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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

J'eux De Pause : providing new rest experience and alternative rest inspiration

Bayoucefi, Saida January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
2

Modulation of arteriolar diameter by endothelium-drived relaxing factor (EDRF) released from its paired venule

Falcone, Jeffrey C. January 1988 (has links)
This document only includes an excerpt of the corresponding thesis or dissertation. To request a digital scan of the full text, please contact the Ruth Lilly Medical Library's Interlibrary Loan Department (rlmlill@iu.edu).
3

Effects of Exciting and Relaxing Music on Heart Rate Variability

Mahajan, Pratik S 01 January 2023 (has links) (PDF)
Heart rate variability (HRV) and music have been demonstrated to have a relationship in previous literature. The primary objective of this study is to further investigate that relationship by observing HRV during periods of listening to relaxing and exciting music and comparing the results to a baseline as well as the other condition. The secondary objective of this study is to investigate the efficacy and potential usage of the Polar H10 chest strap monitor in measuring HRV parameters. The results of the Polar H10 will be compared to the iWorx TA-220 and iWorx-ECG12, the existing gold standard in HRV and ECG recording. The data will be exported to Matlab and Excel and analyzed to see if particular types of music display any trends for these HRV parameters, as well as heart rate (HR). Polar data will be gathered and analyzed using the EliteHRV app. Analysis included Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), Low Frequency/High Frequency Ratio (LF/HF), standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN). Data was gathered in 10 minute intervals of No Music, Relaxing Music, Exciting Music. Results showed notable changes in LF/HF ratio in both directions. SDNN and Mean RR interval had moderate decreases in both relaxing and exciting music, with Total Power having a significant decrease in both. Comparison of Polar H10 and iWorx-ECG data showed strong agreement in heart rate and RR interval data, but significant differences in other data. This suggests differences in calculation by the software used.
4

LLUM: Light and Reflection

Taguchi, Kazue 01 January 2007 (has links)
When I was nineteen years old, I traveled to ten countries in Europe. While there, I visited many museums and monuments, but it was in the solemn churches that I first saw stained glass and my aesthetic awakening occurred. My first impression was of a "living painting". By this I mean that a stained glass window is a non-static painting, as its appearance is dependant on the quality of light that shines though its panes. The same stained glass window looks different in the morning, evening and night. It has one color scheme on a sunny day and another on a cloudy day. The same window can look like a completely different work depending on its lighting. Most of the windows I saw were figurative, but the projections they made on the wall and floors were abstract. To me these projections seemed like "color stains", that moved with the sun and the passing of time. The solemn environment of these old churches looked like a huge light installation to a young girl from a country where centuries old stained glass installations did not exist.Currently, I make my work using reflective material and light. In the case of my outdoor pieces, they capture different "colorscapes" depending on the time of day. These reflective materials patch together and create new landscapes out of their natural surroundings. In the case of my indoor pieces, when light hits the surface, a complex interplay of reflections and shadows are created. The relationship between my work and my interest in reflection is the most exciting part of my creative research. Like sound, memory, feeling and imagination, light is intangible and invisible, but its effect on our lives is profound. My interest in creating works with light is in experiencing the phenomenon of their visual qualities as well as in the creation of a relaxing and sublime space.
5

Masáž jako kompenzační prostředek grafomotorického výkonu u dětí s mozkovou obrnou / Massage as a mean of a compensation of graphomotor performance by children with Cerebral Palsy.

Fojtová, Jana January 2012 (has links)
Title: Massage as a mean of a compensation of graphomotor performance by children with Cerebral Palsy. Objective: The objective of diploma thesis is to verify a positive effect of relaxing massage by children with Cerebral Palsy relate to current graphomotor performance. Methods: The work is conceived as intraclass experimental research. The pre-test and the post-test is carried out by means of the selected items Ozeretzkij's test and the Test of circles and the Test of waves. Results: The methods used in the research did not prove the relationship between the use of the relaxing massage and the current graphomotorics performance by children with cerebral palsy. Key words: graphomotoric, cerebral palsy, relaxing massage, effects of massage
6

Relaxamento: uma proposta de intervenção com gestantes hipertensas / Relaxation: a proposal to intervene with hypertensive pregnant.

