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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Fibras lignocelulósicas como agente de reforço de compósitos de matriz fenólica e lignofenólica / Lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcing agents in lignophenolic and phenolic matrix composites

Ilce Aiko Tanaka Razera 04 August 2006 (has links)
Neste trabalho, fibras lignocelulósicas de diferentes fontes (bananeira e coco) foram utilizadas como agentes de reforço na preparação de compósitos de matriz fenólica e lignofenólica. O fenol, utilizado na formulação da matriz, foi substituído parcial e totalmente por lignina, extraída do bagaço de cana de açúcar por processo Organosolve, na preparação dos termorrígidos lignofenólicos. Os polímeros foram moldados sob compressão e aquecimento controlados. Para caracterização das fibras lignocelulósicas, além da análise da composição, foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: difração de raios-X, cromatografia gasosa inversa (IGC), espectroscopia na região de infravermelho (IV), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), termogravimetria (TG), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), resistência à tração. Os pré-polímeros (fenólicos e lignofenólicos) foram caracterizados via cromatografia de exclusão por tamanho (SEC), IV, DSC, TG. Os compósitos obtidos foram caracterizados através de ensaios de impacto Izod, análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA), absorção de água, DSC, TG. Os resultados revelaram que: a substituição total do fenol por lignina é viável; das duas fibras utilizadas como reforço, fibras de coco e banana (não tratadas, ou tratadas com solução alcalina ou ar ionizado), estas últimas apresentaram melhores resultados como reforço de matriz fenólica, possivelmente devido ao mais alto teor de celulose, que é o componente das fibras lignocelulósicas presente nos domínios cristalinos, e que, portanto, exerce a maior influência sobre as propriedades mecânicas destas, e conseqüentemente sobre a ação como reforço em compósitos; em se tratando de compósitos lignofenólicos, principalmente naquele em que fenol foi totalmente substituído por lignina, embora a fibra de coco não tenha boas propriedades mecânicas devido ao baixo teor de celulose, o alto teor de lignina presente neste fibra passou a corresponder a propriedade importantíssima, pois aumentou consideravelmente a afinidade fibra/matriz (também com alto teor de estruturas típicas de lignina). A intensificação das interações na interface possivelmente facilitou a transferência de carga da matriz para a fibra durante o impacto, levando ao material com mais alta resistência ao impacto, dentre os considerados no presente trabalho. Os resultados de absorção de água no geral foram importantes, pois além de indicar a afinidade do material por água, trouxeram também, dentre outras, informações sobre a interface fibra/matriz. No caso dos compósitos preparados a partir de pré-polímeros em que fenol foi totalmente substituído por lignina, os testes de absorção de água também foram importantes no sentido de indicar o melhor processo a ser utilizado na preparação dos pré-polímeros, sendo os resultados condizentes com aqueles obtidos via ensaio de impacto. Deve-se destacar o fato de ter sido possível preparar um compósito com boas propriedades, em que lignina foi usada como macromonômero na preparação da matriz polimérica, sendo esta reforçada com fibras vegetais, ou seja, obteve-se um compósito a partir de alta porcentagem de material oriundo de fontes renováveis / In this work, lignocellulosic fibers from different sources (banana tree and coconut) were used as reinforcing agents in the preparation of phenolic and lignophenolic matrix composites. The phenol used in the matrix formulation was substituted both partially and totally by lignin, extracted from sugarcane bagasse by organosolv process, in the preparation of the lignophenolic thermosets. The composites were molded under controlled pressure and heating. Besides composition analysis, the following techniques were used to characterize the lignocellulosic fibers: X-ray diffraction, inverse gas chromatography (IGC), infrared spectroscopy (IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile strength. The prepolymers (phenolic and lignophenolic) were characterized by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), IR, DSC, and TG. The composites obtained were characterized by Izod impact strength, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), water absorption, DSC, and TG. The results revealed that: -the total substitution of phenol by lignin is viable; - from the two reinforcing fibers used (banana tree and coconut, both treated and untreated with alkaline solution and ionized air), the former presented the best results as a phenolic matrix reinforcement, possibly due to their larger cellulose content, which is the component of the lignocellulosic fibers present in the crystalline domains. This has a greater influence on the mechanical properties of the fibers, and consequently on their action as composite reinforcement; -concerning the lignophenolic composites, mainly those in which phenol was completely substituted with lignin, although the coconut fibers do not have good mechanical properties due to their low cellulose content, their high lignin content contributed to a very important property, that is, a considerable increase in the affinity between the fiber and the matrix, which also has a high content of typical lignin structures. The intensity of the interactions at the interface may have made the load transfer from the matrix to the fiber during impact easier, resulting in a material with the highest impact strength, when compared to others prepared in the present study; -the water absorption results were generally important as besides information on the affinity of the material for water, they also gave further information on the fiber/matrix interface. In the case of composites prepared from prepolymers whose phenol was totally substituted by lignin, the water absorption tests were also important to indicate the best prepolymer preparation process, which was in agreement with impact assay results. It is important to highlight the fact that it is was possible to prepare a composite with good properties using lignin as a macromonomer in the preparation of a polymeric matrix reinforced with natural fibers, that is to say, with a high percentage of material derived from renewable sources
62

