudiants en soins infirmiers de premier cycle, dans le cadre de la formation par la recherche et plus particulièrement lors de la réalisation de leur travail de fin d’études d’initiation à la démarche de recherche. L’état des connaissances était insuffisant et ne permettait donc pas de décrire le processus réflexif dans ce contexte. Ainsi, suite à ce constat, une étude qualitative de type phénoménologie descriptive a été privilégiée, avec la réalisation d’entrevues qualitatives auprès de 14 étudiants de trois instituts de formation en soins infirmiers en France. Les entrevues réalisées ont été analysées à l’aide de la méthode d’analyse de Giorgi (1997a). Le processus d’analyse des données a permis l’émergence des cinq thèmes suivants, illustrant la signification du processus réflexif à partir de l’expérience vécue des participants : 1) « Activité influencée par des éléments facilitants », 2) « Démarche optimisée par l’accompagnement et la validation du formateur », 3) « Démarche heuristique dans l’apprentissage », 4) « Activité impliquant un investissement personnel et une gestion du temps » et 5) « Co-construction de la professionnalisation ». Ces cinq thèmes invitent à la formulation de l’essence du phénomène : la signification du processus réflexif d’étudiants en soins infirmiers de premier cycle correspond à « une démarche de professionnalisation empreinte de socioconstructivisme et porteuse d’un engagement personnel qui façonne l’ethos professionnel infirmier ». La présente étude concourt de façon novatrice au développement des savoirs en proposant une représentation visuelle du processus réflexif de l’étudiant du premier cycle lors de l’expérience de la réalisation de leur travail de fin d’études d’initiation à la démarche de recherche. La représentation visuelle illustre la richesse et la complexité de l’essence du processus réflexif, soit un tissage interdépendant et hétérogène de fragrances issues des résultats. A la lumière des résultats obtenus à partir de cette étude phénoménologique descriptive, l’étudiante-chercheure a repéré des connaissances contribuant à une description et compréhension accrues du processus réflexif des étudiants français participants. Il est possible de dégager à partir des résultats des pistes et des recommandations au regard de différents champs d’activités de l’infirmière à savoir la formation, la clinique, la gestion et la recherche. Ainsi, sont abordées dans le domaine de la formation, les connaissances identifiées légitimant la place de l’initiation à la démarche de recherche dans la formation de premier cycle et portant la focale sur la posture d’accompagnement du formateur. Ensuite, l’interdépendance entre le processus réflexif et l’approche d’une situation de soin singulière et complexe est évoquée dans le domaine de la clinique. Dans le domaine de la gestion, l’étudiante-chercheure pointe l’intérêt pour les décideurs et les cadres gestionnaires de conscientiser la plus-value du processus réflexif afin de développer une culture du processus réflexif. Enfin, le domaine de la recherche invite à l’établissement, en France, d’un champ d’investigation spécifique au développement des connaissances en formation, dans la discipline des sciences infirmières. / In France, undergraduate nursing programs have been part of a university plan since 2009 in order to harmonize with the European higher education policy. The formal education system is now built according to a competency-based approach and highlights the place of research with the introduction of a teaching unit, associated with an initiation to the research process. The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the meaning of the reflective process for undergraduate nursing students in France, based on their experience of completing their final assignment project, related to the initiation to a research process. However, to date, there was no scientific study understanding the reflective process of undergraduate nursing students, in the context of research-based training, and more particularly when completing their final assignment project pertaining to an initiation to the research process. The current state of knowledge was insufficient and therefore did not allow describing the reflective process in this context. Thus, in view of this observation, a descriptive phenomenological study was undertaken, while performing qualitative interviews with 14 students of three nursing education institutes in France. The interviews were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological method of analysis (1997a). The data analysis process allowed the emergence of the following five themes, illustrating the meaning of the reflective process based on the participants' experiences: 1) "Activity influenced by facilitating elements"; 2) "Approach optimized by the support and validation of the trainer"; 3) "Heuristic approach in learning"; 4) "Activity involving personal investment and time management"; and 5) "Co-Construction of professionalization". These five themes invite to the formulation of the essence of the phenomenon: the meaning of undergraduate nursing students’ reflective process corresponds in "a professionalization process characterized by socio-constructivism and carriing a personal commitment, which shapes the nursing professional ethos ". The present study provides an innovative approach to knowledge development by proposing a reflective visual representation for an undergraduate student completing the final assignment project within the program, integrating the initiation to a research process. This visual representation illustrates the richness and complexity of the essence of the reflective process, an interdependent and heterogeneous weaving of fragrances resulting from the results. In light of the findings obtained from this descriptive phenomenological study, the student-researcher identified knowledge contributing to a description and understanding of the reflective process of participating undergraduate nursing students, from France. From the results, it was possible to identify leads and recommendations with regards to the nurse's various fields of activity, namely education, clinical, management, and research. Thus, are addressed in the field of nursing education, the identified knowledge legitimizing the place of an initiation to a research process at the undergraduate level and focusing on the trainer’s posture to accompany students. Then, the interdependence between the reflective process and the approach to a singular and complex clinical situation is evoked in the clinical domain. In the field of management, the student-researcher is suggesting decision-makers and managers to be aware of the betterment of the reflective process in order to develop such a culture. Finally, the research domain invites the establishment, in France, of a field of investigation specific to the knowledge development in education for the discipline of Nursing.