Biomass gasification is considered a key technology in reaching targets for renewable energy and CO2 emissions reduction. This thesis studies the feasibility of a new technology of biomass gasification called WoodRoll for the production of Syngas with the aim to replace fossil fuels in the furnaces of the steel company OVAKO in Hofors.  This research attempts to study the techno-economic viability of WoodRoll technology integration with the district heating company HEAB, creating a synergy between the companies and WoodRoll technology. Moreover, a theoretically study of the environmental impact, concerning greenhouse effect and pollutants it is also carried out.   In the future scenario HEAB, as an energy supplier will be the gasification plant owner supplying with Syngas 5% cheaper than the fuels that they use today to Ovako.  Three different scenarios have been studied varying the capacity of the gasification plant. The scenarios are 5MW, 10MW and 15MW capacity.   The study show that the system is technically viable being possible to create a synergy  between the three process improving efficiency and decreasing cost and CO2 emissions.   The results from the economic study show that biomass gasification using WoodRoll technology is a highly interesting investment option for HEAB. From Ovako side, the project is very interesting too since the company can have a combustible 5% cheaper than the fuels used today without doing any investment. In 5MW scenario, 40GWh per year are converted in Ovako from oil to Syngas. With an investment for HEAB of 9.8 mSEK, profits were a Net Present Value of 6.3mSEK with 7.8 years of payback period. In 10MW scenario 80GWh were replaced. In this scenario, required investment was 146 mSEK with a NPV of 32.5 mSEK . Payback in this case was 6.3 years. The most profitable scenario was the case of 15M. With an investment of 188 mSEK the profits of the project were 60mSEK with a payback period of 5.8 years. In the three cases, especially in 15MW case, sensitivity study of the system show that it is very robust to changes in biomass cost and Syngas price. This parameters have a big impact on the profits but a big margin until becomes unfeasible.   From Ovako side, savings for the fuel conversion were 1.2; 2.4 and 3.6mSEK for the 5, 10 and 15MW respectively. Reduction of CO2 emissions was 11, 20 and 30 thousands of CO2 tons for the three scenarios allowing  the company to sell CO2 allowances and having an extra profit of 3, 6 and 8mSEK per year in the 5, 10 and 15MW scenario respectively.

Investigators in soils have long recognized the importance of the colloidal fraction of soil, and also the almost inseparable problem of replaceable bases. It is generally accepted that the replaceable base fraction of a colloid controls to a large degree the physical properties exhibited by it. Volumes of work have been written on the problem of controlling the reactions of this fraction and on studies of the properties exhibited by it when it is saturated with various cations. Each worker has proceeded in his own individual way or followed the example set by some previous worker with specific modifications.

The purpose of this report is not only to improve the cage volume deformation problem during typhoon attack but also to perform the risk analysis for a single-point-mooring (SPM) net cage system when employed in the open sea. This SPM cage system has advantages over the traditional multi-mooring lines cage system, especially when the water depth is deeper than 50m, which may prohibit divers from checking the security of anchors as well as installing the mooring system at a precise position due to the difficulty in deploying anchors in the deep and restless ocean. But the SPM cage system has no such deploying problems, and yet offers some benefits such as: (1) having environmental eco-friendly feature, the uneaten feeds could spread in a vast area and thus reduce the intensity of pollution, (2) employing only one mooring line means saving a lot of construction cost, (3) a precise location is not required and thus relatively easier to be installed at any sites, and (4) easier to connect or remove cages from the mooring system. So far the SPM cage systems have become one of the most potential cage systems in the world. For example, Israel and Canada have individually developed their own SPM cage systems. This study also follows this trend and focuses on developing a new system which is suitable to Taiwan marine environment. The numerical model for cage motion equations are solved based on the lumped mass method which produces the maximum mooring line strength and the minimum of the volume deformation. As for the risk analysis for mooring line consists of two procedures: at first to form a loading probability density function, which is based on the recent data records forming significant wave probability density function and its corresponding mooring tension probability density function of rope through beta distribution technique; secondly to form a strength capacity probability density function, which is given by a rope manufacture company. Finally, the breaking risk of mooring lines is obtained by calculating the intersection area of loading and strength capacity probability density functions. The results show that the cage with a portal frame has good performance in general, especially when the sea states are rigorous. In other words, the frame-cage could maintain about 2 times net volume compared with the cage without a frame. However, the advantage of frame-cage is not obvious when the sea states are mild. Besides, the distance of frame ropes to the cage will also affect the net volume deformation, the trend shows that the net volume deformation increases with the decreasing of the distance of frame ropes. Finally assuming there are four typhoons per year attacking on the net cage system, the recommended replacing period of nylon mooring line (diameter 55 mm)is about 7 years, while for PET mooring line (diameter 50 mm)is about 13.4 years. The failure risk probability of nylon and PET mooring lines at the recommended replacing years are about 0.49 and 0.48~0.49 respectively. Therefore, we strongly recommend marine farmers to use PET ropes instead of nylon and have to replace those ropes before the failure occurs.

