The essential cornerstone of society and the state is political support. Studying political support is therefore very important in political sciences. The purpose of this study was to research political support and its interrelation with the economic indicators of unemployment and relative income inequality. The study built on previous research. Using social data from the ESS, the results from 15 European countries were in line with previous findings in the field. Decreased unemployment is at all times found interrelated and increases political support. Income inequality is likewise found interrelated to a great extent with political support. When one of the two economic conditions notably decreases while the other increases, unemployment weighs heavier on citizens’ political support. Unemployment may have more direct effects on individuals' lives, life satisfaction and personal well-being. Income inequality has solid results of interrelation to political support when looking at the longest 12 year period. This may be due to income inequality not being as directly discernible for citizens as unemployment. Income inequality may need more time to result in negative effects and eroded political support.

本文主要研究臺灣23縣市的絕對所得（平均所得）及相對所得（所得分配）對縣市間人口遷移的影響，並進一步分別探討對男性、女性遷移的影響。影響因素除了絕對所得及相對所得外，也參考其他文獻加入失業率、犯罪人口率、平均每人享有政府公共支出淨額及就業者之行業結構等變數，探討其對縣市間人口遷移的影響。 本研究人口遷移資料採用內政部戶政司網站公布之縣市遷入及遷出資料；平均所得、失業率、犯罪人口率、公共支出及行業結構等採用行政院主計總處之《中華民國統計資訊網》縣市重要統計指標查詢系統；所得不均度使用行政院主計總處「臺灣地區家庭收支調查報告」之原始家戶所得資料計算出縣市別的家戶吉尼係數來代表各縣市的所得分配程度；本研究使用1999年至2010年之資料。實證結果顯示，代表絕對所得的平均每戶可支配所得對總遷移率、男性遷移率、女性遷移率均呈現顯著正相關，且由絕對所得平方的係數均為顯著負相關，顯示縣市平均所得影響遷移是正向的，而其影響強度是遞減的，即邊際效果遞減，表示所得影響遷移的效果會漸漸達到一最高點後緩降；代表相對所得的所得分配吉尼係數對總遷移率、男性遷移率、女性遷移率均呈現不顯著正相關，表示所得分配程度對遷移決策的影響並未達統計顯著水準 / This study investigates the impact of absolute income and relative income on migration rates in Taiwan using the panel data of 23 counties for the period 1999-2010. In addition to the absolute income and relative income, the unemployment rate, criminal rate, public expenditure per citizen and industry structure are also included in the estimation models. The empirical results demonstrate that the average household income as a proxy for absolute income has a significantly positive effect on total, male and female migration rates. Besides, the coefficient of the square of absolute income is significantly negative, indicating that there is an inverse U-shape relationship between absolute income and migration rate in Taiwan. However, our estimation results show that the income inequality does not have a significant influence on migration decisions in Taiwan.

I denna studie har vi med ett kvantitativt tillvägagångsätt analyserat hur den självskattade hälsan hos en sjukdomspopulation förhåller sig till socioekonomiska faktorer, social kontext och de tre inkomsthypoteserna. De tre inkomsthypoteserna avser absolutinkomsthypotesen, relativinkomsthypotesen och inkomstskillnadshypotesen. Datamaterialet som ligger till grund för denna studie baseras på registerdata över cirka 7700 patienter över 18 år från Stockholms län som genomgått ryggkirurgi under åren 2006–2016. Den självskattade hälsan analyserades både vid inskrivningstillfället i samband med ryggkirurgi samt som förändringen i den självskattade hälsan från inskrivningstillfället till ett år efter operationen. Till vår vetskap har tidigare forskning inte i någon större utsträckning analyserat sambandet mellan socioekonomiska faktorer och förändringen i självskattad hälsa i samband med vårdinsats, vilket är en del av vårt forskningsbidrag. Resultaten indikerar att social kontext inte har ett statistiskt signifikant samband med förändringen i självskattad hälsa. Vid analys av den initiala hälsonivån finner vi dock tvetydiga resultat för inkomstskillnadshypotesen och relativinkomsthypotesen. Vi finner att absolutinkomsten har en positiv korrelation med den självskattade hälsan både vid inskrivningstillfället och vid förändringen. Vi finner även att universitetsutbildning har ett statiskt signifikant och positivt samband med förändringen i självskattad hälsa dock gäller inte detta för den självskattade hälsan vid inskrivningstillfället. Våra resultat indikerar även att vara född utanför Europa har en statistiskt signifikant negativ korrelation med den självskattade hälsan vid inskrivningstillfället samt vid förändringen i självskattad hälsa. Våra resultat ger en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som kan ligga till grund för skillnader i självskattad hälsa hos en sjukdomspopulation. Vidare ger studien underlag för utformning av policyrekommendationer som riktar sig mot en jämnare fördelning av hälsa i samhället genom implementering av tolk och individuellt anpassad information / In this study, we analyzed the correlation between differences in self-reported health, socioeconomic status, social context and the three income hypotheses. The three income hypotheses refer to the absolute income hypothesis, the relative income hypothesis and the income inequality hypothesis. The sample of our study consists of about 7700 individuals age 18 and above from Stockholm county who have gone through surgery due to back pain in the years 2006-2016. With a quantitative approach, we analyzed the correlations between socioeconomic status, social context and health at two times in conjunction to a health care input. To our knowledge has previous research not to a greater extent analyzed the connection between socioeconomic status and the change in health in connection to a health care input, which is part of the contribution of this study. The results indicate that social context does not have a statistically significant correlation with the change in health after a health care input, although we find ambiguous results for the income inequality hypothesis and the relative income hypothesis when analyzing the initial health status. We find that absolute income has a statistically significant and positive correlation with both the initial self-rated health and the change in self rated health over time. An education at university has a statistically significant and positive correlation with the change in self-rated health between the two-time periods, however we do not find this result for the initial health status. Our results indicate that to be born outside of Europe correlates negatively and statistically significant with the change in selfreported health and the initial health status. Our results give a deeper understanding and knowledge to which factors that could explain differences in health for a population with a defined disease. Furthermore, based on our results we give policy recommendations targeted at a more even distribution of health in Sweden through implementing the use of translators and individually customized information.

An interdisciplinary approach to policy and governance recognizes that many social welfare problems are interrelated, and policy-makers have long recognized a need to address the root causes of these problems. There is much evidence that income inequality is one of these root causes but research suggesting the effect of income inequality is mediated by social capital has complicated the relationship, as have theories of causality that take different approaches. This study takes an ecological approach to these issues to test the relationship between income inequality, social capital and selected adverse outcomes proposed by the relative income hypothesis. The relative income hypothesis posits that the impact of income inequality on adverse outcomes is mediated by social capital. The study used a retrospective cross-sectional design to analyze county-level data for the year 2000 with a structural equation model composed of three constructs: income inequality, modeled by four common measures; a social capital construct based on a model developed by Rupasingha, Goetz and Freshwater (2006); and an adverse outcomes construct designed as a parsimonious measure of social outcomes in four public affairs disciplinary areas. The test of the path presumed by the relative income hypothesis revealed both a direct effect of income inequality and indirect effect of inequality through social capital. However, the direct effect of income inequality on outcomes was significantly larger than the indirect effect, indicating the relationship is moderated, rather than mediated, by social capital. Since the impact of social capital on the selected adverse outcomes was relatively small, and the final model failed to achieve statistical significance, the relative income hypothesis that income inequality exerts its primary effect on outcomes through social capital was rejected.

No description available.