Figueiredo, Lucia da Rocha Uchôa 13 August 2002 (has links)
RESUMO A hipertensão arterial (H.A.) é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Pode-se considerar a hipertensão, para fins de diagnóstico, como sendo primária ou secundária. Entende-se por hipertensão primária aquela cuja causa é desconhecida e por hipertensão secundária, aquela cujas causas são conhecidas e acontece em decorrência de um ou mais fatores. A hipertensão arterial causa à saúde transtornos muitas vezes irreversíveis, quando se encontra associada a uma doença orgânica especifica, ou seja, a Toxemia da Gravidez. A H.A. acomete cerca de 10% das gestantes, podendo ser classificada como Doença Hipertensiva Específica da Gestação (DHEG) e Hipertensão Arterial Crônica Pré-Existente. Suas complicações mais freqüentes são: mortalidade materna, morte e prematuridade fetal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a possibilidade: de as gestantes hipertensas dominarem a tensão física e a ansiedade, por meio de um programa de intervenção com uso de técnicas de relaxamento, visando a um controle da P.A. e assim diminuindo os riscos de morbidade e mortalidade materno-fetal; de que tomem consciência de seu quadro clínico e das suas conseqüências para elas e o feto; de que conheçam a dinâmica familiar e de que avaliem a presença ou não de componentes ansiogênicos. Participaram 15 gestantes acima de 18 anos, divididas em três grupos: o primeiro (g1), composto por cinco gestantes diagnosticadas de DHEG, o segundo (g2), composto por cinco gestantes com diagnóstico de H.A. crônica e o terceiro (g3), denominado grupo controle no qual não foi realizado o procedimento de intervenção. Utilizaram-se prontuários médicos, roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada, inventário de ansiedade traço-estado e técnicas de relaxamento. A análise dos dados da entrevista foi quantitativa e qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que as gestantes souberam que eram hipertensas a partir dos sintomas físicos e de gravidez anterior, não relataram nenhuma alteração emocional ao descobrirem a doença, não conheciam nada sobre hipertensão na gestação, não sabiam do risco e das possíveis conseqüências, mas sentiam medo do parto. Não há diferença significativa nos níveis de ansiedade traço-estado dos grupos HC e DH, antes e após o relaxamento. O uso da técnica de relaxamento como intervenção foi satisfatório, uma vez que houve diminuição da pressão arterial em 60% das gestantes participantes. Na análise dos níveis de Pressão Arterial, pré e pós-intervenção, encontrou-se que em quatro gestantes do grupo HC e duas do grupo DH houve diferença, pois os valores pós são significativamente inferiores aos valores pré-intervenção. Os resultados obtidos não nos possibilitam fazer generalizações, mas pode-se concluir que o uso do relaxamento como recurso terapêutico complementar ao atendimento medicamentoso foi eficiente, pois auxiliou as gestantes a enfrentarem as situações ansiogênicas e a manterem seus níveis de pressão arterial sob controle. Estes resultados evidenciaram a necessidade da elaboração e da implementação de programas de atendimento às gestantes de risco, realizados por equipe multidisciplinar para assim oferecer-lhes atendimento integrado e de acordo com suas necessidades. / ABSTRACT The arterial hypertension (A.H.) is one of the main problems of the public health. One may consider it for final diagnosis as being primary or secondary. We understand as being primary the hypertension whose cause is unknown and as secondary those whose causes are known and happens in the decorrence of one or more factors. The arterial hypertension causes troubles many times irreversible ones to the health when it is asociated with a specific organic disease or, that is the toxemy of the pregnancy. The arterial hypertension attacks around 10% of the pregnant women being classified as Hypertensive Disease Specific of the Pregnancy and Pré-Existent Cronic Arterial Hypertension and being the most frequent the maternal mortality, the fetus death and prematurity. The objectives of this study were to verify the possibility of the hypertensive pregnants dominate the physical tension and the anxiety through na intervention program with the using of relaxing techniques aiming the control of the blood pressure and thus lessing the risks of the morbity and the maternal-fetus mortality to be taken into account about their clinic list and may evaluate the presence or not of the ansiogenic compounds. Fifteen pregnant women over 18 years old participated of the program divided into three groups: p1 compounded of five pregnants with diagnostic of the SHDG, p2 compounded by five pregnants diagnostic of the cronic A.H. and the third pregnant group nominated as the control group on which was not held any intervention procedure. Medical prontuaries were utilized, a route of a semi-structured interview an inventary of anxiety state-trace (traço-estado) and relaxing techniques. The analyses of data was quantitative and qualitative to the interview through the content analysis. It was observed that the pregnants knew they were hypertenses after their physical symptons and by the former pregnancy and when they discovered the disease they related no emotional alteration. They don\'t know anything about the gestation hypertension, they don\'t even know how to inform about the risks and the possible consequences but they fear the parturation.there is no significant difference in the levels of the anxiety state-trace (traço-estado) of the groups CH and DH before and after relaxing. The use of the relaxing technique was satisfactory as an intervention as there was a lowing of the blood pressure into 60% of the participating pregnants. In the analyses of the arterial pressure pre and post-intervention was found that into four pregnants of the group CH and two of the group HD there was a difference because the post values are signantly inferior to the pre-intervention ones. The getting results don\'t allow us to make generalizatios but, we can conclude that, the using of relaxing as a therapeutic complementary resource to the medical attending was efficient because it helped the pregnants to face the ansiogenic situations and to keep their blood pressure levels under control. These ansiogenic results evidenciated the need of elaboration and implementation of the attending programs to the risk pregnants held by a multidisciplinary group to offer them a complete broadly attending to their needs.
7