Orientador: Luiz Edvaldo Pezzato / Banca: Wilson Massamitu Furuya / Banca: Fabiana Pilarski / Resumo: O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Jatropha curcas meal is a vegetable protein-rich ingredient which could be used in animal diets as a soybean meal substitute. Otherwise, information is lacking regarding to its nutritional value and the effect of antinutritional factors for fish. A 90-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of jatropha meal (JM) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia. Two hundred and forty fish with 13.82 ± 0.39g mean initial weight were randomly assigned to 30 250l-aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed diets (isonitrogenous = 32.00% DP, isoenergetic = 4000 kcal GE/kg diet and same fiber level = 8.7% CF) containing graded JM levels (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%). Jatropha meal chemical composition, feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. At 45 and 90 days all fish were anesthetized and weighed. One fish per aquarium was killed to determine dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content of fish carcass. Ash, DM and EE content reduced according to JM inclusion levels (P<0.05). Fish fed 2, 4 and 8% JM had higher CP content. This difference was probably due to the lower EE content of these fish. A negative quadratic effect was observed for WG and FI while positive quadratic effect was observed for FCR. The regression equation demonstrated that inclusion JM levels above 5.55% depressed fish growth. HSI showed negative linear effect according to increasing JM level in the diet. Fish fed 16% JM showed the lowest life span and completely died before the end of the experiment, indicating the high toxicity of JM. Tilapia fed JM showed anorexia signs, erratic swimming... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:27:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandes_rn_me_jabo.pdf: 2674353 bytes, checksum: 1df586cc790a3f677f20fa5c520ce6d9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O farelo de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) é um ingrediente protéico que se apresenta como possível substituto alternativo do farelo de soja nas rações. Entretanto, faltam informações a respeito de seu valor nutritivo e da ação dos fatores antinutricionais presentes, para peixes. Por 90 dias foi realizado experimento para avaliar o efeito da inclusão do farelo de pinhão manso (FPM) em dietas para tilápia do Nilo. Foram utilizados 240 peixes com 13,82 ± 0,39 g de peso médio inicial e foram distribuídos em 30 aquários de 250L num delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com dietas (isoprotéicas = 32,00% PB, isoenergéticas = 4000 kcal ED/kg e isofibrosas = 8,7% de FB), contendo níveis crescentes de inclusão de FPM (0,0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 16,0%). A composição química do FPM, o consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), conversão alimentar (CA), porcentagem de mortalidade (MORT%) e índice hepatossomático (IHS) foram avaliados. Aos 45 e 90 dias todos os peixes foram anestesiados e pesados. Um peixe por aquário foi sacrificado para determinar a proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), umidade (UM) e cinzas das carcaças. Os valores de UM, cinzas e EE diminuíram com a inclusão de FPM na ração (P<0,05). Peixes alimentados com 2, 4 e 8% de FPM apresentaram maior teor de PB. Esta diferença foi provavelmente devido ao menor teor de EE desses peixes. Observou-se efeito quadrático negativo para as variáveis GP e CR e efeito quadrático positivo para a CA. A equação de regressão demonstrou que valores acima de 5,55% de inclusão de farelo de pinhão manso são significativamente prejudiciais para o desenvolvimento dos peixes. O IHS apresentou efeito linear negativo de acordo com o aumento do nível de FPM na dieta. Os peixes do tratamento 16%FPM apresentaram menor tempo de vida e 100% de mortalidade, indicando a alta toxicidade do FPM... / Jatropha curcas meal is a vegetable protein-rich ingredient which could be