La gestion des sites et sols pollués repose sur l’évaluation des expositions aux contaminants. Le retour d’expérience montre que les voies d’exposition directe, et notamment l’ingestion de terre pour les enfants, engendrent les niveaux de risque les plus élevés. Actuellement, en se basant sur la concentration totale d’un polluant dans le sol, l’évaluation des risques tend à être surprotectrice dans la mesure où seule une fraction de la substance peut pénétrer à l’intérieur de l’organisme. L’objectif de l’étude est de mettre en évidence que le test in vitro UBM (Unified Barge Method) de bioaccessibilité est pertinent pour estimer la fraction biodisponible des ETM dans les sols. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de démontrer que la solubilisation des contaminants dans le tractus gastro-intestinal est une étape limitante dans le processus de biodisponibilité et d’autre part que les mesures de bioaccessibilité sont corrélées aux mesures de biodisponibilité. Pour 15 sols sélectionnés sur trois sites contaminés différents, l’étude montre que la biodisponibilité est très variable pour le plomb (8% à 82%), le cadmium (12% à 91%) et l’arsenic (3% à 78%). Pour l’antimoine, les valeurs de biodisponibilité relative et de bioaccessibilité sont très faibles indépendamment des caractéristiques contrastées des sols (valeurs < 20%). De ce fait, ces conditions ne permettent pas de valider le test in vitro pour l’antimoine. Les résultats des corrélations, pour les trois autres contaminants, démontrent que la bioaccessibilité est l’étape limitante de la biodisponibilité et que le test UBM est pertinent pour estimer la bioaccessibilité de ces éléments dans les sols. Notre étude met également en évidence l’impact de la matrice sol sur les variations des valeurs de bioaccessibilité. Ainsi, il a été montré que la distribution des contaminants sur les différentes phases porteuses du sol est un paramètre majeur et robuste pour expliquer les variations de la bioaccessibilité pour l’ensemble des sols étudiés. Les résultats de l’étude mettent en lumière que le test in vitro UBM peut fournir une alternative possible aux investigations in vivo afin d’affiner les niveaux d’exposition des ETM suite à l’ingestion de sol / The management of contaminated soil is based on the assessment of exposure of pollutants. The review shows that the direct routes of exposure, including soil ingestion for children, generate the highest risk levels. Currently, based on the total pollutant concentration in soil, risk assessment tends to be overestimate because only a fraction of the substance may penetrate into the body. The aim of the study is to demonstrate that in vitro UBM test (Unified Method Barge) is relevant to estimate the bioavailable fraction of metals in the soil by estimating the bioaccessible fraction. For this, it is necessary to show that the solubilization of contaminants in the gastrointestinal tract is a limiting step in oral bioavailability process and that bioaccessibility is correlated to bioavailability. For 15 soils selected on three different sites, the study shows that bioavailability is highly variable for lead (8% to 82%), cadmium (12% to 91%) and arsenic (3 % to 78%). For antimony, the relative bioavailability and bioaccessibility values are very low independently of the different soil characteristics (values <20%). Thus, these conditions do not allow to validate in vitro test for antimony. The results of correlations, for the three other contaminants, show that bioaccessibility is the limiting step in the bioavailability process and that UBM test is relevant to estimate the bioaccessibility. Our study also highlights the impact of the soil matrix on the variation of bioaccessibility values. Thus, it was shown that the distribution of contaminants in the different bearing phases of soil is a major and robust parameter to explain the variations of bioaccessibility for all soils studied. The results of the study highlight that the in vitro UBM test is a promising alternative to in vivo investigations to measure the exposure levels of metals after soil ingestion

