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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Analyse automatique de l’écriture manuscrite sur tablette pour la détection et le suivi thérapeutique de personnes présentant des pathologies / Automatic handwriting analysis for pathology detection and follow-up on digital tablets

Kahindo Senge Muvingi, Christian 14 November 2019 (has links)
Nous présentons dans cette thèse un nouveau paradigme pour caractériser la maladie d’Alzheimer à travers l’écriture manuscrite acquise sur tablette graphique. L’état de l’art est dominé par des méthodes qui supposent un comportement unique ou homogène au sein de chaque profil cognitif. Ces travaux exploitent des paramètres cinématiques globaux, sur lesquels ils appliquent des tests statistiques ou des algorithmes de classification pour discriminer les différents profils cognitifs (les patients Alzheimer, les troubles cognitifs légers (« Mild Cognitive impairment » : MCI) et les sujets Contrôle (HC)). Notre travail aborde ces deux limites de la littérature de la façon suivante : premièrement au lieu de considérer un comportement homogène au sein de chaque profil cognitif ou classe (HC, MCI, ES-AD : « Early-Stage Alzheimer Disease »), nous nous sommes affranchis de cette hypothèse (ou contrainte) forte de la littérature. Nous considérons qu’il peut y avoir plusieurs comportements au sein de chaque profil cognitif. Ainsi, nous proposons un apprentissage semi-supervisé pour trouver des groupes homogènes de sujets et analysons l’information contenue dans ces clusters ou groupes sur les profils cognitifs. Deuxièmement, au lieu d’exploiter les paramètres cinématiques globaux (ex : vitesse moyenne, pression moyenne, etc.), nous avons défini deux paramétrisations ou codages : une paramétrisation semi-globale, puis locale en modélisant la dynamique complète de chaque paramètre. L’un de nos résultats importants met en évidence deux clusters majeurs qui sont découverts, l’un dominé par les sujets HC et MCI et l’autre par les MCI et ES-AD, révélant ainsi que les patients atteints de MCI ont une motricité fine qui est proche soit des sujets HC, soit des patients ES-AD. Notre travail montre également que la vitesse prise localement regroupe un ensemble riche des caractéristiques telles que la taille, l’inclinaison, la fluidité et la régularité, et révèle comment ces paramètres spatiotemporels peuvent conjointement caractériser les profils cognitifs. / We present, in this thesis, a novel paradigm for assessing Alzheimer’s disease by analyzing impairment of handwriting (HW) on tablets, a challenging problem that is still in its infancy. The state of the art is dominated by methods that assume a unique behavioral trend for each cognitive profile, and that extract global kinematic parameters, assessed by standard statistical tests or classification models, for discriminating the neuropathological disorders (Alzheimer’s (AD), Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)) from Healthy Controls (HC). Our work tackles these two major limitations as follows. First, instead of considering a unique behavioral pattern for each cognitive profile, we relax this heavy constraint by allowing the emergence of multimodal behavioral patterns. We achieve this by performing semi-supervised learning to uncover homogeneous clusters of subjects, and then we analyze how much information these clusters carry on the cognitive profiles. Second, instead of relying on global kinematic parameters, mostly consisting of their average, we refine the encoding either by a semi-global parameterization, or by modeling the full dynamics of each parameter, harnessing thereby the rich temporal information inherently characterizing online HW. Thanks to our modeling, we obtain new findings that are the first of their kind on this research field. A striking finding is revealed: two major clusters are unveiled, one dominated by HC and MCI subjects, and one by MCI and ES-AD, thus revealing that MCI patients have fine motor skills leaning towards either HC’s or ES-AD’s. This thesis introduces also a new finding from HW trajectories that uncovers a rich set of features simultaneously like the full velocity profile, size and slant, fluidity, and shakiness, and reveals, in a naturally explainable way, how these HW features conjointly characterize, with fine and subtle details, the cognitive profiles.
92

Sequential modeling, generative recurrent neural networks, and their applications to audio