used in animal diets as a soybean meal substitute. Otherwise, information is lacking regarding to its nutritional value and the effect of antinutritional factors for fish. A 90-day feeding trial was performed to evaluate the effect of jatropha meal (JM) inclusion in diets for Nile tilapia. Two hundred and forty fish with 13.82 ± 0.39g mean initial weight were randomly assigned to 30 250l-aquaria in a completely randomized design. Fish were fed diets (isonitrogenous = 32.00% DP, isoenergetic = 4000 kcal GE/kg diet and same fiber level = 8.7% CF) containing graded JM levels (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 16.0%). Jatropha meal chemical composition, feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), mortality and hepatosomatic index (HSI) were evaluated. At 45 and 90 days all fish were anesthetized and weighed. One fish per aquarium was killed to determine dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) content of fish carcass. Ash, DM and EE content reduced according to JM inclusion levels (P<0.05). Fish fed 2, 4 and 8% JM had higher CP content. This difference was probably due to the lower EE content of these fish. A negative quadratic effect was observed for WG and FI while positive quadratic effect was observed for FCR. The regression equation demonstrated that inclusion JM levels above 5.55% depressed fish growth. HSI showed negative linear effect according to increasing JM level in the diet. Fish fed 16% JM showed the lowest life span and completely died before the end of the experiment, indicating the high toxicity of JM. Tilapia fed JM showed anorexia signs, erratic swimming... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The diploma thesis titled Judges? attitude toward the project ?People replacing the walls? is mainly concerning juvenile delinquency ending in custody, its alternatives, and it also introduces German company?s project EJF Lazarus, that could become another effective alternation of the custody institution also in the Czech Republic. The goal of the diploma thesis is to make a survey of the judges? attitude toward juvenile delinquency that ends in custody. The thesis is also aimed to find out more about awareness of Czech judges who work mainly on juvenile justice of the project of the German company EJF Lazarus Menschen statt Mauern/People replacing the walls, as well as to make a survey of attitudes that judges have toward the project and if they would appreciate foundation of similar institution in the Czech Republic. There was used qualitative research in the diploma thesis. To collect the data there were used the interview method and the technique of semi-structured interview. The research group consisted of 10 judges (5 females and 5 males) who were engaged in justice concerning matters of juveniles at the county and region courts in Prague, Central, and South Bohemia. The goals of the thesis were accomplished. Investigation results showed that judges? awareness of the project ?People replacing the walls? is minimal. After the judges had learnt more about the key idea and contents of the project, they rated it positively unlike present modification of custody institution for young offenders. The diploma thesis is concerning also alternative arrangements replacing the custody that also have their imperfections. The implementation of Czech version of the project ?People replacing the walls? could help to remove some of these shortages. The contribution of the thesis lies in the survey that provides the view of judges? opinion on juvenile delinquency ending in custody and on the project People replacing the walls. The diploma thesis also helps to enlarge it. To implement the Czech version of the project People replacing the walls, I would recommend carrying on with informing the judges about the project. Additionally, I would recommend finding out what attitudes toward the project keep various educational institutions and determining what are the conditions under which would be possible to implement the philosophy of the project People replacing the walls in there.

