臺灣在納入清朝版圖之後，其對外貿易對象從國際轉以中國大陸為主，同時也被納入中國的市場體系之中，形成向中國輸出農工原料，輸入手工製品、日用物資的分工關係。在清代臺灣對中國各區的貿易中，除了具原鄉關係的福建之外，關係最為密切的則為華中、江南地區，其中當時作為江南最大港的寧波，則是一個相當值得注意的市場。 寧波對於清代臺灣的對外貿易來說，具有兩種意義：首先是已開發地區與未開發地區的互補、分工關係。清領時期的臺灣，由於人力大量投入土地開發與比較利益法則，手工業並不發達，日用物資主要仰賴中國大陸輸入，寧波與周邊江南盛產棉絲織品與其他手工製品的區域，便為供給臺灣日用物資的一個重要來源。其次則是與東北亞、華北、長江流域間的貨物集散、航運轉運。寧波在明清時期，至少在1842年以前，為江南最大的港口，同時也是官方對日貿易的出入港口，是中國沿岸與對日貿易的航運樞紐；1842年開放五口通商，上海崛起以後，其作為江南最大外貿港口的地位雖然被上海取代，但其在中國沿岸、長江航線中，仍為重要的轉運港口。 清代臺灣與寧波的貿易，在時間的分期上，主要以1860年臺灣為界。在1684年至開港以前，臺灣漸次由南部往北部開發，並形成以臺南（府城）、鹿港、艋舺等港口為中心的市場圈，基於風土差異以及沿岸航行不便，這些港口逐一與寧波發展出獨立且程度不同的貿易與分工關係。 到1860年後，臺灣開港通商，貿易市場從原本以中國為主，轉變為全球各地。對外市場的開放，並沒有造成這個航線貿易的衰退，反而因為市場擴大、新航運技術引進等因素，而使兩地貿易關係更加密切，同時，由於臺灣在開港後開發日漸成熟，手工業開始萌芽，兩地的分工關係在這個階段，也開始有所改變。 / This study states to investigate trading between Taiwan and Ningpo during the Qing Dynasty (1684-1895). Since being conquered in 1684, Taiwan was incorporated into the Qing-China market system. Taiwan’s foreign trading relation turned from the global international trading to the trading with mainland China, and the trading with mainland China was massively increased and strengthened. Raw agricultural and industrial materials were exported to China, and handcrafts and necessities were imported into Taiwan. Among the trading relations of different coastal areas with Taiwan during the Qing-China, besides the nostalgic Fukien area, the Huazhong area and the Jiangnan area are the closest areas in terms of trading relations. As the largest harbor in Jiangnan area, Ningpo was a remarkable market, and a transportation node of Sino-Japan and coastal trade in China. A great portion of Taiwanese commodities were sold to Ningpo and its hinterland, or transferred to farther market in China. This study focuses on the regional trading division relations between Taiwan and Ningpo, and the changes of the trading relations after some harbors in Taiwan were open to commercial activities due to the political treaties signed during the 1840-60s, Especially, the commercial harbors opened in 1860 made Taiwan to be involved in the global trading market again since Taiwan’s incorporation into China trading networking in 1684. The opening also dramatically changed Taiwan’s industrial structure and foreign trading network. In brief, although the open of commercial harbors in Taiwan did not weaken trading relation between Taiwan and Ningpo, but the industrial structure shifting in Taiwan changed the regional division relation.

Submitted thesis deal with geographical aspects of organization of public mass transportation in the region of Karlovy Vary. The transportation is embraced as an alternative to the individual automobile transport. First chapters are related to the aims of the thesis and to the list of used literature. The chapter {\clqq}Metodika zpracování`` attends to description of single methods, which are applied to define space aspects of mass transport in areas under examination. The following chapters attend to the transport phenomenon and evaluation of present situation of transport in the world, the European Union and the Czech Republic. Present state of mass transport in the Czech Republic is analyzed in the range of this dilemma. The following chapter attends to chosen geographical characteristics of the region of Karlovy Vary. The last chapter contains wide evaluation of organization of mass transport in the region of Karlovy Vary and incorporation of the whole inspected dilemma.