Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-10-18T18:35:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ CORDEIRO DE LIMA NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2013.pdf: 963611 bytes, checksum: 83952da12a3c82dcd16e85616b111271 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-18T18:35:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUIZ CORDEIRO DE LIMA NETO – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGFísica) 2013.pdf: 963611 bytes, checksum: 83952da12a3c82dcd16e85616b111271 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-26 / Capes / Este trabalho apresenta elementos complementares da formação no nível de mestrado em Física. Discutimos, principalmente, aspectos de Relatividade Geral e Teoria Quân- tica de Campos. Deforma detalhada, explanamos a obtenção das soluções de Reissner- Nordström para as equações de Einstein que mostram a dependência dos buracos negros carregados da sua massa e da sua carga. Analisamos, também, os casos onde a massa difere numericamente da carga conhecidos como casos não-extremos, e os casos onde estas grandezas são equivalentes conhecidos como extremos. Discutimos, também, as leis da mecânica dos buracos negros e a inevitável comparação com as leis usuais da Termodinâmica e, conforme foi demonstrado por Hawking, que essas semelhanças são um fenômeno físico explicado pela a mecânica quântica. Ao rever estes estudos, Unruh percebeu que um observador acelerado em um espaço plano mede radiação térmica. Os estudos apresentados nesta dissertação constituem o embasamento necessário para o trabalho em inúmeras áreas de desenvolvimento da Física na atualidade, visto que os buracos negros carregados (em dimensões extras) possuem uma ligação com a teoria das cordas, uma das teorias mais promissoras para a construção da teoria quântica da gravitação. / This work presents complementary elements of training at the master’s degree level in Physics. We discussed, mainly, aspects of General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory. In details we expounded the obtaining of Reissner-Nordström’s solutions for Einstein’s equations that show the dependence of charged black holes on their massand charge. We also the cases in which the mass differs numerically from charge, known as non- extreme cases, and cases where the sequantities are equivalent, known as extreme. We also discuss the laws of mechanics of black holes and thein evitable comparison with the usual law softhermo dynamics and still, as demonstrated by Hawking, that the se similarities are physical phenomena explained by Quantum Mechanics. By reviewing thes estudies, Unruh realized that an accelerated observerina flat space me asures thermal radiation. The studies presented in this dissertation formed the necessary principles for research in several are as of development of physics now a days, where as the charged black holes (in extradimensions) are connected with the String Theory, one of the most promising theories for construction of the Quantum Theory of Gravitation.

In classical general relativity, the values of elds on spacetime are uniquely determined by their values at an initial time within the domain of dependence of this initial data surface. However, it may occur that the spacetime under consideration extends beyond this domain of dependence, and elds, therefore, are not entirely determined by their initial data. This occurs, for example, in the well-known (maximally) extended Reissner–Nordström or Reissner–Nordström–deSitter (RNdS) spacetimes. The boundary of the region determined by the initial data is called the ‘Cauchy horizon.’ It is located inside the black hole in these spacetimes. The strong cosmic censorship conjecture asserts that the Cauchy horizon does not, in fact, exist in practice because the slightest perturbation (of the metric itself or the matter elds) will become singular there in a sufciently catastrophic way that solutions cannot be extended beyond the Cauchy horizon. Thus, if strong cosmic censorship holds, the Cauchy horizon will be converted into a ‘nal singularity,’ and determinism will hold. Recently, however, it has been found that, classically this is not the case in RNdS spacetimes in a certain range of mass, charge, and cosmological constant. In this paper, we consider a quantum scalar eld in RNdS spacetime and show that quantum theory comes to the rescue of strong cosmic censorship. We nd that for any state that is nonsingular (i.e., Hadamard) within the domain of dependence, the expected stress-tensor blows up with afne parameter, V, along a radial null geodesic transverse to the Cauchy horizon as TVV ∼ C/V 2 with C independent of the state and C 6= 0 generically in RNdS spacetimes. This divergence is stronger than in the classical theory and should be sufcient to convert the Cauchy horizon into a singularity through which the spacetime cannot be extended as a (weak) solution of the semiclassical Einstein equation. This behavior is expected to be quite general, although it is possible to have C = 0 in certain special cases, such as the BTZ black hole

This work is focused on visualisation of Schwarzschild, Reissner- Nordström and Kerr black hole. The two-dimensional conformal diagram was constructed. In the case of Kerr black hole, the causal structure was visualized by intersection of chronological future of given point in spacetime with hyper- surfaces of constant value of Boyer-Lindquist coordinate t. Conformal diagram for Kerr black hole was constructed only in the neighbourhood of outer event horizon. Then the causal diagram, which is analogous to conformal diagram for Reissner-Nordström black hole was constructed. In all cases two-dimensional spa- celike hypersurfaces were chosen that were embedded into Euclidean space. The interpretation of time evolution of black hole universe was given to a sequence of such embedded hypersurfaces. In the case of Kerr black hole the embedding of outer ergosphere and outer event horizon were also constructed. 1

Les résultats présentés dans cette thèse concernent l'étude de la<br />théorie de la diffusion pour des champs de Dirac dans plusieurs<br />espaces-temps de la relativité générale. Les méthodes complètement<br />dépendantes du temps développées par Enss, Sigal, Soffer, Graf,<br />Derezi\'nski et Gérard constituent le fil conducteur de ce<br />travail. Ces méthodes sont basées sur des estimations de propagation<br />comme les estimations de vitesse minimale (obtenues par une théorie de<br />Mourre) qui correspondent à une version faible du principe de Huygens <br />et sur l'étude d'observables asymptotiques naturelles comme les<br />opérateurs de vitesse asymptotiques. Dans un premier temps, on teste<br />ces méthodes en étudiant la propagation de champs de Dirac, massifs ou<br />non, perturbés par des potentiels à longue portée, en espace-temps<br />plat. On montre ainsi <br />l'existence et la complétude asymptotique des opérateurs d'onde<br />modifiés. Dans un deuxième temps, on s'intéresse à des situations<br />géométriques plus compliquées en étudiant la propagation de ces champs<br />à l'extérieur de trous noirs de Reissner-Nordström (à symétrie<br />sphérique) et de Kerr-Newman (en rotation) du point de vue<br />d'observateurs lointains. L'originalité de ce type d'étude réside dans<br />le fait que les observateurs distinguent deux régions asymptotiques<br />(l'horizon du trou noir et l'infini spatial) aux structures<br />géométriques bien différentes ce qui entraîne l'existence de deux<br />canaux de diffusion. Dans le cas de trous noirs à symétrie<br />sphérique, une décomposition sur une base d'harmoniques sphériques<br />permet de se ramener à un problème à une dimension d'espace, du type<br />espace-temps plat. La difficulté essentielle provient alors de<br />l'absence de symétrie sphérique des trous noirs de Kerr-Newman qui<br />rend impossible une telle simplification. Dans les deux cas, on montre <br />l'existence et la complétude asymptotique des opérateurs d'onde<br />(modifiés à l'infini) à l'aide des méthodes dépendantes du temps.