Thesis (M.A.)--University of Leicester in association with (University of Hong Kong), 1995. / Includes bibliographical reference. Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / SPACE / Master / Master of Arts

Atualmente muitas espécies nativas de pássaros são consideradas raras no Brasil, pois são capturadas de forma indiscriminada por traficantes de animais e são então comercializadas, fazendo com que sejam encontradas cada vez mais em menor quantidade em seus habitats naturais. Animais confiscados do tráfico têm sido submetidos a programas de soltura ou relocação, atentando-se para que os mesmos não representem risco à população nativa. Passeriformes silvestres, saudáveis ou doentes, podem carrear uma grande diversidade de microorganismos e, portanto, o conhecimento sobre o status sanitário de animais apreendidos do tráfico que serão submetidos a programas de soltura, permite uma avaliação quanto à possibilidade destes animais atuarem como portadores de agentes patogênicos bem como atua como elemento esclarecedor da epidemiologia de doenças transmissíveis, aspecto fundamental para a preservação da saúde animal e também humana. O presente estudo procurou avaliar a ocorrência e frequência de bactérias aeróbias e anaeróbias facultativas bem como de fungos em suabes obtidos de cloacas de passeriformes silvestres apreendidos do tráfico e que serão submetidos a programas de soltura. Foram realizados testes de suscetibilidade in vitro dos isolados de E. coli frente a diferentes antimicrobianos utilizando-se o método de disco difusão, bem como a pesquisa de diversos genes codificadores de fatores de virulência nos mesmos através reação em cadeia da polimerase. A maior parte dos passeriformes (62,5%) avaliados apresentou uma microbiota cloacal constituída por bactérias aeróbias e/ou anaeróbias facultativas e/ou fungos, sendo que os microorganismos mais frequentemente isolados foram Staphylococcus spp. (15,0%), Micrococcus spp. (11,5%), Escherichia coli (10,7%) e Klebsiella spp. (10,7%). Observou-se uma maior ocorrência de bactérias Gram positivas seguidas por bactérias Gram negativas e fungos. A frequência de bactérias Gram negativas (28,4% do total de amostras coletadas) foi bastante representativa. Foram isolados 14 gêneros de bactérias, 03 gêneros de leveduras e 04 de fungos filamentosos. As 27 estirpes de E.coli isoladas apresentaram multirresistência aos antimicrobianos, sendo que ampiclina e amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico foram os antimicrobianos frente os quais observou-se maior índice de resistência (100%) por parte dos isolados, enquanto que cloranfenicol foi o antimicrobiano frente o qual observou-se maior índice de sensibilidade (100%). Somente um dos isolados de E.coli foi positivo para presença do gene codificador de fímbria S (sfa), podendo ser compatível com perfil de E. coli patogênica aviária (APEC) ou E. coli uropatogênica (UPEC). Nenhum dos isolados apresentou características condizentes com E.coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Considerando-se a reduzida ocorrência dos genes codificadores de fatores de virulência estudados pode-se concluir que os passeriformes apreendidos do tráfico representam baixo risco potencial no tocante à transmissão de estirpes de EPECs, APECs e UPECs para outros animais ou mesmo para o ser humano. Por outro lado deve-se considerar o risco potencial de transmissão intra ou interespécies de E. coli multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos bem como a introdução destes micro-organismos no ambiente. Os riscos de disseminação de Salmonella spp., Cryptococcus spp e Candida spp. são pouco prováveis quando considerados programas de soltura. / Currently, many native bird species are considered rare in Brazil, once they are indiscriminately captured by animal traffickers and then are sold, which makes them increasingly found in smaller quantities in their natural habitats. Confiscated animals have been submitted to relocation programs attempting to ensure that they do not pose a risk to the native population. Wild passerines, healthy or sick, may carry a wide variety of microorganisms and therefore, knowledge on health status of confiscated animals which will be relocated, allows an assessment as to whether these animals act as carriers of pathogens to native populations as well as clarifies the epidemiology of diseases, which is fundamental to the preservation of animal and human health. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and frequency of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria and fungi in cloacal swabs of wild confiscated passerines which will be submitted to relocation programs. In vitro susceptibility testing of E. coli strains to differet antimicrobials as well as an investigation of the presence of virulence genes in these isolates using the polymerase chain reaction were performed. Most of the animals investigated (62.5%) presented a cloacal microbiota composed by aerobic and/or facultative anaerobic bacteria and/or fungi. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were: Staphylococcus spp. (15.0%), Micrococcus spp. (11.5%), Escherichia coli (10.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (10.7%). The frequencies of isolations of Gram positives bacteria were higher (P <0.05) than those of Gram negatives and also higher (P <0.05) than fungi. The frequencies of isolations of Gram negatives bacteria (28.4% from the total of samples) were very representative. Fourteen genera of bacteria, 03 genera of yeasts and 04 of filamentous fungi were isolated. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was observed for 100% of the E. coli isolates. All ,E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and were sensitive to chloramphenicol. One E.coli isolate was positive for the presence of the gene encoding S fimbriae (sfa), may be a strain profile compatible with UPEC or APEC. None of the E. coli isolates resembled EPEC. Considering the reduced occurrence of genes encoding virulence factors it was concluded that confiscated passerines represent low potential risk regarding the transmission of EPECs, APECs or UPECs strains to other animals or even humans. Furthermore, the potential risk of intra or interspecies transmission of E. coli multiresistant to antimicrobials must be considered as well as the introduction of these micro-organisms in the environment. The risks regarding dissemination of Salmonella spp., Cryptococcus spp and Candida spp. are unlikely when relocation programs are considered.