Estudo da Atividade Hipotensora das Folhas de Syzygium jambolanum D.C. (jambolão) / Study of the activity of the leaves of Hipotensora Syzygium jambolanum D.C. (jambolan)

Ribeiro, Rachel Melo 21 April 2007 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rachel Melo Ribeiro.pdf: 542816 bytes, checksum: 97d23f29c7aaa773c7cec34818b5ed2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of sheets of Syzygium jambolanum DC (jambolan) in blood pressure (BP) and reactivity of vascular smooth muscle and non-vascular of normotensive rats. The extract hidroalcóolico (EH; ethanol 70%) was obtained by maceration from the dried leaves of Syzygium jambolanum DC to evaluate blood pressure in conscious rats and preparations isolated from deferent duct or thoracic aorta of rats. The EH was submitted the division with solvent using chloroform / water (2:1 v / v) to obtain the fractions chloroform (FC) and water (FMD) and assessment of vascular reactivity-ring mesenteric artery. The oral administration of EH (0.1 g / kg / day or 0.2 g / kg / day) induced a significant reduction of the PA in rats with normal conscious. In preparations of duct deferentes isolated from rats, EH 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 mg / ml reduced the effect maximum (Emax) induced by norepinephrine (NE) at 22.2, 45.4 and 81.5%, respectively. In ducts deferentes previously contracted with the CE75% noradrenaline (3x10-4 M) the EH (0.2 to 14 mg / ml) induced relaxation, dependent on concentration, which reached 69%, with the largest concentration. In arteries aorta thoracic isolated from rats, EH 0025, 0.05 and 0.1 mg / ml moved to the right, the cumulative concentration-response curves of calcium (Ca + +) at 7.7, 2.8 and 5.2 times, respectively. This effect of EH was accompanied by a reduction in the Emax 30.5; 56.4 and 78.4% respectively. The FA (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 mg / ml) reduced the effect maximum (Emax) of 6.5 in NE, 15.7 and 51.9% visited the curve to the right in 2.0, 2.8 and 3.5 times respectively. The FC 0.5 mg / ml reduced the Emax of 25.8% in NE. The FC (0.1 and 0.25 mg / ml) reduced the Emax of concentration-response curve cumulative calcium (Ca + +) at 21.1 and 47.1% and moved to right on 3 and 4 times, respectively. In addition, the FC (0.01 to 1.0 mg / ml) induced relaxation, dependent on concentration, mesenteric artery pre-contracted with calcium (≅ EC75), the maximum concentration (1mg/ml), in the absence or presence of the blocker of potassium channels (Tetraetilamônio-TEA), 97.4 and 99.6% respectively. Together, these results suggest that the effect of lowering the EH Syzygium DC can jambolanum be related to activity relaxing blood presented by the FC in rings of artery mesenteric pre-contracted with calcium. Thus this work contributes to hypotensive confirmation of the activity of the leaves of Syzygium jambolanum DC Maranhão employed by the population. / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito das folhas de Syzygium jambolanum D.C. (jambolão) na pressão arterial (PA) e na reatividade da musculatura lisa vascular e não-vascular de ratos normotensos. O