Ces travaux de thèse concernent l’étude de matériaux supramoléculaires en vue de générer de nouveaux élastomères silicones auto-cicatrisants. Dans un premier temps, l’étude de la bibliographie a permis de recenser les différentes voies intégrant de la chimie supramoléculaire développées dans le domaine des silicones et basées sur les liaisons hydrogène. L’effet des groupements associatifs sur les propriétés rhéologiques et mécaniques des matériaux a été discuté, et les limitations de ces systèmes soulignées. La chimie développée par l’équipe du Dr. Leibler, adaptée par la suite aux silicones par le Pr. Zhang et son équipe, a particulièrement été analysée lors de notre étude de compréhension. Les relations structures/propriétés n’étaient pas clairement élucidées à l’issue de cette étude de la bibliographie. Des études modèles impliquant un PDMS téléchélique aminé ainsi que de l’urée ont donc été réalisées. La caractérisation précise des structures des produits de réaction a permis de mettre en exergue certaines corrélations entre structures (choix du groupement associant, masse molaire du copolymère, fonctionnalité) et propriétés (rhéologiques et mécaniques) qui n’avaient alors pas été démontrées pour ces systèmes. Il a aussi été montré que la force des groupements et les enchevêtrements jouent un rôle primordial. Une chimie différente, inspirée des travaux de Yilgör et al sur les copolymères segmentés, a par la suite été envisagée, en mettant en jeu cette fois la réaction d’aza-Michael. Cette synthèse se démarque du premier système par un meilleur contrôle de la structure macromoléculaire finale. Un silicone supramoléculaire élastomère et auto-cicatrisant a été obtenu en combinant une fonctionnalité importante et une masse molaire finale élevée. Les propriétés mécaniques de ce polymère ont été optimisées par l’ajout de charges plus ou moins renforçantes. L’impact d’un tel renfort sur les propriétés auto-cicatrisantes du système a été discuté. / This PhD thesis focused on the investigation of supramolecular materials in order to generate new self-healing supramolecular silicone elastomers. Firstly, a literature review on silicone materials was realized and we identified the different ways developed in the silicone domain that imply supramolecular chemistry and in particular hydrogen-bonds. The influence of associating groups on rheological and mechanical properties of these materials was discussed, and the restrictions of such systems were highlighted. The chemistry developed by Dr. Leibler and co-workers, later adapted to silicones by Pr Zhang and his team, was deeply investigated during our comprehension study. Relationships between structure and properties were nonetheless not fully elucidated in these studies. Model reactions involving telechelic amino-PDMS and urea were then carried out. The thorough characterization of the final structure of the reaction products highlighted few correlations between structural parameters (choice of the type of associating group, molecular weight of copolymer, functionality) and properties (rheological and mechanical) that had not been demonstrated yet for these systems. We showed that, among others, the strength of the associating groups as well as the entanglements play a fundamental role. A different chemistry, inspired by Yilgör and co-workers’ studies on segmented copolymers, was later considered by carrying out an aza-Michael reaction. This synthesis differs from the previous one by its better control of the final macromolecular structure. A supramolecular silicone elastomer with self-healing abilities was obtained by combining a large functionality together with a high final molecular weight. Mechanical properties of this material were further enhanced through the addition of more or less reinforcing fillers. The influence of such reinforcement on self-healing capacity of this system was discussed.

This master thesis deals with static load test and static assessment of selected segments of reinforced concrete ceiling construction of the Hennebique system at the Faculty of Arts at Masaryk University in Brno. This thesis contains: the execution of the static load test, the data evaluation of the static load test and the data evaluation of the complementary laboratory testing, geometric orientation of bearing elements, the checking of the ceiling placement in the peripheral position, and the diagnosis of the reinforcing of the construction. This thesis also includes the static assessment according to various standard norm rules and the numerical analysis in ATENA software program.

