This research focused on determining the roles and institutional arrangements for economic regulation of urban water services in Sub- Saharan Africa. Urban water service delivery mainly supplied by state owned utilities is constrained due to many factors one of which is related to insufficient or lack of a clear economic regulatory framework. The research used a multiple case study approach and systematically analysed the roles and institutional arrangements of economic regulation of urban water services in three countries of Ghana, Mozambique and Zambia. Based on literature as the source of information, the research developed the existing political and socio-economic environment in the different countries which can affect the design and determination of the roles and institutional arrangements for economic regulation. A further analysis was made of the perceptions on the roles and institutional arrangements of the regulatory framework in the Sub-Saharan African context through a questionnaire distributed beyond the three case countries. The study obtained primary data from focus group discussions, key informant interviews, official documents and observations. Lessons obtained through literature from regulatory institutions in other continents have also been included and these are Jamaica, Latvia, Jakarta in Indonesia, and England and Wales. The factors which can affect the roles and institutional arrangements of economic regulation of urban water services were divided into three groups as: including country governance, socioeconomic and sectoral factors. Country governance factors, which include political stability and fragility, are a key factor in the decision of whether to establish a regulatory agency. On the other hand, socio-economic factors influence the focus or areas which must not be ignored by economic regulation. The third type of factors which include the robustness of a policy framework, and performance levels of utilities, affect the effectiveness and efficiency of an economic regulator. Based on the evidence from the research, economic regulation in Sub-Saharan Africa should address five key roles, which are [i] approval of tariffs that will lead to service providers achieving commercial viability, [ii] "consumer protection" [iii] monitoring and enforcing performance standards, [iv] setting up of a knowledge bank on urban water services, and [v] ensuring that the poor gain sustained access to water services. There are a number of specific regulatory functions within each role. Sub-Saharan African countries are in a unique situation where the urban poor comprise as much as 60% of the urban population and so cannot be ignored in the design of a regulatory framework. The conclusion from this research is that in order to achieve the perceived benefits of economic regulation of urban water services in Sub-Saharan Africa, and subject to conducive and appropriate political and socio-economic environment, the more appropriate institutional arrangements is an autonomous regulatory agency. The autonomy of the regulatory agency will be enhanced if it has its own legal status, and is able to develop, manage and control its own budget financed from a regulatory fee charged on the regulated water providers. Governments should be willing to relinquish regulatory decision making powers to this non-political and non-governmental body. The reporting and appointing mechanisms for the board could also have an influence on the autonomy of the regulator. The research further concludes that economic regulation of urban water services is a necessary but perhaps not sufficient condition for efficient and effective delivery of urban water services. It is not a panacea to the enormous problems of urban water services but can play a very effective role. The research has further found that it is too early to determine the impact of utility regulation on the performance levels of utilities in those countries that have a clearly defined regulatory framework. Utility regulation is still in its infancy in Sub-Saharan Africa and its impact is therefore a subject for further research.