Mehri, Soroush 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
93

Speech synthesis using recurrent neural networks

Rodríguez Sotelo, José Manuel 12 1900 (has links)
No description available.
94

Auto-Encoders, Distributed Training and Information Representation in Deep Neural Networks

Alain, Guillaume 10 1900 (has links)
No description available.
95

Self-Supervised Representation Learning for Content Based Image Retrieval

Govindarajan, Hariprasath January 2020 (has links)
Automotive technologies and fully autonomous driving have seen a tremendous growth in recent times and have benefitted from extensive deep learning research. State-of-the-art deep learning methods are largely supervised and require labelled data for training. However, the annotation process for image data is time-consuming and costly in terms of human efforts. It is of interest to find informative samples for labelling by Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). Generally, a CBIR method takes a query image as input and returns a set of images that are semantically similar to the query image. The image retrieval is achieved by transforming images to feature representations in a latent space, where it is possible to reason about image similarity in terms of image content. In this thesis, a self-supervised method is developed to learn feature representations of road scenes images. The self-supervised method learns feature representations for images by adapting intermediate convolutional features from an existing deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). A contrastive approach based on Noise Contrastive Estimation (NCE) is used to train the feature learning model. For complex images like road scenes where mutiple image aspects can occur simultaneously, it is important to embed all the salient image aspects in the feature representation. To achieve this, the output feature representation is obtained as an ensemble of feature embeddings which are learned by focusing on different image aspects. An attention mechanism is incorporated to encourage each ensemble member to focus on different image aspects. For comparison, a self-supervised model without attention is considered and a simple dimensionality reduction approach using SVD is treated as the baseline. The methods are evaluated on nine different evaluation datasets using CBIR performance metrics. The datasets correspond to different image aspects and concern the images at different spatial levels - global, semi-global and local. The feature representations learned by self-supervised methods are shown to perform better than the SVD approach. Taking into account that no labelled data is required for training, learning representations for road scenes images using self-supervised methods appear to be a promising direction. Usage of multiple query images to emphasize a query intention is investigated and a clear improvement in CBIR performance is observed. It is inconclusive whether the addition of an attentive mechanism impacts CBIR performance. The attention method shows some positive signs based on qualitative analysis and also performs better than other methods for one of the evaluation datasets containing a local aspect. This method for learning feature representations is promising but requires further research involving more diverse and complex image aspects.
96

Towards Privacy and Communication Efficiency in Distributed Representation Learning

Sheikh S Azam (12836108) 10 June 2022 (has links)
<p>Over the past decade, distributed representation learning has emerged as a popular alternative to conventional centralized machine learning training. The increasing interest in distributed representation learning, specifically federated learning, can be attributed to its fundamental property that promotes data privacy and communication savings. While conventional ML encourages aggregating data at a central location (e.g., data centers), distributed representation learning advocates keeping data at the source and instead transmitting model parameters across the network. However, since the advent of deep learning, model sizes have become increasingly large often comprising million-billions of parameters, which leads to the problem of communication latency in the learning process. In this thesis, we propose to tackle the problem of communication latency in two different ways: (i) learning private representation of data to enable its sharing, and (ii) reducing the communication latency by minimizing the corresponding long-range communication requirements.</p> <p><br></p> <p>To tackle the former goal, we first start by studying the problem of learning representations that are private yet informative, i.e., providing information about intended ''ally'' targets while hiding sensitive ''adversary'' attributes. We propose Exclusion-Inclusion Generative Adversarial Network (EIGAN), a generalized private representation learning (PRL) architecture that accounts for multiple ally and adversary attributes, unlike existing PRL solutions. We then address the practical constraints of the distributed datasets by developing Distributed EIGAN (D-EIGAN), the first distributed PRL method that learns a private representation at each node without transmitting the source data. We theoretically analyze the behavior of adversaries under the optimal EIGAN and D-EIGAN encoders and the impact of dependencies among ally and adversary tasks on the optimization objective. Our experiments on various datasets demonstrate the advantages of EIGAN in terms of performance, robustness, and scalability. In particular, EIGAN outperforms the previous state-of-the-art by a significant accuracy margin (47% improvement), and D-EIGAN's performance is consistently on par with EIGAN under different network settings.</p> <p><br></p> <p>We next tackle the latter objective - reducing the communication latency - and propose two timescale hybrid federated learning (TT-HF), a semi-decentralized learning architecture that combines the conventional device-to-server communication paradigm for federated learning with device-to-device (D2D) communications for model training. In TT-HF, during each global aggregation interval, devices (i) perform multiple stochastic gradient descent iterations on their individual datasets, and (ii) aperiodically engage in consensus procedure of their model parameters through cooperative, distributed D2D communications within local clusters. With a new general definition of gradient diversity, we formally study the convergence behavior of TT-HF, resulting in new convergence bounds for distributed ML. We leverage our convergence bounds to develop an adaptive control algorithm that tunes the step size, D2D communication rounds, and global aggregation period of TT-HF over time to target a sublinear convergence rate of O(1/t) while minimizing network resource utilization. Our subsequent experiments demonstrate that TT-HF significantly outperforms the current art in federated learning in terms of model accuracy and/or network energy consumption in different scenarios where local device datasets exhibit statistical heterogeneity. Finally, our numerical evaluations demonstrate robustness against outages caused by fading channels, as well favorable performance with non-convex loss functions.</p>
97