Betongpelare är en vanlig del i konstruktioner inom bygg-och anläggningsbranschen och kräver normalt en stor mängd armeringsjärn för att säkerställa dess styrka och stabilitet. Vid dimensionering av slanka betongpelare ska hänsyn inte bara tas till första ordningens moment och deformationer utan även andra ordningens teori ska beaktas. För att dimensionera förandra ordningens moment beskriver Eurokoderna tre olika metoder, en generell metod samt två förenklade metoder: nominell styvhet och nominell krökning. Dimensionering kan ske förhand eller med datorprogram. FEM-Design, som är ett avancerat analysprogram, baseras på finita elementmetoden som är en numerisk analysmetod och ett av de vanligaste sätten att beräkna fysikaliska fenomen. FEM-Design kan ofta ge ett bättre och säkrare resultat då handberäkningar approximerar för att de ska vara hanterbara.I arbetet jämförs beräknad armeringsmängd mellan handberäkningar med nominell styvhet,nominell krökning samt analysprogrammet FEM-Design. Arbetet har gjorts för att undersöka skillnaden i armering och därmed kunna avgöra vilken metod som ger minst respektive mest mängd armering. Betongpelarna som undersöks är slanka och har tre olika upplagsförhållanden, varje upplag belastas med tre olika belastningsfall. Beräkningarna är utförda enligt Eurokod 2 och resultatet blev att FEM-Design gav i sju av nio fall lägst andra ordningens moment. I åtta av nio fall gav FEM-Design lägst mängd armering medan nominell styvhet gav störst andra ordningens moment och störst mängd armering i samtliga fall. Nominell krökning gav ett andra ordningens moment som var nära FEM-Designs resultat medstörsta skillnaden på 30%. Beräknad armering för nominell krökning växlade mellan attstämma överens mest med nominell styvhet och FEM-Design. Utifrån resultatet har även skillnaden i pris på armering beräknats fram där nominell styvhet är det dyraste alternativet.FEM-Design är 61% billigare än nominell styvhet medan nominell krökning är 51% billigareän nominell krökning.Jämförelsen visar att nominell krökning kan i dessa belastningsfall som har undersökts ansesvara den bästa metoden av handberäkningarna men FEM-Design anses vara den bästa av samtliga metoder i detta arbete. Slutsatsen som kunde dras var att båda de förenklade handberäkningsmetoderna överdimensionerar armeringsmängden i pelarna och därmed anses FEM-Design som det bästa alternativet. FEM-Design gav inte bara minst armering och därmed lägsta armeringskostnaden utan dimensioneringen tog också kortast tid. / When designing slender concrete columns where the second-order theories need to be considered, the Eurocodes describe three different methods; a general method and two simplified methods - nominal stiffness and nominal curvature. Designing can be done manually or with programs. FEM-design, an advanced analysis program, is based on the finiteelement method, which is a numerical analysis method and is one of the most common ways to calculate big and complex problems. FEM-Design often provides more reliable results compared to calculations done by hand, which involve approximations to make them manageable.In this study the calculated reinforcement quantities are compared with hand calculationsusing the nominal stiffness, nominal curvature and FEM-Design. The purpose is to investigatethe difference in reinforcement and determine which method requires the least amount of reinforcement. The investigated columns are slender and have three different boundary conditions, each subject to three different load cases. The calculations are performed according to the Eurocode 2. The results show that in seven out of nine cases the FEM-Design method produced the lowest second-order moments. In eight out of nine cases, FEM-Design resulted in least amount of reinforcement, while nominal stiffness resulted in the highest second-order moments and greatest amount of reinforcement in all cases. Nominal curvature generally produced second-order moments that were close to FEM-Design, the largest difference being 30%. Regarding the calculated reinforcement , nominal curvature varied in agreement with nominal stiffness and FEM-Design. The cost of reinforcement was also analyzed, with nominal stiffness being 51% more expensive than nominal curvature and 61% more expensive than FEM-Design. Nominal curvature was the preferred manual method, but FEM-Design emerged as the best overall method, offering both minimal reinforcement and shorter design time.

No description available.

Sandwichelemente mit Betondeckschichten besitzen gute bauphysikalische Eigenschaften, einen hohen Vorfertigungsgrad, geringe Montagezeiten und eine gute architektonische Gestaltbarkeit. Werden die Deckschichten mit einer Betonstahlbewehrung ausgeführt, ergibt sich ihre Dicke aufgrund der in EC 2 [1] geforderten Mindestbetondeckung zum Korrosionsschutz der Bewehrung zu etwa 80 mm [2]. Weiterhin wird bei der Bemessung von Stahlbetonsandwichelementen die Verbundtragwirkungen zwischen den einzelnen Schichten nicht angesetzt, sodass das volle Potenzial der Sandwichbauweise bei Stahlbetonsandwichelementen nicht ausgeschöpft wird. Das Forschungsvorhaben beschäftigte sich daher, aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen aus den Projekten HE 2637/16-1 und HE 2637/16-2 [3], s. S.356 ff ., mit der praxisnahen Umsetzung von weitspannenden Sandwichelementen mit dünnen Deckschichten unter Ausnutzung der Sandwichtragwirkung. Ein analytisches Berechnungsmodell, das im Zuge des Vorhabens entwickelt wurde, berücksichtigt die Verbundtragwirkung zwischen den einzelnen Schichten und kann das Trag- und Verformungsverhalten zutreffend abbilden. / Sandwich elements with concrete facings have excellent physical properties, a high level of prefabrication, short assembly times and various architectural design options. The facings are usually produced with steel reinforcement, which leads to a thickness of about 80 mm due to the minimum concrete cover required in EC 2 [1] for corrosion protection of the reinforcement [2]. Furthermore, the bond between the single layers are not taken into account in the design of sandwich elements, so that the full potential of sandwich constructions with reinforced concrete facings is not completely exhausted. Based on the projects HE 2637/16-1 and HE 2637/16-2 [3], see page 356 et seq., the focus of the transfer project was set on wide-span sandwich elements with thin facings made of carbon reinforced concrete and their practical production. An analytical model, which was developed during the project term, takes into account the bond between the single layers and can accurately represent the load-bearing and deformation behaviour of the novel sandwich elements.