This research examines the factors that impact on a newly released male prisoner's ability to deal with relationship issues. Most prisoners, in South Australia, will be released to the community and of these very few will live in complete isolation from other human beings. Humans are dependent on other persons to full-fill a range of needs and this process is reciprocal. If skills are lost due to incarceration then both the prisoner and the community suffer. (Matthews 1999) Pre-release issues are important but the relationship issue permeates through all pre-release requirements. It can can impact on obtaining and retaining employment, maintaining personal relationships, getting social security, obtaining housing etc. This is a very important aspect of human existence but sometimes it is forgotten until it is a severe problem. (Weightman-Dobson 1995) / thesis (MSocialWork)--University of South Australia, 2001.

Background: Two-year nationwide prison recidivism rates stand at over 60%, and minorities and the poor are at greatest risk both of first-time incarceration and of offending repeatedly over time. Initiatives that may address prison inmates’ lack of resources and increase their success in their communities after release are now an important topic in the study of criminal justice policy. Over the course of the past two decades, the public health concern of HIV/AIDS has increasingly become a part of this discourse on re-entry, as the disease disproportionately affects minority communities both in and outside of prisons. Affected reentrants face not only the challenges associated with employment, education, housing, and other social infrastructure that impede their long-term re-entry into mainstream society, but must also navigate issues surrounding continuity of medical care and behavioral risk reduction. In 2009, Georgia State University received funding to conduct an evaluation of Georgia’s Pre-Release Planning Program (PRPP) for HIV-positive inmates, and conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 former inmates who had received services from PRPP. This thesis work attempts to assess the content of the interviews and the potential impact of such an evaluation on corrections policy, especially in light of other similar programs that have been funded nationwide. Methods: A literature review was conducted to provide information on state and Federal pre-release programs for HIV+ prisoners that have been funded since the 1990s. A qualitative analysis of the GSU interview transcripts, consisting of coding for major themes, was completed. The goal of the analysis was to determine what program components had been most beneficial to participants, and also what needs had gone unfulfilled. Results: Most participants (23/25) in receipt of pre-release planning services in Georgia felt that they had benefitted from the program. A majority (19/25) attended the appointments set up for them by the program coordinator. Respondents were generally satisfied with their medical care, though cases existed where respondents had been unable to access a stable provider or medication supply as planned. The greatest aid to participants from PRPP was in the area of medical care. Limitations were perceived in the areas of employment after release and the Department of Labor program to which PRPP referred participants, as well as housing to a lesser degree. Study participants acknowledged and appreciated the program coordinator’s hard work with the resources that she had, and recommended transitional housing and work programs as ideal resources to improve their situations. Almost all (22/23) expressed interest in a community mentoring program to aid their progress post-release. Conclusions: Literature showed a variety of education and prevention program models targeting HIV in prisons since the 1990s. The best program outcomes were associated with the longest period of intervention and the most intensive case management (Rhode Island), but further evaluation is needed, and funding for such programs is a real and consistent concern. When combined with the literature on previous and existing programs nationwide, the voices of these participants provide a good idea of what may be next for a successful pre-release program in Georgia. 1) Planning services should begin sooner before release—possibly at the time of admission to prison—and should provide a longer period of follow-up, in order to capitalize on the time available for intervention with this vulnerable population and to more effectively prevent recidivism. The addition of support staff for the Georgia PRPP may allow this to occur. 2) Provision or expansion of the community mentoring program proposed in Spaulding’s 2009 study and supported by participants in these interviews, providing for matching of mentors with mentees by family and ethnic background, may be an important way to improve health outcomes among this population while facing a dearth of funding. 3) Securing and advocating for additional funding for vocational, counseling, and medical support services available to the general prison population is crucial, in order to support opportunities for skills advancement and true corrections in life path among a historically deprived incarcerated population. A cost-effectiveness analysis by state officials is recommended in order to measure the true economic value of such programs—especially in contrast to the public burden of unchecked recidivism. 4) A change in the Georgia laws that severely restrict the civil rights of ex-felons—including the right to vote, to be considered for many job opportunities, to be admitted to certain professional schools, and to receive state or federal financial aid for secondary education—is essential if former inmates are to be realistically expected to succeed outside of prison.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Canterbury, 2009. / Typescript (photocopy). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M.A.)--Duquesne University, 2005. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 44-46) and index.