extrato hidroalcóolico (EH; etanol 70%) foi obtido por maceração a partir das folhas secas de Syzygium jambolanum D.C. para avaliação da pressão arterial de ratos conscientes e em preparações isoladas de ducto deferente ou aorta torácica de ratos. O EH foi submetido a fracionamento com solvente usando clorofórmio/água (2:1 v/v) para obtenção das frações clorofórmica (FC) e aquosa (FA) e avaliação da reatividade vascular de anéis de artéria mesentérica. A administração oral de EH (0,1 g/kg/dia ou 0,2 g/kg/dia) induziu uma significante redução da PA em ratos conscientes normotensos. Em preparações de ducto deferentes isolados de ratos, o EH 0,05; 0,1 e 0,25 mg/ml reduziu o efeito máximo (Emax) induzido pela noradrenalina (NE) em 22,2; 45,4 e 81,5%, respectivamente. Em ductos deferentes previamente contraídos com a CE75% de noradrenalina (3x10-4 M) o EH (0,2 a 14 mg/ml) induziu relaxamento, dependente de concentração, que atingiu 69%, com a maior concentração utilizada. Em artérias aorta torácica isoladas de ratos, o EH 0,025; 0,05 e 0,1 mg/ml deslocaram, para a direita, as curvas concentração-resposta cumulativas de cálcio (Ca++) em 7,7; 2,8 e 5,2 vezes, respectivamente. Este efeito do EH foi acompanhado pela redução do Emax em 30,5; 56,4 e 78,4%, respectivamente. A FA (0,1; 0,25 and 0,5 mg/ml) reduziu o efeito máximo (Emax) da NE in 6,5; 15,7 e 51,9% deslocaram a curva para a direita em 2,0; 2,8 e 3,5 vezes, respectivamente. A FC 0,5 mg/ml reduziu o Emax da NE em 25,8%. A FC (0,1 e 0,25 mg/ml) reduziu o Emax da curva concentração-resposta cumulativa de cálcio (Ca++) em 21,1 e 47,1% e deslocou para a direita em 3 e 4 vezes, respectivamente. Em adição, a FC (0,01 a 1,0 mg/ml) induziu relaxamento, dependente de concentração, em artéria mesentérica pré-contraída com cálcio (≅EC75), na máxima concentração (1mg/ml), na ausência ou presença do bloqueador dos canais de potássio (Tetraetilamônio -TEA), de 97,4 e 99,6%, respectivamente. Em conjunto, estes resultados sugerem que o efeito hipotensor do EH de Syzygium jambolanum D.C. pode estar relacionado à atividade vasorrelaxante apresentada pela FC em anéis de artéria mesentérica pré-contraídas com cálcio. Desta forma o presente trabalho contribui para a confirmação da atividade hipotensora das folhas de Syzygium jambolanum D.C. empregada pela população maranhense.
8

Žena a tělo / Woman and her body

Váňová, Kateřina January 2018 (has links)
v angličtině This master thesis is about woman and her body. If a woman wish to be healthy, her soul and body should be in harmony. If she follows her own way, she is in harmony with society, she has time for relaxing and takes care for her soul she is happy. Society at this time is trying to separate soul and body. But when we are lost we can find the truth and ourselves. We can take care of our soul in this ways: relaxing, meditation, movement. When we are moving, soul is in harmony with a body. Every woman has shapes of her body from her forefathers and she should appreciate it.
9

Relaxamento: uma proposta de intervenção com gestantes hipertensas / Relaxation: a proposal to intervene with hypertensive pregnant.