The thesis is focused on the opinion of an office building from the perspective of two different standards and comparing their approaches. These standards is a currently valid European Standard EN 1992-1-1 (EC2) and standard according to US standards ACI 318-11. In this work were considered pillars in the second basement and on the first floor. Was also assessed locally supported slab above the 1st floor and staircase connects the individual floors. All the completed elements were assessed according to the 1st ultimate limit state.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diss completa.pdf: 1344921 bytes, checksum: 0d5eb60c4e0b5309d3eaeef2b4c9187d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001-09-28 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) is an experimental model for depression: Rats are submitted to a set of stressing conditions and as a result their consumption of water and water with sucrose, as well as the animals previous preference for water and water and sucrose also drops. It is argued that the stress changes the organism and, consequently, changes the reinforcing properties of water and water with sucrose. Therefore the stress would make the subjects insensible to reward. The present study investigated if what has been called sensitivity to reward could be described as a drop in the reinforcing value of a reinforcer. In other words, one of this study's goals was to evaluate if a protocol of mild stress diminished the reinforcing value of a known reinforcer, here, water with sucrose. Four male rats were submitted to a stress protocol of six weeks (as described by Willner, Towell, Sampson, Sophokleus e Muscat (1987). Two of them were also submitted to operant sessions of a FR-FR concurrent schedule of reinforcement, with responses followed either by water or water with sucrose prior and after the stress protocol. Results showed that all four subjects diminished their overall liquid consumption while the stress protocol was in effect. Results also showed the two subjects preferred water with sucrose on the FRFR condition (with higher rates of responses on the lever associated with water with sucrose), and that these subjects recovered their overall consumption and their preference for water with sucrose faster than the two subjects not submitted to the operant condition / Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) é um modelo animal experimental proposto como um modelo de depressão, ao qual ratos são submetidos. Após passarem por um conjunto de "situações de estresse suave", o consumo de água e de água com sacarose desses animais decresce. Considera-se que a submissão ao conjunto de estressores modifica o organismo e, consequentemente, a propriedade recompensadora da água e da água com sacarose. Supõe-se, então, que o sujeito toma-se "Insensível" à recompensa. O presente estudo pretendeu replicar os resultados de Willner, Towell, Sampson, Sopholeus e Muscat (1987) e também verificar se o que é denominado "Insensibilidade à recompensa" poderia ser descrito como diminuição do valor reforçador do estímulo, uma vez que este estímulo, nos estudos de CMS, não é produzido sistematicamente por uma ação/resposta dos sujeitos sistematicamente medida. Ou seja, a submissão ao "regime de estresse" afetaria o valor reforçador do estímulo? Ratos machos foram sujeitos. Dois sujeitos foram submetidos a um conjunto de condições de estresse suave, por 6 semanas, conforme descritos por Willner e cols. (1987), como por exemplo, privação de água e comida, barulho intermitente, iluminação contínua, agrupamento de dois sujeitos na mesma gaiola, luz estroboscópica, cheiro, apresentação de uma garrafa vazia após privação de água, acesso restrito a comida, inclinação da gaiola, presença de um objeto estranho na gaiola e chão da gaiola sujo. Verificou-se uma diminuição no consumo total de líquido e na preferência por água com sacarose destes sujeitos durante e após este procedimento. Outros dois sujeitos foram submetidos a sessões operantes sob um esquema concorrente FR15-FRI5 com água e água com sacarose como estímulos reforçadores antes e após a submissão ao mesmo conjunto de estressores. Também com estes sujeitos observou-se diminuição no consumo de líquido e na preferência por água com sacarose em testes semanais de consumo de líquido, durante as semanas de exposição ao estresse, o que indicaria um aparente efeito do regime de estresse sobre o valor reforçador dos estímulos. Observou-se também, com estes sujeitos, que a submissão à condição operante após o período de estresse parece ter alterado o efeito produzido pelo CMS, aumentando o consumo de líquido e a preferência pela água com sacarose nos testes realizados nas semanas seguintes à exposição ao regime de estresse