In this thesis, different methods for measuring the relative dielectric constant is investigated using simulations and experimental approaches. The first method is known as the S-parameter inversion method. In this method formulae is used to calculate the characteristic impedance of the microstrip line from measured S-parameters. To calculate the value of relative dielectric constant, four expressions for the microstrip line that relate the characteristic impedance to the relative dielectric constant were used. Second method uses an implementation of a band-pass filter and is commonly known as the band-pass filter method. In this method, a band-pass microstrip filter was designed using a predicted relative dielectric constant value. Center frequency of the band-pass filter is chosen to be at the frequency of interest, since relative dielectric constant will be determined around this frequency. The designed band-pass filter was manufactured and the frequency response was measured. To determine the true relative dielectric constant one changes the relative dielectric constant parameter used in the simulation until it matches the measured response of the manufactured PCB. Third method is called the quarter wavelength stub method. It uses implementations of a microstrip quarter wavelength stub because it resonance at different frequencies. The relative dielectric constant is determined using the frequencies on which the reflection occurred. In the fourth method, called the two microstrip line method, two lines of different lengths were designed and the phase difference between the propagating waves were measured. The phase difference and difference in length of the two lines is then used to calculate the relative dielectric constant. The thesis shows that a majority of the methods generates a similar result, thus indicates that they are suitable to determine the relative dielectric constant of any given substrate. The two methods that gave the most accurate results are the quarter wavelength stub method and the band-pass filter method. S-parameter inversion method is the method that has high variations in the results. Since the characteristic impedance that is calculated using the S-parameters are sensitive towards any sort of disturbances. The resulting relative dielectric constant aren't within the expected range for FR-4 both higher and lower values were obtained. The band-pass filter method gives the most accurate results of the methods. As the resulting relative dielectric constant are within the expected range for FR-4. Quarter wavelength stub method gives the results of the relative dielectric constant that are within the expected values of FR-4 and the variation is moderate. Two microstrip line method shows deviations in the results and has non-linearity as well. This is probably coming due to resonance of the line that gives rise to a phase change. This method is also acceptable since the results of the relative dielectric constant are within the expected range for FR-4.

Syfte och frågeställningarSyftet med studien är att undersöka förekomsten av Relative Age Effect (RAE) i svensk tävlingssimning. Studien utgår ifrån följande frågeställningar:-  Finns Relative Age Effect inom svensk tävlingssimning på populationsnivå?-  Vid vilken ålder uppkommer, avtar och försvinner Relative Age Effect för damer respektive herrar?-  Finns det skillnader i Relative Age Effect avseende kön? MetodStudien är en retrospektiv tvärsnittsstudie som undersöker representation av tävlingslicensierade simmare i åldern 5–22 år över en period på 20 år. Studiens deltagare är födda 1978 – 2014 och har mellan åren 2000 – 2019 varit inom åldersspannet 5–22 år. Deltagarna i studien bestod av 43 284 atleter varav 26 583 damer (61,42%) och 16 701 herrar (38,58%). Data mottogs från Svensk Simidrott (fd. Svenska Simförbundet) och deras resultatdatabas TempusStatistik där samtliga tävlingslicensierade simmare finns registrerade från år 2000 och framåt. Förekomst, magnitud och avtagande bestämdes genom Chi-2 (X2) test och Cramer’s V Effect Size. Odds Ratio (OR) och 95% konfidensintervall (95%CI) användes för att undersöka avvikelser mellan kvartal 1–4 (Q1-4). Dessa steg genomfördes på damer och herrar över samtliga åldrar. ResultatEn initial men avtagande Relative Age Effect är närvarande genom en stor-medium effect size (sv. effektstorlek) för damer och herrar 6–8 år. Skillnader mellan herrar och damer upptäcktes också genom a) en ihållande liten effect size upptäcktes för damer 9–20 år och herrar 9–22 år och b) signifikant OR för Q1&gt;Q2&gt;Q3&gt;Q4 var för damer 8–11 år samt för Q2&gt;Q3&gt;Q4 för herrar 7–13 och 15–18 år. SlutsatsRAE fanns på populationsnivå inom svensk tävlingssimning för damer 6–20 år och herrar 6– 22 år. En inledande övergående RAE med en stor-medium effect size var synlig i 6–8 års ålder för både herrar och damer. Eventuella registrerings-, tillväxt-, mognad- eller selektionsfördelar var övergående. En liten effect size var ihållande från 9–20 års ålder för damer och 9–22 års ålder för herrar. Det fanns skillnader i RAE med avseende på kön. Eventuellt verkar RAE ha större genomslag/magnitud på dam- än på herrsidan, i synnerhet vid 8–11 års ålder.

