This master´s thesis deals with the coefficents of difference for map of rent in Blansko. The main aim of this thesis is to describe the historical development of regulated rents from the interwar period to the present. It is the aim of this thesis to establish a system of coefficients that will lead to solving the problem of determining the market rent after deregulation. This problem was solved on the basis of statistical processing created database offers rentals in Blansko. The result is an equation transformed into a program in which the assessment of individual coefficients of difference is to calculate market rent.

Detaljhandeln befinner sig i ett skede av förändring som en effekt av de stora digitala framstegen som skett de senaste åren. Rapporter från fastighetsvärlden vittnar om mängder av butiker och kedjor som tvingats till nedskärningar och i extrema fall, konkurs. Förändring innebär både möjligheter och risker och den stora frågan är hur en ska agera för att lyckas minimera riskerna och maximera möjligheterna. Ett segment ur detaljhandeln har inte drabbats i samma omfattning, dagligvaruhandeln vilken innefattar livsmedelsbutiker som generellt fortfarande positiva siffror i den fysiska handeln. Det primära syftet med studien är att hitta den mest lämpliga hyresutformningen i butiksfastigheter, givet de mest förekommande hyresformerna utifrån hyresgästens perspektiv. Ett särskilt fokus har lagt på omsättningstillägg och dess lämplighet men indexerad bashyra undersöks också i fallstudien som jämförelseobjekt. Omsättningshyran och omsättningstillägget sägs ha haft sitt genomslag i Sverige under 1990-talets fastighetskris som en räddning av dåtidens höga vakansgrader. Metoden som används har varit av kvalitativ karaktär, där semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med respondenter som representanter hyresgästens perspektiv med undantag för en respondent. Det korta svaret på vad som ingår i det optimala hyresavtalet bland ICA-handlarna är enstämmigt, en låg hyra. Undersöks saken mer ingående finns andra aspekter som är av stort värde så som en god dialog med fastighetsägare, låga vakansnivåer i centrumet och att fastighetsägaren ser långsiktigt på sitt ägande. ICA-handlarna som har en hyra med omsättningstillägg saknar ett tak på omsättningstillägget för att nå ett optimalt hyresavtal. Studien visar också att utformningen på ett optimalt hyresavtal är subjektiv och ser olika ut från fall till fall. Vägledande i valet av hyresform kan vara att omsättningstillägg endast är aktuellt i fall där en hyresgäst kan dra nytta av omkringliggande butikers kundflöden och centrumledning jobbar aktivt med centrumets utveckling. Finns inte detta så bör hyresgästen yrka på en fast hyressättning. Grundläggande för ett fungerade hyresavtal är att föra en dialog regelbundet med fastighetsägaren och ha en omfattande gränsdragningslista. / Retail is in the middle of a structure change as an effect of the major digital development taking place. The real estate industry reporting of numerous retailers that has been forced into cuts and in extreme cases, bankruptcy. Change means both opportunities and risks where the million dollar question is how to succeed in minimizing the risks and maximizing the opportunities. A segment that hasn´t been affected in the same extent is FMCG (=Fast moving consumer goods) that is still presenting positive figures from sales in the physical store. The purpose of this study is to find the most optimal rental arrangement in retail properties according to tenants, given the most prevalent rental forms. A special focus has been allocated to turnover rents and its suitability, indexed base rent is also analyzed for comparison purpose in the case study. The turnover rent is said to have entered the Swedish real estate market during the crisis of the 1990s as a rescue of the high vacancy rates occurring at the time. The method used has been qualitative, in which semi-structured interviews have been conducted with respondents who represent the tenant's perspective, one respondent represented the property owners perspective. The short answer to what is an optimal rental arrangement is among ICA retailers is unanimous, a low rent. If the matter is analyzed further in detail, there are other aspects of great value to the tenants such as a good dialogue with property owners, low vacancy rates and that the property owner are long-term owners. The ICA retailers who have a lease with a turnover rent are lacking a cap on the turnover rent in order to achieve an optimal rental arrangement. The study also shows that the optimal rent structure is subjective and vary from case to case. Guidelines in the rent negotiation may be that turnover rent is are only preferred in malls and cases where a tenant can benefit from the surrounding stores' footfall and also, when the shopping center management works actively with developing the mall. If these prerequisite are not fulfilled, the tenant should demand a fixed rent. Fundamental in all arrangements is to keep a dialogue regularly with the property owner and have an extensive list including delimitation of responsibility in the lease agreement.

