In addition to being useful for some nondestructive evaluation techniques, interactions between magnetic fields and defects in solids may also alter material properties. To explore this possibility, Maxwell's equations were coupled with a continuum mechanics model for elastic strain to formulate analytical expressions for the interaction of a magnetic field with several crack geometries. The influence of crack velocity and a realistic (nonlinear) magnetic susceptibility were included into a model of this type for the first time and shown to introduce unexpected trends in the magneto-elastic stress intensity. Singularities magneto-elastic stresses appear at different combinations of magnetic field strength and crack velocity, and the stresses at the crack tip switch sign. In a related study, the interaction of an alternating magnetic field with elastic stress through was explored through a coupling effect known as magneto-acoustic resonance. A model for the phenomena, in which magnetic waves excite elastic waves and vice versa, was formulated and used to explore the spin (magnon) and anti-plane elastic (phonon) interactions in piecewise homogeneous ferromagnetic spaces with two different sets of properties. The model suggests some combinations of magnetic field and frequency can produce a new kind of wave to appear. These new waves, which we call Accompanying Surface Magnetoelastic (ASM) waves, are localized at the interface between the two ferromagnetic media and they accompany reflection and transmission waves. It is shown that the amplitudes of the reflected, transmitted, and ASM waves depend strongly on magnetic field strength, frequency, and the angle of the incident wave, as well as on the physical properties of ferromagnetic media. / Ph. D.

M.S.

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Accurate predictions of nearshore wave conditions are critical to the success of military operations in the littoral environment. Although linear spectral-refraction theory is used by the main operational forecasting centers in the world for these predictions, owing to a lack of field studies its accuracy in regions of complex bathymetry such as steep shoals and submarine canyons is unknown. This study examines the accuracy of linear spectral-refraction theory in areas of complex nearshore bathymetry with three months of extensive wave data collected during the Nearshore Canyon Experiment (NCEX) held in the fall of 2003. The field site, off La Jolla California, is characterized by two submarine canyons that strongly affect the propagation of long period Pacific swell. Data from 7 directional waverider buoys, 17 bottom pressure recorders, and 12 pressure-velocity sensors, were examined and compared to predictions made by a high resolution spectral-refraction model. Analysis reveals large spatial variation in wave heights over the area especially in the vicinity of the canyon heads, where wave heights vary by as much as an order of magnitude over a few hundred meters. This extreme variation in wave conditions across the canyons is surprisingly well described by refraction theory with typical errors of nearshore wave height predictions of about 20 percent. / Lieutenant, Royal Australian Navy

Ce mémoire de thèse est consacré à l'étude, la fabrication et la caractérisation de métamatériaux en vue d'applications dans le domaine millimétrique et submillimétrique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons tenu à rappeler les propriétés remarquables ainsi que les processus physiques mis en jeux par cette nouvelle génération de matériaux. Le manuscrit regroupe essentiellement des résultats issus d’études réalisées sur différentes structures en microondes et en terahertz : métamatériaux composites, métamatériaux entièrement diélectriques à base de résonances de Mie, ouvertures sublongueur d’ondes basés sur la transmission extraordinaire assistée par plasmons de surface. Nos investigations ont permis d’ouvrir la voie à de multiples applications dans les domaines des capteurs et des télécommunications. / This PhD dissertation is dedicated to the study, fabrication and characterization of metamaterials for millimeter and submillimeter applications. First of all we proposed to remind the extraordinary properties and physical processes involving within this new generation of materials. The manuscript contains results obtained from studies performed on different categories of metamaterials at microwave and terahertz frequencies: composite metamaterials, all dielectric metamaterials based on Mie resonances, subwavelength apertures based on the extraordinary transmission assisted by surface Plasmon polaritons. Our investigations have contributed to open the path to multiple potential applications in the field of sensors and telecommunications.

The presence of active fault traces in proximity to any new infrastructure project is a major concern for the design process. The relative displacements that can be experienced in surface fault rupture during a seismic event must be either entirely avoided or mitigated in some way. Blind faults present a significant challenge to engineers attempting to identify these hazards. Current standards of practice employed to locate these features are time consuming and costly. This work investigates the geophysical methods of refraction microtremor (ReMi) and seismic refraction with regard to their applicability in this task. By imaging a distinct lateral variation in the shear wave velocity (Vs) profile across a short horizontal distance, these methods may provide a means of constraining traditional investigation techniques to a more focused area. The ReMi method is still very new, but holds key advantages over other geophysical methods in its ease of application and ability to achieve good results in highly urban settings. It is one of the few geophysical techniques that does not suffer in the presence of high amplitude ambient vibrations. The seismic refraction method is here applied in an attempt to corroborate data obtained through the ReMi analysis procedure. Sensitivity, precision parametric studies are carried out in order to learn how to best apply the ReMi method. Both tests are then applied at a previously trenched fault trace to determine whether the data can be matched to the subsurface information. Finally, the methods are deployed at a location with an inferred fault trace where little to nothing is known about the subsurface. The precision study indicates a coefficient of variation for the ReMi method on the order of 7%. At the known fault trace both methods generally agree qualitatively with available subsurface data and each other. Using the ReMi method, a marked shift is observed in the Vs profile laterally across the fault trace. In the case of the inferred fault trace, the same type of lateral variation in the V­­s profile is observed using the ReMi method. The seismic refraction at this site does not agree with the ReMi data, but seems reasonable given the visible geomorphology. Receiver arrays placed in close proximity to the inferred fault trace recorded erratic signals during seismic refraction testing, and displayed abnormal response modes after transforming the ReMi data to frequency-slowness space. These anomalies may possibly be attributed to the presence of abnormal subsurface structural geometry indicative of faulting.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1937 A805 / Master of Science

No description available.