This thesis deals with a comparison of relative clauses in Czech and Spain language. The first part is devoted to the theoretical definition of the term "relative clause" in both languages and their comparison. In the second part the author performed a linguistic analysis of the Czech and Spanish comparable text with focuse on identification of the grammatical phenomena described in the theoretical part. This thesis is written in Czech language and includes a summary in Spanish.

We study relative homological algebra and relative Hochschild cohomology. We dualise the construction in [Cib+21b] for a ring extension B ⊆ A to construct a long nearly exact sequence for the relative Hochschild cohomology HH∗(A|B), the Hochschild cohomology HH∗(A) and the Hochschild cohomology HH∗(B,A). Parallel to this we also study corings and the associated Cartier cohomology and Hochschild cohomology. Given an A-coring C and its right algebra R we have induced maps ExtiA(M, N) → ExtiR(R⊗A M, R⊗A N) by the induction functor. We characterise the vanishing of the Hochschild cohomology of the coring in terms of these induced maps being isomorphisms for degrees greater than or equal to one.

Healthcare providers encounter a wide range of hazards on the job, including exposure to infectious diseases. Protecting them from occupational infectious disease is very important. Healthcare workers use personal protective equipment (PPE) as a measure to decrease the risk of getting infected during patient care. For high-risk diseases like Ebola, Tyvek suits are coverall suits that protect the body and reduce the risk of body fluid exposure. However, a person removing a contaminated suit may also be exposed to virus. Previous studies have shown that enveloped viruses can survive on different types of surfaces, so the objective of this study is to determine the inactivation of bacteriophage Φ6, a surrogate for enveloped human virus, on the surface of Tyvek suits at two different relative humidity levels, 40% and 60% at 22°C. The results showed the inactivation rate of virus was higher at 60% RH than 40% RH. There was ~3log10 (99.9%) reduction of virus inactivation after 6 hours at 40% but ~3log10 (99.9%) inactivation took 9 hours at 60%. This suggests that enveloped viruses can survive on the surface of Tyvek suits for more than 6 hours, and should be considered a potential risk for contamination when they are taken off after use.

There are two main defined classes of uncertainty namely: fuzziness and ambiguity, where ambiguity is ‘one-to-many’ relationship between syntax and semantic of a proposition. This definition seems that it ignores ‘many-to-many’ relationship ambiguity type of uncertainty. In this thesis, we shall use complex-uncertainty to term many-to-many relationship ambiguity type of uncertainty. This research proposes a new approach for handling the complex ambiguity type of uncertainty that may exist in data, for software engineering of predictive Data Mining (DM) classification models. The proposed approach is based on Relative-Fuzzy Logic (RFL), a novel type of fuzzy logic. RFL defines a new formulation of the problem of ambiguity type of uncertainty in terms of States Of Proposition (SOP). RFL describes its membership (semantic) value by using the new definition of Domain of Proposition (DOP), which is based on the relativity principle as defined by possible-worlds logic. To achieve the goal of proposing RFL, a question is needed to be answered, which is: how these two approaches; i.e. fuzzy logic and possible-world, can be mixed to produce a new membership value set (and later logic) that able to handle fuzziness and multiple viewpoints at the same time? Achieving such goal comes via providing possible world logic the ability to quantifying multiple viewpoints and also model fuzziness in each of these multiple viewpoints and expressing that in a new set of membership value. Furthermore, a new architecture of Hierarchical Neural Network (HNN) called ML/RFL-Based Net has been developed in this research, along with a new learning algorithm and new recalling algorithm. The architecture, learning algorithm and recalling algorithm of ML/RFL-Based Net follow the principles of RFL. This new type of HNN is considered to be a RFL computation machine. The ability of the Relative Fuzzy-based DM prediction model to tackle the problem of complex ambiguity type of uncertainty has been tested. Special-purpose Integrated Development Environment (IDE) software, which generates a DM prediction model for speech recognition, has been developed in this research too, which is called RFL4ASR. This special purpose IDE is an extension of the definition of the traditional IDE. Using multiple sets of TIMIT speech data, the prediction model of type ML/RFL-Based Net has classification accuracy of 69.2308%. This accuracy is higher than the best achievements of WEKA data mining machines given the same speech data.