Submitted by Hermes Mauricio Nunes (hermesmau@hotmail.com) on 2018-09-27T23:59:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Repositório Hermes.pdf: 5360373 bytes, checksum: 8d361cf5d0ea27ee5c78f15da31019a6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cristina Alexandra de Godoy null (cristina@adm.feis.unesp.br) on 2018-09-28T20:28:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_hm_me_ilha.pdf: 5802537 bytes, checksum: 7fff782b40a8830d2b3854a9d71788bc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-28T20:28:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nunes_hm_me_ilha.pdf: 5802537 bytes, checksum: 7fff782b40a8830d2b3854a9d71788bc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo desta dissertação é aplicar a ferramenta do módulo I do modelo MQUAL 2.0 para quantificar a geração de cargas difusas por meio de coeficientes de transporte de cargas para os parâmetros fósforo, nitrogênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio – DBO5,20, no diagnóstico do ano de 2016 e cenários com ausência de serviços de saneamento, cenários induzidos pela recuperação de mata nativa e cenários tendenciais em relação à dinâmica na alteração do uso e cobertura da terra em 2026 e 2036. O estudo foi realizado no manancial do alto curso do rio Santo Anastácio, inserido na UGRHI-22 do Estado de São Paulo. As fragilidades ambientais na bacia hidrográfica do rio Santo Anastácio por ação antrópica envolvendo práticas de manejo em diversos níveis no uso e cobertura da terra observadas a partir do ano de 1986, um ano após a ampliação da represa e acompanhada de dez em dez anos até 2016, com o monitoramento de qualidade da água e medição de vazão pelo órgão de controle ambiental do estado de São Paulo – CETESB, no ponto STAN43. Este estudo tem como dados principais, mapas históricos de uso e cobertura da terra do manancial do alto curso do rio Santo Anastácio, dos anos de 1986, 1996, 2006 e 2016. Os resultados de fósforo, nitrogênio e DBO5,20, no ponto de coleta STAN43, no ano 2016 em foram, respectivamente: 0,214 mg/l; 0,981 mg/l e 20,457 mg/l. A importância da demonstração dos conceitos atrelados ao uso desta ferramenta de modelagem, de operação matemática simples, fornece aos membros dos Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica uma visualização prática do rio que temos, do rio que queremos e do rio que podemos ter. Conclui-se neste trabalho a necessidade de ampliação dos pontos de monitoramento da qualidade da água em áreas representativas de uso e cobertura da terra para uma validação e calibração dos coeficientes de transporte de cargas difusas aplicáveis ao manancial do alto curso do rio Santo Anastácio. / The objective of this dissertation is to apply the tool of module I of the MQUAL 2.0 model to quantify the generation of diffuse loads by means of load transport coefficients for the parameters phosphorus, nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand - BOD5,20, in the diagnosis of the year of 2016 and scenarios with absence of sanitation services, scenarios induced by the recovery of native forest and trend scenarios in relation to the dynamics in the use and land cover change in 2026 and 2036. The study was carried out in the high river source of the Santo Anastácio, inserted in UGRHI-22 of the State of Sāo Paulo. Environmental fragilities in the Santo Anastácio river basin by anthropic action involving management practices at various levels of land use and cover observed from 1986, one year after the dam was enlarged and monitored every ten years until 2016, with the monitoring of water quality and flow measurement by the environmental control agency of the State of Sāo Paulo – CETESB, at STAN43. This study has a main data, historical maps of land use and cover of the high-water source of the Santo Anastácio river, from 1986, 1996, 2006 e 2016. The results of phosphorus, nitrogen and BOD5,20, at the point of collection STAN43, in year 2016 in were, respectively: 0.214 mg/l; 0.981 mg/l and 20.457 mg/l. The importance of demonstrating concepts linked to the use of this modeling tool, simple mathematical operation, provides the members of the River Basin Committees with a practical view of the river we have, the river we want and the river we can have. This paper concludes with the need to expand the monitoring points of water quality in representative areas of land use and land cover for validation and calibration of the diffusion-load transport coefficients applicable to the high-water source of the Santo Anastácio river. / CAPES: Código de Financiamento 001