Método para a proposição de diretrizes para melhoria da produtividade da mão-de-obra na produção de armaduras. / Method to propose directions improving labor productivity in the steel reinforcement activities.

Luís Otávio Cocito de Araujo 03 August 2005 (has links)
A competição acirrada no mercado da Construção Civil tem exigido das empresas construtoras a busca pela melhoria de sua eficiência produtiva. Dentro desse contexto, a melhoria da produtividade da mão-de-obra apresenta-se como caminho relevante na medida em que seus custos representam parcela significativa do ônus total relativo à produção, e existe uma variação significativa de desempenhos nas empresas atuantes no mercado. Como qualquer outro tipo de serviço de construção, o serviço de armação carece deste mesmo tipo de abordagem, haja vista a existência, nos canteiros de obras brasileiros, de uma alta variabilidade na produtividade da mão-de-obra envolvida na fabricação e montagem das armaduras para estruturas de concreto armado (30 a 100 Homens-hora/tonelada). Some-se a esse aspecto o fato de se detectar, na bibliografia, um número de trabalhos bastante mais expressivos quanto a outros serviços; por exemplo, discutem-se muito os projetos de processo para fôrmas enquanto não se dá esta mesma abordagem à armação. Portanto, o diagnóstico da produtividade e dos estudos relativos ao tema demonstram a importância do estudo de ações que possam levar à melhoria da competitividade na produção de armaduras. Este trabalho apresenta um método para a proposição de diretrizes, relativas ao processo de produção de armaduras para estruturas de concreto armado, que visam melhorar a produtividade da mão-de-obra do serviço de armação. Para tanto, buscar-se-á, no entendimento da relação entre a produtividade e os fatores que a influenciam, o embasamento necessário para a proposição de tais diretrizes. Tais fatores podem estar relacionados ao projeto do produto (com ênfase no projeto de detalhamento das armaduras), ao método de produção e à organização do trabalho. ) Para se alcançarem os objetivos propostos, o trabalho envolve um levantamento de informações prévio, realizado com base em estudos bibliográficos, entrevistas com especialistas e um intenso contato com os canteiros de obras. Para a validação do método proposto faz-se uma aplicação do mesmo através de um caso real. As diretrizes, obtidas mediante a aplicação do método, ajudarão a tomada de decisões da construtora, que poderá auxiliar: i) os projetistas estruturais a favorecerem, no desenvolvimento dos projetos de detalhamento das armaduras, sempre que possível, a construtibilidade; ii) os contratantes na concepção de sistemas de armação, nos canteiros de obras, que possibilitem a racionalização das operações e o alcance das produtividades potenciais da mão-de-obra; iii) os responsáveis pela mão-de-obra na organização do trabalho, de maneira a favorecer a melhoria da produtividade com benefícios a todas as partes envolvidas. / The increasing competition in Brazilian building industry has encouraged construction companies to develop efforts in order to enhance their productive efficiency. Naturally, improving labor productivity becomes a critical path to achieve the above goal, since labor represents a significant component of construction costs and its performance may vary considerably from project to project. Likewise other construction services, concrete reinforcing planning stages reasonably lack systematic approaches to reduce the remarkable variability found in labor productivity (30 to 100 men hours/ton) throughout production and assembly processes. Moreover, and differently from other topics such as formwork, concrete reinforcing has not been covered by comprehensive studies in recent years. Therefore, the reported inefficiency in the production process, the impact on construction costs and the lack of systematic studies evidence the relevance of further investigations about this topic. This research proposes guidelines to improve labor productivity in the concrete reinforcing. The methodology involved an international literature review and an extensive data collection, which included interviews with specialists and descriptive case studies in construction sites. Initially, factors that influence labor productivity were identified through literature review and empirical studies. Subsequently, these factors were grouped in three main categories: product design (especiallyreinforcement detailing), production method and work organization factors. Then a method to improve the productivity in concrete reinforcing was proposed and finally validated though application in a real case study. ) The resulting guidelines may arguably support decision makers throughout the planning process of concrete reinforcing, including: i) structural engineers, who may take into account construct ability issues during the conception of design solutions; ii) contractors and subcontractors, who may conceive reinforcing systems more efficiently as to rationalize production operations and achieve better performances; and iii) those responsible for workers\' organization, who may bring efficiency gains to the production process and benefits for all the stakeholders.
63

Automação do processo de corte e dobra de armaduras para estruturas de concreto integrada ao processo BIM. / Automation of the cutting and bending process of reinforcing bars for concrete structures integrated to the BIM process.