Lucia da Rocha Uchôa Figueiredo 13 August 2002 (has links)
RESUMO A hipertensão arterial (H.A.) é um dos principais problemas de saúde pública. Pode-se considerar a hipertensão, para fins de diagnóstico, como sendo primária ou secundária. Entende-se por hipertensão primária aquela cuja causa é desconhecida e por hipertensão secundária, aquela cujas causas são conhecidas e acontece em decorrência de um ou mais fatores. A hipertensão arterial causa à saúde transtornos muitas vezes irreversíveis, quando se encontra associada a uma doença orgânica especifica, ou seja, a Toxemia da Gravidez. A H.A. acomete cerca de 10% das gestantes, podendo ser classificada como Doença Hipertensiva Específica da Gestação (DHEG) e Hipertensão Arterial Crônica Pré-Existente. Suas complicações mais freqüentes são: mortalidade materna, morte e prematuridade fetal. Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a possibilidade: de as gestantes hipertensas dominarem a tensão física e a ansiedade, por meio de um programa de intervenção com uso de técnicas de relaxamento, visando a um controle da P.A. e assim diminuindo os riscos de morbidade e mortalidade materno-fetal; de que tomem consciência de seu quadro clínico e das suas conseqüências para elas e o feto; de que conheçam a dinâmica familiar e de que avaliem a presença ou não de componentes ansiogênicos. Participaram 15 gestantes acima de 18 anos, divididas em três grupos: o primeiro (g1), composto por cinco gestantes diagnosticadas de DHEG, o segundo (g2), composto por cinco gestantes com diagnóstico de H.A. crônica e o terceiro (g3), denominado grupo controle no qual não foi realizado o procedimento de intervenção. Utilizaram-se prontuários médicos, roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada, inventário de ansiedade traço-estado e técnicas de relaxamento. A análise dos dados da entrevista foi quantitativa e qualitativa, utilizando-se a análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se que as gestantes souberam que eram hipertensas a partir dos sintomas físicos e de gravidez anterior, não relataram nenhuma alteração emocional ao descobrirem a doença, não conheciam nada sobre hipertensão na gestação, não sabiam do risco e das possíveis conseqüências, mas sentiam medo do parto. Não há diferença significativa nos níveis de ansiedade traço-estado dos grupos HC e DH, antes e após o relaxamento. O uso da técnica de relaxamento como intervenção foi satisfatório, uma vez que houve diminuição da pressão arterial em 60% das gestantes participantes. Na análise dos níveis de Pressão Arterial, pré e pós-intervenção, encontrou-se que em quatro gestantes do grupo HC e duas do grupo DH houve diferença, pois os valores pós são significativamente inferiores aos valores pré-intervenção. Os resultados obtidos não nos possibilitam fazer generalizações, mas pode-se concluir que o uso do relaxamento como recurso terapêutico complementar ao atendimento medicamentoso foi eficiente, pois auxiliou as gestantes a enfrentarem as situações ansiogênicas e a manterem seus níveis de pressão arterial sob controle. Estes resultados evidenciaram a necessidade da elaboração e da implementação de programas de atendimento às gestantes de risco, realizados por equipe multidisciplinar para assim oferecer-lhes atendimento integrado e de acordo com suas necessidades. / ABSTRACT The arterial hypertension (A.H.) is one of the main problems of the public health. One may consider it for final diagnosis as being primary or secondary. We understand as being primary the hypertension whose cause is unknown and as secondary those whose causes are known and happens in the decorrence of one or more factors. The arterial hypertension causes troubles many times irreversible ones to the health when it is asociated with a specific organic disease or, that is the toxemy of the pregnancy. The arterial hypertension attacks around 10% of the pregnant women being classified as Hypertensive Disease Specific of the Pregnancy and Pré-Existent Cronic Arterial Hypertension and being the most frequent the maternal mortality, the fetus death and prematurity. The objectives of this study were to verify the possibility of the hypertensive pregnants dominate the physical tension and the anxiety through na intervention program with the using of relaxing techniques aiming the control of the blood pressure and thus lessing the risks of the morbity and the maternal-fetus mortality to be taken into account about their clinic list and may evaluate the presence or not of the ansiogenic compounds. Fifteen pregnant women over 18 years old participated of the program divided into three groups: p1 compounded of five pregnants with diagnostic of the SHDG, p2 compounded by five pregnants diagnostic of the cronic A.H. and the third pregnant group nominated as the control group on which was not held any intervention procedure. Medical prontuaries were utilized, a route of a semi-structured interview an inventary of anxiety state-trace (traço-estado) and relaxing techniques. The analyses of data was quantitative and qualitative to the interview through the content analysis. It was observed that the pregnants knew they were hypertenses after their physical symptons and by the former pregnancy and when they discovered the disease they related no emotional alteration. They don\'t know anything about the gestation hypertension, they don\'t even know how to inform about the risks and the possible consequences but they fear the parturation.there is no significant difference in the levels of the anxiety state-trace (traço-estado) of the groups CH and DH before and after relaxing. The use of the relaxing technique was satisfactory as an intervention as there was a lowing of the blood pressure into 60% of the participating pregnants. In the analyses of the arterial pressure pre and post-intervention was found that into four pregnants of the group CH and two of the group HD there was a difference because the post values are signantly inferior to the pre-intervention ones. The getting results don\'t allow us to make generalizatios but, we can conclude that, the using of relaxing as a therapeutic complementary resource to the medical attending was efficient because it helped the pregnants to face the ansiogenic situations and to keep their blood pressure levels under control. These ansiogenic results evidenciated the need of elaboration and implementation of the attending programs to the risk pregnants held by a multidisciplinary group to offer them a complete broadly attending to their needs.
10