Orientador: Antônio Cezar Leal / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é aplicar a ferramenta do módulo I do modelo MQUAL 2.0 para quantificar a geração de cargas difusas por meio de coeficientes de transporte de cargas para os parâmetros fósforo, nitrogênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio – DBO5,20, no diagnóstico do ano de 2016 e cenários com ausência de serviços de saneamento, cenários induzidos pela recuperação de mata nativa e cenários tendenciais em relação à dinâmica na alteração do uso e cobertura da terra em 2026 e 2036. O estudo foi realizado no manancial do alto curso do rio Santo Anastácio, inserido na UGRHI-22 do Estado de São Paulo. As fragilidades ambientais na bacia hidrográfica do rio Santo Anastácio por ação antrópica envolvendo práticas de manejo em diversos níveis no uso e cobertura da terra observadas a partir do ano de 1986, um ano após a ampliação da represa e acompanhada de dez em dez anos até 2016, com o monitoramento de qualidade da água e medição de vazão pelo órgão de controle ambiental do estado de São Paulo – CETESB, no ponto STAN43. Este estudo tem como dados principais, mapas históricos de uso e cobertura da terra do manancial do alto curso do rio Santo Anastácio, dos anos de 1986, 1996, 2006 e 2016. Os resultados de fósforo, nitrogênio e DBO5,20, no ponto de coleta STAN43, no ano 2016 em foram, respectivamente: 0,214 mg/l; 0,981 mg/l e 20,457 mg/l. A importância da demonstração dos conceitos atrelados ao uso desta ferramenta de modelagem, de operação matemática simples, fornece aos m... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this dissertation is to apply the tool of module I of the MQUAL 2.0 model to quantify the generation of diffuse loads by means of load transport coefficients for the parameters phosphorus, nitrogen and biochemical oxygen demand - BOD5,20, in the diagnosis of the year of 2016 and scenarios with absence of sanitation services, scenarios induced by the recovery of native forest and trend scenarios in relation to the dynamics in the use and land cover change in 2026 and 2036. The study was carried out in the high river source of the Santo Anastácio, inserted in UGRHI-22 of the State of Sāo Paulo. Environmental fragilities in the Santo Anastácio river basin by anthropic action involving management practices at various levels of land use and cover observed from 1986, one year after the dam was enlarged and monitored every ten years until 2016, with the monitoring of water quality and flow measurement by the environmental control agency of the State of Sāo Paulo – CETESB, at STAN43. This study has a main data, historical maps of land use and cover of the high-water source of the Santo Anastácio river, from 1986, 1996, 2006 e 2016. The results of phosphorus, nitrogen and BOD5,20, at the point of collection STAN43, in year 2016 in were, respectively: 0.214 mg/l; 0.981 mg/l and 20.457 mg/l. The importance of demonstrating concepts linked to the use of this modeling tool, simple mathematical operation, provides the members of the River Basin Committees with a practical ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The thesis describes a period of the government of Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany and his affiliation to the swampy territory along the Tuscany coastline called Maremma and its bonification. He was able to change fundamentally the most underdeveloped areas of his country during thirty years of his government. He succeeded even though political changes during the revolutionary years of 1847-1849, and though his government was finished by the unification of Italy and the incorporation of Tuscany into the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which was the goal of Italian risorgimento. This work further describes biography of Leopold II in short, his policy focused on overall development of Tuscany, and last but not least life fates and the principal works of his three closest collaborators - personalities with major influence at the realisation of the bonification works - Vittorio Fossombroni, Gaetano Giorgini and Alessandro Manetti. The thesis describes the bonification works in Maremma themselves, their organisation and results achieved. Part of the bonification overall plans of Leopold II was construction of the road network as well, with necessity of numerous bridges over canals and regulated watercourses. It was also necessary to solve the health problems in the region, especially malaria, where...

The thesis describes a period of the government of Leopold II Grand Duke of Tuscany and his affiliation to the swampy territory along the Tuscany coastline called Maremma and its bonification. He was able to change fundamentally the most underdeveloped areas of his country during thirty years of his government. He succeeded even though political changes during the revolutionary years of 1847-1849, and though his government was finished by the unification of Italy and the incorporation of Tuscany into the newly established Kingdom of Italy, which was the goal of Italian risorgimento. This work further describes biography of Leopold II in short, his policy focused on overall development of Tuscany, and last but not least life fates and the principal works of his three closest collaborators - personalities with major influence at the realisation of the bonification works - Vittorio Fossombroni, Gaetano Giorgini and Alessandro Manetti. The thesis describes the bonification works in Maremma themselves, their organisation and results achieved. Part of the bonification overall plans of Leopold II was construction of the road network as well, with necessity of numerous bridges over canals and regulated watercourses. It was also necessary to solve the health problems in the region, especially malaria, where...