Alex Roda Maciel 29 May 2018 (has links)
A consolidação do processo de Modelagem da Informação da Construção (BIM) tende a contribuir para o aumento da eficiência da indústria da construção civil, fomentando novos fluxos de trabalho e permitindo o reuso de informações ao longo do ciclo de vida dos empreendimentos. Apesar do potencial de integração e automação associados ao processo BIM, o uso das informações digitais contidas no modelo para facilitar a pré-fabricação de produtos para a construção mostra-se incipiente. Nota-se que emprego da fabricação digital encontra obstáculos sobretudo em setores que atuam de modo segregado, e que por isto mesmo demandam sinergia, bem como o uso de normas e padrões que possibilitem a interoperabilidade e reuso das informações geradas nas fases anteriores a fabricação. Neste contexto, foi feita uma análise do uso da fabricação digital aplicada ao processamento industrial de aço para estruturas de concreto armado (corte e dobra). Embora os fabricantes que atuam neste setor possuam suporte a interface digital com os demais agentes, a configuração de sua cadeia de produtiva, bem como os processos tradicionalmente adotados, promovem a ocorrência de ilhas de automação ligadas por transferência manual e reentrada de dados. Como forma de reduzir a intervenção manual para a transcrição dos dados, propõe-se o uso do esquema de dados Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) na fabricação digital de componentes de armadura. Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma solução técnica, baseada no esquema IFC, aos requisitos de troca de informação necessários no fluxo de trabalho proposto. Com base nos requisitos de troca identificados por meio do método Information Delivery Manual (IDM), apresenta-se como essas informações podem ser mapeadas e qual o subconjunto de dados necessários à fabricação digital baseada no esquema IFC4. Por fim, apresenta-se a documentação e validação da solução técnica desenvolvida de acordo com o método Model View Definition (MVD) e com o uso da ferramenta ifcDoc. Após a realização de testes com base no esquema IFC4 foi constatada a viabilidade para recuperação dos dados contidos no modelo. Entretanto também foi identificada a carência de ferramentas comerciais que suportem tal funcionalidade. / The consolidation of Building Information Modeling (BIM) possibly contributes to the increase of the efficiency in the construction industry, by fostering new workflows and data reuse throughout projects life cycle. Despite the potential for integration and automation associated with BIM, the use of the digital information contained in the model to facilitate prefabrication of construction products is still incipient. The digital fabrication finds obstacles in sectors that act in a segregated manner, henceforth needs standard adoption to allow reuse of the information generated in the phases prior to production. In this context, it was analyzed the use of digital fabrication applied to the industrial processing of reinforcement bars for concrete structures (rebar cutting and bending). Although the fabricators who act in this sector already have support to the digital interface with other agents, the supply chain configuration adopted by the Brazilian market, as well as the traditional paper-based processes employed, promote the occurrence of \"islands of automation\" connected by manual data transfer. In order to reduce the need for manual intervention for data re-interpretation and re-entry, it is proposed to use the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data schema to promote the digital interface between the reinforcing bar supply chain stakeholder\'s. This work aims to present an IFC-based technical solution to the fabricator\'s information requirements by means of the Information Delivery Manual (IDM) and Model View Definition (MVD) standards. On the basis of the exchange requirements specified by rebar fabricator through IDM method, it is presented the IFC schema subset entailed and how this information can be mapped in order to allow the use of IFC on the cut & bend rebar supply chain. Finally, the technical solution was documented in an MVD and validate with the ifcDoc tool. After conducting validation tests based on the IFC4 schema, it was verified the viability to recover the data contained in the model. However, the lack of commercial tools that support such functionality has also been identified.
64