We present a mathematical study of two conservative systems in fluid mechanics. First, we study a fragmentation model for sprays. The model takes into account the break-up of spray droplets due to drag forces. In particular, we establish the existence of global weak solutions to a system of incompressible Navier-Stokes equations coupled with a Boltzmann-like kinetic equation. We assume the particles initially have bounded radii and bounded velocities relative to the gas, and we show that those bounds remain as the system evolves. One interesting feature of the model is the apparent accumulation of particles with arbitrarily small radii. As a result, there can be no nontrivial hydrodynamical equilibrium for this system. Next, with an interest in understanding hydrodynamical limits in discontinuous regimes, we study a classical model for shock waves. Specifically, we consider scalar nonviscous conservation laws with strictly convex flux in one spatial dimension, and we investigate the behavior of bounded L² perturbations of shock wave solutions to the Riemann problem using the relative entropy method. We show that up to a time-dependent translation of the shock, the L² norm of a perturbed solution relative to the shock wave is bounded above by the L² norm of the initial perturbation. Finally, we include some preliminary relative entropy estimates which are suitable for a study of shock wave solutions to n x n systems of conservation laws having a convex entropy. / text

Researchers have failed to specify when crime and counter-normative actions, as opposed to other responses may occur as a consequence of relative deprivation. To clarify this issue, a mediational model was developed that specified the causal processes leading from the recognition of deprivation to crime and counter-normative actions. This model hypothesizes that the recognition of deprivation (cognitive relative deprivation) leads to feelings associated with this recognition (affective relative deprivation) which in turn leads to crime and counter-normative actions. This model applies to both personal and group deprivation. In both cases, the feelings associated with deprivation include anger, resentment, dissatisfaction, and discontent. Data from a sample of 950 males between the ages of 16 to 30 supported the mediational model. Moderator variables were hypothesized to influence the causal processes in the mediational model, and were thus employed to specify the conditions under which the recognition of deprivation became more likely to lead to intense emotional reactions, and the conditions under which these emotional reactions became more likely to lead to crime and counter-normative actions. Personal deprivation was found to lead to stronger emotional responses if persons were pessimistic about their deprivation being relieved in the future, while at the group level, higher levels of optimism were related to stronger emotional responses. Both types of deprivation also lead to stronger emotional responses when persons believe that financial success and wealth are important. The emotive responses for both personal and group deprivation, in turn, were more likely to lead to crime and counter-normative actions if deprived persons had criminal peers. It was also found that the recognition of personal deprivation was more likely to lead to depression and lower self-esteem if people blamed themselves for their deprivation than if they did not. Persons who were not optimistic that their deprivation would be relieved in the future were more depressed than persons who were optimistic. Persons whose in-group was deprived were more likely to have lower self-esteem if they blamed the in-group for its deprivation than if they did not.

Several factors impact the light irradiance and relative illumination produced by a lens system at its image plane. In addition to the cosine-fourth-power radiometric law, image and pupil aberrations, and light vignetting also count. In this paper, we use an irradiance transport equation to derive a closed form solution that provides insight into how individual aberration terms affect the light irradiance and relative illumination. The theoretical results are in agreement with real ray tracing.