The Water Resources Management Act 24 of 2004 will change the water regime in Namibia dramatically. Section 4 of the Water Resources Management Act provides for this change by excluding private ownership of water from the new water law dispensation. This study focused on section 4 of the Water Resources Management Act and the implication that this section will have on property rights in the Namibia. The dissertation firstly outlines the historical development of ownership of water in Namibia. It is indicated that private ownership of water was an established principle under Roman-Dutch law. A further examination of Roman-Dutch law reveals that surface water could be divided into private and public water. Public water belonged to the whole nation, while ownership of private rivers was vested in the land owner. Under South West Africa’s water legislation, the Irrigation and Water Conservation Act 8 of 1912 and the Water Act 54 of 1956 maintained the distinction between public and private water. However, the Water Act of 1956 expanded the definitions of both public and private water, and acknowledged that the land owner where the water found its source or flowed over, could exercise the exclusive use rights of such water. The Water Resources Management Act has been approved and published in the Government Gazette. However, it has not yet come into force as a date for commencement of the Act, as prescribed by section 138(1)(b), has not yet been determined by the Minister. Once the Act is in force, the Water Act will be repealed as a whole. Section 4 of the Water Resources Management Act will abolish the private ownership of water in Namibia. This is clearly in violation of article 16 of the Namibian Constitution of 1990, which provides for private ownership of water when read with article 100. Therefore, the research concludes that the Water Resources Management Act will dramatically affect property rights in Namibia. Under the Water Resources Management Act there will be no private ownership of water, and the affected person will have no recourse under the Act to claim compensation. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The Water Resources Management Act 24 of 2004 will change the water regime in Namibia dramatically. Section 4 of the Water Resources Management Act provides for this change by excluding private ownership of water from the new water law dispensation. This study focused on section 4 of the Water Resources Management Act and the implication that this section will have on property rights in the Namibia. The dissertation firstly outlines the historical development of ownership of water in Namibia. It is indicated that private ownership of water was an established principle under Roman-Dutch law. A further examination of Roman-Dutch law reveals that surface water could be divided into private and public water. Public water belonged to the whole nation, while ownership of private rivers was vested in the land owner. Under South West Africa’s water legislation, the Irrigation and Water Conservation Act 8 of 1912 and the Water Act 54 of 1956 maintained the distinction between public and private water. However, the Water Act of 1956 expanded the definitions of both public and private water, and acknowledged that the land owner where the water found its source or flowed over, could exercise the exclusive use rights of such water. The Water Resources Management Act has been approved and published in the Government Gazette. However, it has not yet come into force as a date for commencement of the Act, as prescribed by section 138(1)(b), has not yet been determined by the Minister. Once the Act is in force, the Water Act will be repealed as a whole. Section 4 of the Water Resources Management Act will abolish the private ownership of water in Namibia. This is clearly in violation of article 16 of the Namibian Constitution of 1990, which provides for private ownership of water when read with article 100. Therefore, the research concludes that the Water Resources Management Act will dramatically affect property rights in Namibia. Under the Water Resources Management Act there will be no private ownership of water, and the affected person will have no recourse under the Act to claim compensation. / LLM (Environmental Law and Governance), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