Efeito relaxante do estimulador da guanilato ciclase solúvel BAY 41-2272 em segmentos isolados de ureter humano em modelo padronizado in vitro / Relaxing effect of BAY 41-2272, a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, in isolated human ureter segments in a standardized in vitro model

Miyaoka, Ricardo, 1979- 08 May 2014 (has links)
Orientadores: Carlos Arturo Levi D'Ancona, Edson Antunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miyaoka_Ricardo_D.pdf: 38810158 bytes, checksum: a73083863b9c18c44630b11b53472286 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Introdução: A terapia medicamentosa expulsiva no tratamento da calculose ureteral visa abreviar o tempo para eliminação espontânea do cálculo e evitar a necessidade de uma intervenção cirúrgica. As terapêuticas atuais baseiam-se essencialmente em bloqueadores de canais de cálcio e bloqueadores alfa-adrenérgicos, mas têm eficácia questionável, conforme demonstram estudos clínicos mais recentes e com alto nível de evidência. Assim, faz-se necessária a investigação persistente de novos agentes para este fim. Objetivos: Descrever modelo padronizado de contratilidade ureteral in vitro com segmentos isolados de ureter humano a fim de avaliar o relaxamento provocado pelo estimulador da guanilato ciclase solúvel BAY 41-2272; avaliar o envolvimento da via do NO-GMPc-PDE5 e dos canais de potássio e urotélio neste processo; avaliar a expressão das enzimas guanilato ciclase solúvel (GCs), óxido nítrico sintase (NOS) e fosfodiesterase tipo 5 (PDE5) no ureter por meio de imunohistoquímica. Materiais e Métodos: Segmentos de ureter distal de 17 doadores falecidos de múltiplos órgãos de ambos sexos (24 ¿ 65 anos de idade, média 40 ± 3.2 anos; homens 2:1 mulheres) foram utilizados. A contratilidade ureteral foi avaliada em banho de solução de Krebs e o tecido pré-contraído com KCl 80nM . Os valores de potência foram determinados como o log negativo da concentração molar para induzir 50% do relaxamento máximo nos espécimes pré-contraídos com KCl. O teste não-pareado T de Student foi usado para as comparações. Resultados: O BAY 41-2272 produziu relaxamento em ureter isolado em tecidos pré-contraídos com KCl (80 mM) com valores de potência (pEC50) e relaxamento máximo (Emax) de 5,82 ± 0,12 (n=8) e 84 ± 5%, respectivamente. A adição do inibidor da sintase de óxido nítrico (L-NAME, 100 ?M, n=6) ou da guanilato ciclase solúvel (ODQ, 10 ?M, n=6) reduziu em, 21 e 44% (P<0,05) a Emax, respectivamente, sem alteração dos valores de pEC50. A pré-incubação do inibidor da PDE5, sildenafil (100 nM) potencializou (pEC50: 6,39 ± 0,10, n=8, P<0,05) o relaxamento induzido pelo BAY 41-2272 em comparação à curva controle. A adição dos bloqueadores inespecíficos de canais de potássio (glibenclamida) ou ATP-dependentes (tetraetilamônio ¿ TEA) e a ausência de urotélio não interferiram nos parâmetro farmacológicos do BAY 41-2272. A imunorreatividade mostrou a presença da eNOS no endotélio de estruturas vasculares do ureter e nNOS no urotélio, estruturas nervosas e, fracamente, na musculatura lisa. A GCs é expressa tanto no urotélio como na musculatura lisa. A PDE5 é expressa, exclusivamente, na musculatura lisa. Conclusão: O BAY 41-2272 provoca relaxamento em segmentos