3D tisk kompozitních materiálů / 3D print of composite materials

Kašpárková, Kristýna January 2020 (has links)
The submitted thesis deals with a study of composite materials and processing them using 3D printing technology. The experimental part of this thesis is focused on the production of test samples with the use of additive technology Fused Deposition Modeling and Continuous Filament Fabrication. The composite samples made of common onyx material, individually reinforced with continuous carbon fiber filaments, kevlar, or fiberglass, were made with Marforged Mark Two 3D printer. The other samples made of PETG PM and PETG CFjet materials were made with Original Prusa i3 MK2S 3D printer. For technological evaluation, a tensile test was performed on samples, following the norm EN ISO 527-2:2012. Based on results obtained from tensile testing, the properties of materials strength and usability are verified and compared. In this work, the production process is proposed, and technical-economic evaluation is made. In conclusion, achieved results and overall benefits of this work are summarised.
65

Analýza vyztužené opěrné stěny založené na jemnozrnných zeminách / Analysis of mechanicaly stabilized earth wall on fine-grained subsoil

Střižík, Jakub January 2013 (has links)
In the reinforced backings, the pulling capacity is transmitted by built-in reinforcements for which design it is necessary to determinate accurately this capacity. In the diploma thesis, there is the effect of subsoil stiffness and selected constitutional relation on the capacity transmitted by individual reinforcements by the method of parametric study monitored.
66

Influence of steel fibres on response of beams

Belghiti, Moulay El Mehdi. January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
67

Flexural Resistance Factors for Partially Prestressed Members Using ASTM A 1035 Reinforcing Steel

Chamberlain, James M., Jr. January 2012 (has links)
No description available.
68

Flexural performance of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near-surface-mounted FRP reinforcements

Kara, Ilker F., Ashour, Ashraf, Köroğlu, Mehmet A. 02 February 2016 (has links)
Yes / A numerical method for estimating the curvature, deflection and moment capacity of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with prestressed near-surface-mounted (NSM) FRP bars/strips is presented. A sectional analysis is carried out to predict the moment–curvature relationship from which beam deflections and moment capacity are then calculated. Based on the amount of FRP bars, different failure modes were identified, namely tensile rupture of prestressed FRP bars and concrete crushing before or after yielding of steel reinforcement. Comparisons between experimental results available in the literature and predicted curvature, moment capacity and deflection of reinforced concrete beams with prestressed NSM FRP reinforcements show good agreement. A parametric study concluded that higher prestressing levels improved the cracking and yielding loads, but decreased the beam ductility compared with beams strengthened with nonprestressed NSM FRP bars/strips.
69

Enhancing poly(lactic acid) microcellular foams by formation of distinctive crystalline structures

Li, R., Ye, L., Zhao, X., Coates, Philip D., Caton-Rose, Philip D. 13 January 2021 (has links)
Yes / By controlling the crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the presence of a hydrazide nucleating agent (HNA), PLA-HNA foams with enhanced microcellular structures were prepared via supercritical CO2 foaming. It was found that HNA can self-assemble into fibrillar networks, inducing the crystallization of PLA on their surface, and "shish-kebab"crystalline structures with high crystallinity formed, which can be maintained during the whole foaming process. Incorporation of HNA promoted the formation of gt conformers, improved the amount of dissolved CO2, hindered the escape of CO2, and increased the viscoelasticity of PLA. Compared with neat PLA foam, for PLA-HNA foam, the average cell diameter decreased obviously, from 64.39 to 6.59 μm, while the cell density increased up to nearly three orders of magnitudes, from 6.82 × 106 to 4.44 × 109 cells/cm3. Moreover, lots of fibrillar structures appeared and entangled with each other on the cell wall of the foam. By forming such dense micropores and enhanced fibrillar structures, PLA foam was highly reinforced with significantly improved compressive strength. / This research was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51773122) and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering (grant no. sklpme2019-2-21).
70

Bond of nanoinclusions reinforced concrete with old concrete: strength, reinforcing mechanisms and prediction model

Wang, X., Dong, S., Ashour, Ashraf, Han, B. 16 February 2021 (has links)
Yes / This paper investigated the bond strength of eight nanoinclusions reinforced concrete with old concrete through a splitting tensile test. The reinforcing mechanisms of bond due to nanoinclusion was also explored by means of scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectrometer. A prediction model for the bond strength between nanoinclusion reinforced concrete with old concrete substrate was developed and calibrated against the experimental results obtained. The experimental results indicated that bond strength between nanoinclusions reinforced concrete and old concrete can reach 2.85 MPa, which is 0.8 MPa/39.0% higher than that between new concrete without nanoinclusions and old concrete. The reinforcing mechanisms can be attributed to the enrichment of nanoinclusions in the new-to-old concrete interface, compacting the interfacial microstructures and connecting hydration products in micropores of old concrete with that in bulk new concrete. In addition, the prediction model proposed on the basis of reinforcing mechanisms can accurately describe the relationship of the nanoinclusion content and the bond strength of nanoinclusions reinforced concrete with old concrete.

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