[ES] Los servicios de agua y saneamiento son un bien considerado un derecho humano por la Asamblea General de Naciones Unidas. Sin embargo, al mismo tiempo, son un monopolio natural. Es por ello que los usuarios no pueden escoger el prestador que les suministre el servicio, sino que deben conformarse con que el opere en la zona. Así, con el fin de proteger a los usuarios de las posibles prácticas monopolísticas, es necesario supervisar la calidad del servicio prestado, así como su precio a través de un marco regulatorio. Actualmente, el marco regulatorio del sector del agua español no cuenta con una ley que regule el ciclo urbano del agua a nivel nacional que provea seguridad legal a los prestadores ni homogeneice el servicio prestado. Se trata de un sector muy atomizado, con responsabilidades dispersas entre distintos organismos y niveles administrativos. La consecuencia directa es un entramado regulatorio complejo sin una autoridad clara de guie los pasos del sector. Es por ello que los distintos actores que componen el sector empiezan a demandar una reforma que englobe sus necesidades y permita superar con éxito los retos a los que se enfrenta el sector. El propósito de esta tesis es concretar una serie de propuestas técnicas a medida para el sector del agua español que promueva la voluntad de la administración y las partes interesadas para dar el paso de reformar el sector. Para ello, se parte del estudio de los diversos métodos regulatorios y herramientas existentes, con el fin de evaluar su aplicación en los distintos marcos regulatorios internacionales y analizar cuáles serían de aplicabilidad al caso español. Tras dicho análisis, se concluye que se requieren nuevas herramientas para regular el sector con éxito. Por ello, se han diseñado una serie de metodologías basadas en la evaluación del desempeño de los servicios de agua. Éstas permiten una adecuada comparación e interpretación de los resultados obtenidos por los operadores con el fin de posibilitar una regulación económica y de la calidad del servicio que sea justa para todas las partes implicadas. Asimismo, fomentan la transparencia, la eficiencia, la mejora continua del sector y su sostenibilidad. Para finalizar, se detallan una serie de directrices técnicas que tratan los diversos aspectos a tener en cuenta al implementar un regulador en España, como son: las características que debería reunir y los aspectos a regular, la articulación de la regulación de la calidad del servicio y la regulación económica o cómo financiar e implementar dicho organismo. La principal novedad de estas propuestas de regulación es que están enfocadas de forma técnica, evitando la perspectiva económica con la que generalmente se diseñan los marcos regulatorios. De este modo, se garantiza que los usuarios reciban un servicio de calidad al mejor precio, preservando el derecho humano al agua. / [CA] Els serveis d'aigua i sanejament són un bé considerat un dret humà per l'Assemblea General de Nacions Unides. No obstant això, al mateix temps, són un monopoli natural. Per aquesta raó, els usuaris no poden escollir el prestador que els subministra el servei, sinó que s'han de conformar amb el que treballe en la seua zona. Així, amb la fi de protegir als usuaris de les possibles pràctiques monopolístiques, cal supervisar la qualitat del servei prestat, així com el ser preu mitjançant un marc regulador. Actualment, el marc regulador del sector de l'aigua espanyol no compta amb una llei a nivell nacional que regule el cicle urbà de l'aigua, que proporcione seguretat legal als prestadors dels serveis i homogeneïtze el servei prestat. Es tracta d'un servei molt atomitzat, amb responsabilitats disperses entre diversos organismes i nivells administratius. La conseqüència directa és un entramat regulador complexe sense una autoritat clara que guie les passes del sector. Per aquesta raó, els distints actors que formen part del sector comencen a demandar una reforma d'aquest marc, de forma que s'engloben les seues necessitats i els permeta superar amb èxit els reptes als que s'enfronta el sector. El propòsit d'aquesta tesi es concretar una proposta tècnica a mesura per al sector de l'aigua espanyol, que fomente la voluntat de l'administració i les parts interessades per a donar el pas de reformar el sector. Així, es parteix de l'estudi dels diversos mètodes reguladors i ferramentes existents, amb la fi d'avaluar la seua aplicació en els distints marcs reguladors internacionals i analitzar quines serien d'aplicabilitat al cas espanyol. Després d'aquest anàlisi, es conclou que es requereixen noves ferramentes per a regular el sector amb èxit. Per això, s'han dissenyat una serie de metodologies basades en l'avaluació del rendiment dels serveis d'aigua. Aquestes permeten una adequada comparació e interpretació dels resultats obtinguts pels operadors amb la fi de possibilitar una regulació econòmica i de la qualitat del servei, que siga justa per a totes les parts implicades. A més, fomenten la transparència, l'eficiència, la millora continua del sector i la seua sostenibilitat. Per a finalitzar, es detallen una serie de directrius tècniques que tracten els diversos aspectes a considerar a l'implementar un regulador en Espanya, com són: les característiques que deuria reunir i els aspectes a regular, l'articulació de la regulació de la qualitat del servei i la regulació econòmica, o seu finançament i implementació. La principal novetat d'aquestes