Bakgrund: Resursförbannelsen innebär att det finns ett negativt samband mellan mängden naturtillgångar och ekonomisk tillväxt. På grund av detta är det få resursrika länder som nått sin fulla potential. Tidigare forskning har mestadels bestått av ekonometriska modeller som bevisar detta negativa samband mellan naturresurser och ekonomisk tillväxt, vilket motiverat oss till att genomföra en kvalitativ analys.  Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att genom en jämförelse av två likvärdiga länder analysera och förklara varför DR Kongo drabbats av resursförbannelsen medan Botswana undkom den. Uppsatsen syftar vidare till att jämföra utifrån tre ekonomiska teorier: holländska sjukan, rent seeking samt institutionell teori. Metod: För att uppnå syftet med uppsatsen används en komparativ metod. Länderna har valts utifrån deras likheter då både Botswana och DR Kongo befinner sig i Sub-Sahara Afrika, har en historia av kolonisering och är rika på mineraler. Metoden är lämplig vid jämförelse av länder. Därför är metoden motiverad att använda när vi jämför hur ett överflöd av naturresurser påverkar Botswanas och DR Kongos ekonomiska utveckling.  Slutsats: De i uppsatsen framkomna bevisen tyder på att DR Kongo har drabbats av resursförbannelsen eftersom vi kan se att holländska sjukan, rent seeking och svaga institutioner förekommer i landet. Alla dessa faktorer bidrar till resursförbannelsen. Till skillnad från Botswana som varken har drabbats av holländska sjukan eller rent seeking. Botswana har även haft stabila institutioner under lång tid. Slutsatsen vi drar är att institutioner är den viktigaste faktorn när det kommer till hur ett land kan undvika resursförbannelsen. / Background: The Resource Curse implies that there is a negative relation between the amount of natural resources and economic growth. Because of this few resource rich countries have reached their full potential. Previous research has mostly consisted of econometric models that prove this negative relation, which has pursued us to conduct a qualitative analysis.  Purpose: The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to compare two equivalent countries to analyze and explain why DR Congo has suffered from the Resource Curse while Botswana escaped it. The thesis further aims to compare based on three economic theories: Dutch disease, rent seeking and institutional theory.  Method: To achieve the purpose a comparative method is used. The countries have been chosen based on their similarities. Both Botswana and DR Congo are located in Sub-Saharan Africa, have a history of colonization and are rich in minerals. This method is appropriate for comparison of countries. Therefore this method is motivated to use when we compare how an abundance of natural resources affect Botswana’s and DR Congo’s economic growth.  Conclusion: The results from the thesis imply that DR Congo has suffered from the Resource Curse since Dutch disease, rent seeking and weak institutions exist in the country. All of these factors contribute to the Resource Curse. In comparison to Botswana who has not suffered from Dutch disease or rent seeking. Botswana has had strong institutions for a long time. Our conclusion is that institutions are the main element when it comes to escaping the Resource Curse.

This dissertation examines the implications of sticky rents on the measurement of owner-occupied housing in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). I argue that marginal and not average rents are the most theoretically justified measurement of owners' equivalent rent (OER), and that the current measurement of rental inflation using average rents is methodologically incorrect. I then discuss the literature on sticky rents and tenure discounts and present a theoretical model showing the implications of sticky rents for aggregate measures of inflation. Then I use two new data sources to construct marginal rent measures to compare to average rent measures. The results show that marginal rents reflect market turning points sooner, and show a larger post- housing bubble decline in rents. In addition, marginal rents are shown to forecast overall inflation better than average rents. Finally, the implications of these results for policy are considered using the Taylor Rule for optimal monetary policy. The results present suggestive evidence that the impacts of switching to marginal rents may be large enough to significantly impact monetary policy and allow the Federal Reserve to be more responsive to both the boom and bust of housing bubbles. / Economics