The aim of this project was to improve the imaging performance of planar superlenses for evanescent near-field lithography. An experimental investigation of the performance of superlenses with reduced surface roughness was proposed. Such an investigation poses significant requirements in regards to process control in thin film deposition of silver onto dielectric substrates. Thin film deposition of silver films, onto silicon dioxide substrates, achieved films with root mean square surface roughness as low as 0.8 nm. While these experiments provided good understanding of the deposition process, significant variability of the surface roughness parameter remained an issue. The diffculty of achieving consistent control of surface roughness led to a finite element method simulation study where this parameter could be readily controlled. An improved understanding of how surface roughness affects superlens imaging performance was obtained from the results of this investigation. Furthermore, it was shown that in order to conduct an experimental investigation to verify the simulation results, it would be necessary to improve the imaging capability of super-resolution lithography protocols to achieve 3σ line edge roughness (LER) of <20 nm. Resist-scheme optimisation was identied as an important factor in this regard. Thus, a novel calixarene-based photoresist was formulated and characterised. The resist demonstrated superior imaging capabilities through interference lithography and evanescent near-field optical lithography, capable of resolving 250-nm period half-pitch line gratings with 3σ LER below 10 nm. The development of this novel photoresist will enable future lithographical investigations to be conducted with improved resolution and imaging fidelity.

The uppermost crustal velocity structure of the Goldstream Valley, central Alaska is investigated using a series of five explosions that were detonated in schist bedrock and recorded at >120 local stations to develop 1-D and 3-D models of the upper crust. Simple refraction analyses reveal that both P- and S-wave arrival times are azimuth dependent, with the fastest velocities in the southeast and northeast directions. The Swave velocity structure of the upper crust is also determined through multiple filter analysis and a damped, least squares inversion of 0.2-2 sec period Rg waves. The shear wave velocity model from the surface-wave analysis is combined with the refraction analysis results to develop 1-D P- and S-wave models to a depth of 2 km. In order to better constrain P- and S-wave velocity variations both laterally and with depth throughout the Goldstream Valley, 3-D velocity models are produced using a numerical simulation model. / Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Geology and Geophysics.

Estudamos os efeitos não lineares em cristais dopados com Cr+3 como o Rubi (Al2O3: Cr+3) e o Aluminato de Gadolínio (GdAlO3: Cr+3), acrescentados através de um índice de refração dependente da intensidade de luz incidente, que caracteriza os meios tipo Kerr (n= n0+n2I, com n2= n2´+in2´). As propriedades não lineares desses cristais se devem à diferença de susceptibilidades do estado excitado e do estado fundamental dos íons de Cr+3. Este modelo é amplamente conhecido, e explica muito bem os efeitos não lineares do Rubi. Porém, para o GdAl O3: Cr+3 há um efeito que não pode ser explicado por esse modelo simplificado: a dependência da razão r= n2\"/n2\' com a intensidade, cuia observação experimental foi feita utilizando a técnica de Mistura de Duas Ondas (MDO). A explicação para esse efeito foi apresentada recentemente e propõe que seja devido à interação de pares de Cr, presente quando a concentração de íons de Cr no material é alta. Neste trabalho verificamos a dependência de r com a intensidade por MDO e utilizando uma nova técnica, a MDO transiente. Esta última possui a grande vantagem de fornecer a razão r de forma direta, enquanto que na MDO, r é obtido pelo ajuste de uma curva de ganho. Como resultado, observamos que a MDO transiente fornece uma dependência de r com a intensidade que está de acordo com a prevista pela interação de pares de Cr e é superior à obtida por MDO. Também apresentamos os parâmetros determinados via MDO (n2\', a intensidade de saturação do meio, r e o tempo de resposta do meio) para 488 nm no GdAlO3: Cr+3, cujos valores ainda não são conhecidos na literatura / We have studied the nonlinear properties of Chromium doped crystals such as ruby (Al2O3: Cr+3) and Gadolinium aluminate (GdAlO3: Cr+3), given by the intensity dependent refractive index characteristic of Kerr media, where n= n0+n2I and n2= n2´+in2´. The nonlinear properties of these crystals are due to the difference between the excited and the ground state susceptibilities. This model is widely used and explains the nonlinearity of ruby. However, GdAlO3: Cr+3 presents an effect that cannot be explained by that simplified approach: the intensity dependence of the parameter r=n2\"/n2\'. The experimental observation of such dependence was achieved using the Two Wave Mixing technique. An explanation for this effect was recently proposed using the interaction between Chromium ions that occurs when their concentration is high enough. In this work we observed the intensity dependence of r via two wave mixing and using a new technique, transient Two wave mixing. The last one gives the parameter r in a direct way, while the two waves mixing gives r by the fitting of a gain curve. As a result, we observed that transient two wave mixing shows greater intensity dependence than two wave mixing and agree with the interaction of Chromium ions. Also, we present the Two wave mixing parameters (n2\', the saturation intensity and response time of the medium) at 488nm, that were never reported before