propostes reguladores és que estan enfocades de forma tècnica, evitant la perspectiva econòmica amb la que generalment es dissenyen els marcs reguladors. D'aquesta forma, es garantisca que els usuaris reben un servei de qualitat al millor preu, preservant el dret humà a l'aigua. / [EN] Access to Water services and sanitation are considered a human right by the United Nations. However, simultaneously, they are a natural monopoly which means that users cannot choose the utility. They will receive the services from the utility operating in that particular area, regardless its cost and quality of the services provided. Therefore, regulatory frameworks emerge with the aim of protecting customers from the possible monopolistic practices, supervising the quality of the service provided and the cost of the services. The Spanish water sector is very fragmented, with responsibilities dispersed among different agencies and administrative levels. In fact, the regulatory framework does not count with a law that regulates the urban water cycle, provides legal security to utilities and homogenizes the level of the service provided at a national level. The direct consequence is a complex regulatory framework without a clear authority to guide the steps of the sector. For that reason, the different stakeholders in the water sector request a reform in the regulatory framework that encompasses their needs and allows them to successfully overcome the challenges the sector is facing. The purpose of this thesis is to specify a series of technical proposals designed for the Spanish water sector in order to promote the determination of the government and the stakeholders to take a step forward and reform the sector. This work starts studying the existing regulatory methods and tools with the aim of evaluating their application in the different international regulatory frameworks and analyse their applicability into the Spanish case. This study concludes that new tools are required to regulate the sector successfully. Therefore, a series of methodologies have been designed, based on the performance assessment of utilities and enabling an adequate comparison and interpretation of the utilities' results. They have been created with the aim to allow for an economic and quality of the service regulation fair for all stakeholders. These methods are based in transparency and promote efficiency, continuous improvement of the sector and its sustainability. Finally, a series of technical guidelines are detailed with the aim to address the aspects to take into account when implementing a new regulatory framework in Spain, such as: the characteristics it should meet, the aspects to regulate, the articulation of the quality of the service and economic regulation, or how to finance and implement said body. The main novelty of his work is that it approaches regulation with a technical focus, avoiding the economic perspective with which regulatory frameworks are generally designed. In this way, it guarantees that users receive an appropriate quality of the service at the best price, preserving the human right to water. / Estruch Juan, ME. (2021). Diseño de una propuesta para la regulación técnica de los servicios de agua en España [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/172222 / TESIS

This diploma thesis deals with pressure losses in heating systems. The diploma thesis is divided into three sections. The first part is theoretical and deals with the occurrence of pressure losses. It discusses the properties of the fluid that affect pressure losses. It also deals with hydrodynamic phenomena, flow distribution, pressure loss distribution and its calculations. The aim of the second part, which is practical, was to create a heating project for a selected object. The object is a two-floor kindergarten building located in Velké Němčice. For this project, two heating variants were created. For the first variant, radiators and heating benches were designed and for the second variant, underfloor heating was installed in the building. The goal was to use a source which will gain heat mainly from renewable sources, so the air / water heat pump was chosen as the source of heat production. The project ends with a technical report. The third part of the thesis is dedicated to an experiment which purpose was to find out how the pressure losses of the connecting pieces are reacting to the change with the change of the heating water conditions (flow, temperature). Alongside, two pipes were created which differed in the type of connecting pieces so it allowed to compare how their pressure losses differ. Both pipes were connected by radial pressing, but the fittings differed in the quality of the brass, and therefore in the construction. Also, part of the experimental section of the diploma thesis is a description of the course of radial pressing of fittings from the Herz company.