ureterais humanos pré-contraídos com KCl em modelo in vitro de forma concentração-dependente, essencialmente pela ativação da guanilato ciclase presente no músculo liso, e não no urotélio, apesar de um mecanismo GMPc-independente poder estar envolvido. Esta nova classe farmacológica pode ter papel no tratamento clínico de cálculos ureterais obstrutivos / Abstract: Introduction: Medical expulsive therapy in the treatment of ureteral calculi aims to reduce the timeframe for spontaneous stone expulsion avoiding an unwanted surgical intervention. Current clinical therapy is essentially based upon the use of calcium channel blockers and alpha-adrenergic antagonists which have been recently shown to offer questionable efficacy according to well-designed recent clinical trials with a high level of evidence. As such, it is necessary to continue the pursuit for new agents that could abbreviate the time for ureteral stone expulsion. Objectives: To report on a standardized ureteral contractility in vitro model with isolated human ureter segments in order to characterize the relaxation induced by soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator BAY 41-2272; to assess the involvement of NO-cGMP-PDE5 pathway and potassium channels in ureteral relaxation; to assess the immunohystochemical expression of endothelial (eNOS) and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and type 5 phosphodiesterase (IPDE5) in human ureter. Materials and Methods: Distal ureteral segments harvested from 17 multiple organs deceased donors (age 24-65; mean 40 ± 3.2; men/women ratio 2:1) were used. Ureteral contractility was assessed with segments immersed into Kreb¿s solution after being pre contracted with 80mM KCl. BAY 41-2272 induced ureteral relaxation in KCl pre contracted isolated segments with pEC50 and Emax of 5,82 ± 0,12 (n=8) and 84 ± 5%, respectively. Addition of a NOS inhibitor (L-NAME, 100 ?M, n=6) or soluble guanylate cyclase (ODQ, 10 ?M, n=6) led to a reduction of 21% and 44% in Emax values (P<0,05), respectively. pEC50 values remained unaltered. PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil (100 n M) enhanced (pEC50: 6,39 ± 0,10, n=8, P<0,05) the relaxing effect provoked by BAY 41-2272 compared with control curve. Neither unspecific potassium channel blockers glibenclamide nor ATP-dependent potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium (TEA) nor ureteral urothelium removal influenced the relaxation response by BAY 41-2272. Immunochemistry markers showed eNOS expression in ureteral vascular endothelium, nNOS in urothelium, nerve structures and with less intensity in smooth muscle. Soluble guanylate cyclase was present in urothelium and smooth muscle; and PDE5 was only expressed in ureteral smooth muscle. Conclusions: BAY 41-2272 relaxes human isolated ureter segments in a concentration-dependent manner, mainly by activating the sGC enzyme in smooth muscle cells rather than in the urothelium, although a cyclic guanosine monophosphate-independent mechanism may exist. This pharmacological class may have a role in treating ureteral obstructive calculi / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Doutor em Ciências da Cirurgia

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