State of Objectives: This paper addresses the question of how the presumption-rent system has developed during ten years of its introduction to the rental market, with a particular emphasis on the investors’ perspective. The study has three focus areas, firstly an emphasis on how the real estate investors within the private and public sectors reacted to the introduction of the presumption-rents. Secondly, it examines whether the trends have changed during the course of these ten years. Finally, it observes how the presumption-rent system, as a rent-setting method for new residential rental constructions, is perceived and evaluated by the investors. Methodology: The empirical study focuses on the rent market in Stockholm, and it is articulated through a holistic multiple case-study of six public-and private real estate companies with rental dwellings in Stockholm. In order to examine the developments of the presumption-rent structures in these companies, a numerical analysis of the rent structures through a quasi-experimental design is as well conducted. Empirical Findings: The results in general prove that the rent-setting within the presumption rent system is unpredictable and subjective, because it is influenced by conflicting interests and different perceptions. The implication of this for the application of the presumption-rents is that it is depended on a complex, ambiguous and vague negotiation structure, rather than being based on a systematized rent-setting procedure. Furthermore, it is noted that the collective bargaining system, which sets the standards for the rent negotiations, is undergoing a slow process of change, as the law amendment in 2011 has caused paradigm-shits within the rental market. One dimension of this is that the rent-negotiations noticeably do not influence the investment decisions anymore, but the rent negotiations certainly have an impact on the rent-setting method. The implication for the application of the presumption-rentsystem, including its negotiation framework, is that it is applied when it meets the criteria for the investment decision, otherwise it is ignored. Finally, it is showed that nor the public neither the private companies perceive the presumption-system as a long-term and sustainable solution to the prevailing challenges with the Swedish rent-setting system. What is clear is that the system is mainly considered as a temporality solution to a course of disorders that have emerged from prolonged institutional negligence and error that have impaired the rental markets.

This article studies the evolution of housing rents in St. Petersburg between 1880 and 1917 covering an eventful period of Russian and world history. We collect and digitize over 5,000 rental advertisements from historic newspapers, which we use together with geo-coded addresses and detailed structural characteristics to construct a quality-adjusted rent price index in continuous time. We provide the first pre-war and pre-Soviet index based on market data for any Russian housing market. In 1915, one of the world's earliest rent control and tenant protection policies was introduced as a response to soaring prices following the outbreak of World War I. We analyze the impact of this policy: while before the regulation rents were increasing at a similar rapid pace as other consumer prices, the policy reversed this trend. We find evidence for official compliance with the policy, document a rise in tenure duration and strongly increased rent affordability among workers after the introduction of the policy. We conclude that the immediate prelude to the October Revolution was indeed characterized by economic turmoil, but rent affordability and rising rents were no longer the prevailing problems. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

<p>This thesis analyzes the relationship between trade restrictiveness and corruption levels in Europe and tests the robustness of the results using two different measures of corruption; Corruption Perceptions Index constructed by Transparency International and World Governance Indicators; Control of Corruption constructed by the World Bank. The results show that the outcome differs among the two indices and that previous results found in studies may be subject to data choice and measurement errors. A majority of previous studies have used trade openness in the form of imports share in GDP, or trade openness indices as variables that explain corruption levels. This thesis focuses on trade restrictiveness. It also investigates the differences between restrictiveness and openness in their impacts on corruption. The author of this thesis finds a weak relation between trade restrictiveness and corruption on one hand and an even weaker relation between trade openness and corruption on the other hand when controlling for other variables that may have an impact on corruption. The limited time-frame could be an explanation for this result, i.e. trade policy effects. A longer time-frame would have probably resulted in a bigger difference between variables for trade openness and trade restrictiveness. It is found that the variables showing to have the largest impact on corruption levels in Europe are those associated with historical dimensions such as whether the country has had a tradition of the church being separated from the state or whether being a previously planned economy. Most importantly, the thesis presents suggestive evidence on the fact that not all government involvement increases corruption. Rather, it is regulations that limit internal competition have a large impact on corruption levels in Europe. It has also been found that not all government involvement in the economy implies higher corruption levels. The findings outlined are in line with the common perception that corruption is highly dependent on previous values of corruption and that radical policy interventions are needed to curb corruption.</p>

Land - use rights (Summary) The purpose of this thesis is to complexly discuss history, development, contemporary state and the future of the land-use rights, especially with respect to specific attribute of land as being an object of civil legal relationships. This paper can be divided into three parts - history and the development of usage rights, description and analysis of valid legal regulation of usage rights and finally comparison of this regulation with the draft of new Czech civil code and Slovak regulation of lease relationships. For the sake of better arrangement, the comparative part does not constitute a separate chapter, but is included in particular chapters related to relevant usage institutes instead. The first part of this thesis concerns the history of land reforms in Czech lands, demonstrating a close connection of land legal relationships with social and political changes in our territory. After the year 1948, the institutes of usage rights became one of the dominant instruments of building the socialist society, where the principle "land belongs to those who farm on in" applied. The next part of this paper is focused on valid legal regulation of usage rights, with its major usage institute being the lease according to civil code, which is a lex specialis to other legal acts that also...

The objective of this diploma thesis is an application of general law as well as accounting and tax regulations on operating and financial lease from both lessee's and lessor's perspectives. Its key purpose is to familiarize the reader with this area, provide a comprehensive information background and comment on the key issues, which currently appear in practise.