Atualmente muitas espécies nativas de pássaros são consideradas raras no Brasil, pois são capturadas de forma indiscriminada por traficantes de animais e são então comercializadas, fazendo com que sejam encontradas cada vez mais em menor quantidade em seus habitats naturais. Animais confiscados do tráfico têm sido submetidos a programas de soltura ou relocação, atentando-se para que os mesmos não representem risco à população nativa. Passeriformes silvestres, saudáveis ou doentes, podem carrear uma grande diversidade de microorganismos e, portanto, o conhecimento sobre o status sanitário de animais apreendidos do tráfico que serão submetidos a programas de soltura, permite uma avaliação quanto à possibilidade destes animais atuarem como portadores de agentes patogênicos bem como atua como elemento esclarecedor da epidemiologia de doenças transmissíveis, aspecto fundamental para a preservação da saúde animal e também humana. O presente estudo procurou avaliar a ocorrência e frequência de bactérias aeróbias e anaeróbias facultativas bem como de fungos em suabes obtidos de cloacas de passeriformes silvestres apreendidos do tráfico e que serão submetidos a programas de soltura. Foram realizados testes de suscetibilidade in vitro dos isolados de E. coli frente a diferentes antimicrobianos utilizando-se o método de disco difusão, bem como a pesquisa de diversos genes codificadores de fatores de virulência nos mesmos através reação em cadeia da polimerase. A maior parte dos passeriformes (62,5%) avaliados apresentou uma microbiota cloacal constituída por bactérias aeróbias e/ou anaeróbias facultativas e/ou fungos, sendo que os microorganismos mais frequentemente isolados foram Staphylococcus spp. (15,0%), Micrococcus spp. (11,5%), Escherichia coli (10,7%) e Klebsiella spp. (10,7%). Observou-se uma maior ocorrência de bactérias Gram positivas seguidas por bactérias Gram negativas e fungos. A frequência de bactérias Gram negativas (28,4% do total de amostras coletadas) foi bastante representativa. Foram isolados 14 gêneros de bactérias, 03 gêneros de leveduras e 04 de fungos filamentosos. As 27 estirpes de E.coli isoladas apresentaram multirresistência aos antimicrobianos, sendo que ampiclina e amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico foram os antimicrobianos frente os quais observou-se maior índice de resistência (100%) por parte dos isolados, enquanto que cloranfenicol foi o antimicrobiano frente o qual observou-se maior índice de sensibilidade (100%). Somente um dos isolados de E.coli foi positivo para presença do gene codificador de fímbria S (sfa), podendo ser compatível com perfil de E. coli patogênica aviária (APEC) ou E. coli uropatogênica (UPEC). Nenhum dos isolados apresentou características condizentes com E.coli enteropatogênica (EPEC). Considerando-se a reduzida ocorrência dos genes codificadores de fatores de virulência estudados pode-se concluir que os passeriformes apreendidos do tráfico representam baixo risco potencial no tocante à transmissão de estirpes de EPECs, APECs e UPECs para outros animais ou mesmo para o ser humano. Por outro lado deve-se considerar o risco potencial de transmissão intra ou interespécies de E. coli multirresistentes aos antimicrobianos bem como a introdução destes micro-organismos no ambiente. Os riscos de disseminação de Salmonella spp., Cryptococcus spp e Candida spp. são pouco prováveis quando considerados programas de soltura. / Currently, many native bird species are considered rare in Brazil, once they are indiscriminately captured by animal traffickers and then are sold, which makes them increasingly found in smaller quantities in their natural habitats. Confiscated animals have been submitted to relocation programs attempting to ensure that they do not pose a risk to the native population. Wild passerines, healthy or sick, may carry a wide variety of microorganisms and therefore, knowledge on health status of confiscated animals which will be relocated, allows an assessment as to whether these animals act as carriers of pathogens to native populations as well as clarifies the epidemiology of diseases, which is fundamental to the preservation of animal and human health. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence and frequency of aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria and fungi in cloacal swabs of wild confiscated passerines which will be submitted to relocation programs. In vitro susceptibility testing of E. coli strains to differet antimicrobials as well as an investigation of the presence of virulence genes in these isolates using the polymerase chain reaction were performed. Most of the animals investigated (62.5%) presented a cloacal microbiota composed by aerobic and/or facultative anaerobic bacteria and/or fungi. The microorganisms most frequently isolated were: Staphylococcus spp. (15.0%), Micrococcus spp. (11.5%), Escherichia coli (10.7%) and Klebsiella spp. (10.7%). The frequencies of isolations of Gram positives bacteria were higher (P <0.05) than those of Gram negatives and also higher (P <0.05) than fungi. The frequencies of isolations of Gram negatives bacteria (28.4% from the total of samples) were very