This doctoral thesis examines the history of the Iraqw’ar Da/aw area in the Mbulu Highlands of northern Tanzania. Since the late nineteenth century this area has been known for its intensive cultivation, and referred to as an “island” within a matrix of less intensive land use. The conventional explanation for its characteristics has been high population densities resulting from the prevention of expansion by hostility from surrounding pastoral groups, leading to a siegelike situation. Drawing on an intensive programme of interviews, detailed field mapping and studies of aerial photographs, early travellers’ accounts and landscape photographs, this study challenges that explanation. The study concludes that the process of agricultural intensification has largely been its own driving force, based on self-reinforcing processes of change, and not a consequence of land scarcity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Adrielli.pdf: 5370662 bytes, checksum: 4e167ff0f119f9298b4d7ed2791baa06 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-29 / The present work aims to study the performance of concrete with regard to the action of chloride ions, evaluating the influence of both mineral additions and water/binder ratio (w/b), considering kinetic and thermodynamic aspects of the corrosive phenomenon. A experimental research was carried out considering the following variables: the presence of mineral additions in partial substitution to the cement weight (10% of silica fume; 25% of fly ash; 10%, 20% and 30% of metakaolin) and the water/binder ratio (0,40 and 0,55). Thus, cubic concrete test specimens were produced, in addition to cylindrical test specimens for concrete characterization in relation to the compressive strength, specific mass, void ratio and capillary water absorption. After 645 days of casting, the cubic concrete test specimens were submitted to the chlorides attack during 308 days, totality 44 weekly cycles of immersion in chlorides aggressive solution. They were monitored, throughout this period, by means of techniques, such as: the concrete electric resistivity, the half-cell potential, the polarization resistance and the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. At the end of the experiment, visual inspections of reinforcing steels allowed to observe their superficial aspects after attack. As general result, it was gotten that the incorporation of mineral additions to the concretes promoted significant profits in all the evaluated properties, evidencing the beneficial effect of these additions in concretes exposed to aggressive conditions, specially in those in which there are chloride ions. In this direction, the statistical analysis has shown evidences that concretes with silica fume and metakaolin achieved the best results of electrical resistivity. In relation to the half-cell potentials, the reference concrete (without mineral additions) presented the worst performance, with an indication of despassivation in the reinforcing steels accentuated fall in the values of resistance of polarization with the time, proving the susceptibility of these systems to the action of chlorides. The concrete with mineral additions did not present depassivation of the reinforcing steels meaning that these systems possess great durability and service life in relation to those without mineral additions / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar o desempenho de concretos quanto à ação de íons cloreto, avaliando tanto a interveniência das adições minerais incorporadas ao concreto quanto da relação água/aglomerante (a/ag), considerando aspectos cinéticos e termodinâmicos do fenômeno corrosivo. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa experimental que contemplou as seguintes variáveis: a presença de adições minerais em substituição parcial à massa de cimento (10% de sílica ativa; 25% de cinza volante; 10%, 20% e 30% de metacaulim) e a relação água/aglomerante (0,40 e 0,55). Foram moldados corpos-de-prova cúbicos, além de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos para caracterização dos concretos quanto à resistência à compressão, massa específica, índice de vazios e absorção de água por capilaridade. Após 645 dias de moldagem, os corpos-de-prova cúbicos de concreto foram submetidos ao ataque por cloretos durante 308 dias, totalizando 44 ciclos semanais de imersão em solução agressiva e posterior secagem em ambiente de laboratório. Foram monitorados, ao longo deste período, a resistividade elétrica desses concretos, os potenciais de corrosão, a resistência de polarização e a impedância eletroquímica. Ao fim do experimento, inspeções visuais à armadura permitiram observar o seu aspecto superficial após o período de ataque. Como resultado geral, obteve-se que a incorporação de adições minerais aos concretos promoveu ganhos significativos em todas as propriedades avaliadas, evidenciando o efeito benéfico dessas adições em concretos submetidos às condições agressivas, sobretudo contendo íons cloreto. Nesse sentido, a análise estatística evidenciou que os concretos com sílica ativa e com metacaulim obtiveram os melhores resultados de resistividade elétrica. Quanto aos potenciais de corrosão, os concretos de referência (sem adições minerais) apresentaram desempenho inferior, com a indicação da despassivação das armaduras e a queda acentuada nos valores de resistência de polarização com o tempo, comprovando a susceptibilidade desses sistemas à ação de cloretos. Os concretos com adições minerais não apresentaram despassivação das armaduras, denotando que esses sistemas possuem maior durabilidade e vida útil em comparação àqueles referentes aos concretos sem adição mineral, tendo em vista o ataque por cloretos

This diploma thesis deals with the static review of structure for a football pitch. It is crosswise prestressed reinforced sliding plate with variable cross section. Assessment of the elements was done according to limit states. Internal forces from the load effects were calculated using the SW SciaEngineer 2015.1. The elements were assessed by SW Idea StatiCa 6. The main outputs of this static calculation are drawings of the shape and drawings of the reinforcement.