nÃo hà / No Estado do Cearà foram implantadas novas polÃticas pÃblicas com o objetivo de incrementar o recolhimento de impostos e assegurar um maior desenvolvimento. Este estudo apresenta uma anÃlise empÃrica dos reflexos da implantaÃÃo do Decreto n 29.560/2008, no cenÃrio da arrecadaÃÃo do Estado. Tal decreto institui a cobranÃa de imposto atravÃs do regime de âSubstituiÃÃo TributÃria (ST)â pelo modelo Carga lÃquida em algumas empresas pertencentes ao âComÃrcio Atacadistaâ. O objetivo deste estudo à analisar o impacto do regime de SubstituiÃÃo TributÃria na arrecadaÃÃo do ICMS. Para isso, utilizaram-se dados da arrecadaÃÃo mensal dos contribuintes do Estado do CearÃ, totalizados por cÃdigo nacional de atividade econÃmica (CNAE), pertencente ao comÃrcio atacadista e ao decreto, no perÃodo de janeiro de 2005 a Dezembro de 2011, usando para isto o modelo economÃtrico de regressÃo linear mÃltipla com dados dos contribuintes relacionados na polÃtica do governo pelo decreto, arrecadaÃÃo mensal de ICMS do estado e para compor uma variÃvel dummy com objetivo de determinar o perÃodo em que os contribuintes foram atingidos pelo efeito do decreto, todos os valores foram deflacionados pelo IPCA, tomando por base o ano de 2005. Os resultados mostraram um impacto positivo do regime de substituiÃÃo tributÃria na arrecadaÃÃo do ICMS no Estado do CearÃ. / ItÂs well known that new public policies were deployed in the state of Cearà in order to increase tax collection and so ensure a broad development in the state. By means of an empirical analysis, weÂre driving at the effects on the state revenue post-29.560/2008 law implementation, which establishes the tax charging under the label âtax replacingâ considering the so called net model. It is employed by some companies belonging to wholesaler settings. Since we take this view, we are committed to actually investigating the tax replacing effects upon ICMS, a local tax. A special econometric model is used for making this process clear: the multiple linear regression containing taxpayers data. We further remark that their month data were gathered concerning the period from January 2005 to December 2011. In the system here a variable dummy is taken to determine the period in which taxpayers were hit by decreasing effect, all values were deflated by the IPCA - AMPLO, based on the 2005 year. The results show a positive impact concerning tax substitution on the ICMS collection of Ceara state.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa_Faccenda.pdf: 1585316 bytes, checksum: 05e3dca4cf0746077dcf0e5c21e16d21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In ruminant feeding soybean meal is often used as a protein food, but its high cost burdens feeding cattle. The use of brewers grains replacing soybean meal is an alternative that reduces costs, but its high moisture content makes it difficult to conservate this material. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of dehydration of sun-dried wet brewers grains (WBG), as well as the effect of dried brewers grains (DBG) storage period on the nutritional quality. The WBG sun-dried dehydration curve was determined, and the nutritional value of DBG stored for 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. Dehydration of sun-dried WBG was effective in ensuring the conservation of the material. The DBG storage up to 180 days did not affect the waste composition, but reduced the ruminal degradability of protein (P<0.01), without compromising the total protein digestibility. In this context the dehydration of the sun-dried WBG is an efficient conservation practice for this ingredient and allows a high storage time. In order to determine the best level of DBG in the diet of lactating dairy cows a study was conducted using five lactating cows fed diets containing levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of DBG replacement in relation to soybean meal. The cows were distributed in a 5x5 Latin Square Design, evaluating the nutrientes intake and digestibility, microbial synthesis, production and milk composition and the economic viability of diets. A reduction in dry matter intake, crude protein and total digestible nutrients (P<0.05) was obtained and increases in ether extract intake and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.05). The dry matter digestibility, crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber increased (P<0.05) with DBG levels. There was no influence on milk production (P>0.05), but the levels of fat, protein and total milk solids reduced (P<0.05). In this context the use of DBG in the supply of dairy cows is cost effective and can be performed up to 75% replacement of soybean meal. Another objective was to evaluate the effect of soybean meal replacement by DBG on ruminal fermentation parameters. Four rumen cannulated steers were used fed diets containing levels (0%, 33%, 66% and 100%) of DBG replacing soybean meal, distributed in a 4x4 Latin Square evaluating the nutrients intake and digestibility, pH and nitrogen in rumen fluid. The intake of ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber increased with DBG (P<0.05). The dry matter digestibility decreased (P<0.05) with increasing substitution of soybean meal. The ruminal pH was not affected by treatments (P>0.05), however the ammonia concentration decreased (P<0.05) as soybean meal was replaced by DBG. Thereby providing the DBG does not interfere in ruminal pH but reduces the intake of total digestible nutrients, dry matter digestibility and ammonia from the rumen / Na alimentação de ruminantes o farelo de soja é muito utilizado como alimento proteico, no entanto seu custo elevado onera a alimentação dos rebanhos. A utilização de resíduo de cervejaria em substituição ao farelo de soja é uma alternativa que reduz custos, contudo seu elevado teor de umidade dificulta a conservação desse material. Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência da desidratação do resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC) ao sol bem como o efeito do período de armazenamento do resíduo desidratado (RSC) sobre sua qualidade nutricional. Foi determinada a curva de desidratação do RUC ao sol, e o valor nutricional do RSC armazenado por 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias. A desidratação do RUC ao sol foi eficiente em garantir a conservação do material. A armazenagem do RSC até 180 dias não comprometeu a composição do resíduo, mas reduziu a degradabilidade ruminal da proteína (P<0,01) sem comprometer, entretanto, a digestibilidade total da proteína. Nesse contexto, a desidratação do RUC ao sol é uma prática eficiente na conservação desse ingrediente e permite um elevado tempo de armazenamento. Com o objetivo de determinar o melhor nível de utilização de RSC na dieta para vacas em lactação foi realizado estudo utilizando cinco vacas lactantes alimentadas com dietas contendo níveis (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% e 100%) de RSC em substituição ao farelo de soja. As vacas foram distribuídas em um quadrado latino 5x5, avaliando-se a ingestão e a digestibilidade de nutrientes, a síntese microbiana, a produção e composição do leite e a viabilidade econômica das dietas. Foi obtida redução na ingestão de matéria seca, proteína bruta e nutrientes digestíveis totais (P<0,05) e aumentos na ingestão de extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro (P<0,05). A digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro aumentaram (P<0,05) com os níveis de RSC. Não houve influência na produção leiteira (P>0,05), mas os teores de gordura, proteína e sólidos totais do leite reduziram (P<0,05). Nesse contexto, a utilização de RSC na alimentação de vacas em lactação é rentável e pode ser realizada em até 75% de substituição ao farelo de soja. Outro objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da substituição de farelo de soja pelo RSC sobre os parâmetros de fermentação ruminal. Foram utilizados quatro bovinos canulados no rúmen alimentados com dietas contendo níveis (0%, 33%, 66% e 100%) de RSC em substituição ao farelo de soja, distribuídos em um quadrado latino 4x4, avaliando-se a ingestão e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o pH e o nitrogênio do fluído ruminal. A ingestão de extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e ácido aumentaram com o RSC (P<0,05). A digestibilidade da matéria seca reduziu (P<0,05) com o aumento da substituição do farelo de soja. O pH ruminal não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05), entretanto a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal reduziu (P<0,05) à medida que houve substituição do farelo de soja pelo RSC. Desse modo, o fornecimento do RSC não interfere no pH ruminal, mas reduz a ingestão de nutrientes digestíveis totais, a digestibilidade da matéria seca e o nitrogênio amoniacal do rúmen

- Means Means of substitution of detention This diploma thesis deals with the possibility of replacing detention in criminal proceedings. The institution of detention is one of the ways in which a person accused can be detained for the purpose of criminal proceedings. However, as this is an institution which imposes a significant interference with the rights and freedoms of the accused person, which are guaranteed primarily by constitutional law, it is necessary to carefully consider whether the accused needs to be taken into custody and whether there is no measure to achieve the purpose of the criminal proceedings, which would otherwise ensure detention. This topic has been very topical for several years and there is no precise agreement on the question of the extent to which it is permissible to interfere with the rights and freedoms of the accused. For this reason, the use of milder institutes needs to be used as much as possible. The aim of this work is to discuss the possibilities of replacing detention and the positive and negative aspects of using these measures, which allow the institute of replacement. The work is divided into a total of four chapters. The first chapter of this thesis focuses on the discussion of the institute of detention and its use in criminal proceedings, while this...

The master thesis "Research of a megatrend and its commercial potential" uses the qualitative method Delfi and MML-TGI data. The research has showed that one future megatrend is the creation of a new platform which will replace the current internet platform. Furthermore, the research has helped to define the marketing potential of the future platform. The thesis firstly contains a theoretical introduction into the world of megatrends, defines what a megatrend is together with a possible prediction of future events, and looks at the overall characteristics of what makes-up a megatrend. It also looks at current megatrends, ways how to deal with them, and analyses reactions of different industries towards them. Secondly, the thesis follows through with a theoretical analysis of the research methods used, such as the Delfi method. This part contains a detailed methodology of the research with the use of Delfi and MML-TGI. The focus and objective of the thesis lies in researching the future megatrend and its marketing potential. A prerequisite to fulfilling the main objective is to acquire relevant data which will allow for the research to be completed. The thesis deals with the problem in the form of the possibility to predict a future megatrend and its marketing potential, especially in the relation of availability and supply of relevant, trustworthy information.