representative. Fourteen genera of bacteria, 03 genera of yeasts and 04 of filamentous fungi were isolated. The occurrence of multidrug resistance was observed for 100% of the E. coli isolates. All ,E. coli strains were resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and were sensitive to chloramphenicol. One E.coli isolate was positive for the presence of the gene encoding S fimbriae (sfa), may be a strain profile compatible with UPEC or APEC. None of the E. coli isolates resembled EPEC. Considering the reduced occurrence of genes encoding virulence factors it was concluded that confiscated passerines represent low potential risk regarding the transmission of EPECs, APECs or UPECs strains to other animals or even humans. Furthermore, the potential risk of intra or interspecies transmission of E. coli multiresistant to antimicrobials must be considered as well as the introduction of these micro-organisms in the environment. The risks regarding dissemination of Salmonella spp., Cryptococcus spp and Candida spp. are unlikely when relocation programs are considered.

The purpose of this study was to contextualise the Swaziland correctional services environment and inmate population, analysing how best to respond to the needs of the organisation and providing strategies that can have an impact on crime and recidivism. Offenders in Swaziland are incarcerated because alternatives to imprisonment or the resources necessary to make a visible impact on the inmate population are not provided. There is also very little scientific information available on the profiles of inmates to determine who really needs to be incarcerated, who could be incarcerated for a shorter time and who could be taken care of in the community. In addition to the above, Swaziland correctional services finds itself in a predicament where it has to provide concrete evidence that it is effective and adding value to the social and economic reconstruction of the country. This implies the frequent assessment of the organisation's performance to ensure the continuous delivery of cost-effective, innovative and high quality correctional services. In an attempt to understand the breadth of the problems faced by Swaziland correctional services, this thesis sets out to assess the environment in which Swaziland correctional services operates and to suggest mechanisms which can be used to rehabilitate and reduce the inmate population in order to add value and sustain the delivery of an effective correctional service. This study would seem to be of value not only to correctional practitioners, but also to the police and judiciary in that they will have a better understanding of dilemmas faced by Swaziland correctional services. This will assist the police and judiciary to take more informed decisions with regard to effective law enforcement, detention of awaiting-trials and sentencing practices. With Swaziland and other African countries embarking on a new route in corrections, the academic world can also play a major role in enlightening reform in legislation, policies and practices. / Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)

The purpose of this study was to contextualise the Swaziland correctional services environment and inmate population, analysing how best to respond to the needs of the organisation and providing strategies that can have an impact on crime and recidivism. Offenders in Swaziland are incarcerated because alternatives to imprisonment or the resources necessary to make a visible impact on the inmate population are not provided. There is also very little scientific information available on the profiles of inmates to determine who really needs to be incarcerated, who could be incarcerated for a shorter time and who could be taken care of in the community. In addition to the above, Swaziland correctional services finds itself in a predicament where it has to provide concrete evidence that it is effective and adding value to the social and economic reconstruction of the country. This implies the frequent assessment of the organisation's performance to ensure the continuous delivery of cost-effective, innovative and high quality correctional services. In an attempt to understand the breadth of the problems faced by Swaziland correctional services, this thesis sets out to assess the environment in which Swaziland correctional services operates and to suggest mechanisms which can be used to rehabilitate and reduce the inmate population in order to add value and sustain the delivery of an effective correctional service. This study would seem to be of value not only to correctional practitioners, but also to the police and judiciary in that they will have a better understanding of dilemmas faced by Swaziland correctional services. This will assist the police and judiciary to take more informed decisions with regard to effective law enforcement, detention of awaiting-trials and sentencing practices. With Swaziland and other African countries embarking on a new route in corrections, the academic world can also play a major role in enlightening reform in legislation, policies and practices. / Penology / D.Litt. et Phil. (Penology)