Data-efficient reinforcement learning with self-predictive representations

Schwarzer, Max 08 1900 (has links)
L'efficacité des données reste un défi majeur dans l'apprentissage par renforcement profond. Bien que les techniques modernes soient capables d'atteindre des performances élevées dans des tâches extrêmement complexes, y compris les jeux de stratégie comme le StarCraft, les échecs, le shogi et le go, ainsi que dans des domaines visuels exigeants comme les jeux Atari, cela nécessite généralement d'énormes quantités de données interactives, limitant ainsi l'application pratique de l'apprentissage par renforcement. Dans ce mémoire, nous proposons la SPR, une méthode inspirée des récentes avancées en apprentissage auto-supervisé de représentations, conçue pour améliorer l'efficacité des données des agents d'apprentissage par renforcement profond. Nous évaluons cette méthode sur l'environement d'apprentissage Atari, et nous montrons qu'elle améliore considérablement les performances des agents avec un surcroît de calcul modéré. Lorsqu'on lui accorde à peu près le même temps d'apprentissage qu'aux testeurs humains, un agent d'apprentissage par renforcement augmenté de SPR atteint des performances surhumaines dans 7 des 26 jeux, une augmentation de 350% par rapport à l'état de l'art précédent, tout en améliorant fortement les performances moyennes et médianes. Nous évaluons également cette méthode sur un ensemble de tâches de contrôle continu, montrant des améliorations substantielles par rapport aux méthodes précédentes. Le chapitre 1 présente les concepts nécessaires à la compréhension du travail présenté, y compris des aperçus de l'apprentissage par renforcement profond et de l'apprentissage auto-supervisé de représentations. Le chapitre 2 contient une description détaillée de nos contributions à l'exploitation de l'apprentissage de représentation auto-supervisé pour améliorer l'efficacité des données dans l'apprentissage par renforcement. Le chapitre 3 présente quelques conclusions tirées de ces travaux, y compris des propositions pour les travaux futurs. / Data efficiency remains a key challenge in deep reinforcement learning. Although modern techniques have been shown to be capable of attaining high performance in extremely complex tasks, including strategy games such as StarCraft, Chess, Shogi, and Go as well as in challenging visual domains such as Atari games, doing so generally requires enormous amounts of interactional data, limiting how broadly reinforcement learning can be applied. In this thesis, we propose SPR, a method drawing from recent advances in self-supervised representation learning designed to enhance the data efficiency of deep reinforcement learning agents. We evaluate this method on the Atari Learning Environment, and show that it dramatically improves performance with limited computational overhead. When given roughly the same amount of learning time as human testers, a reinforcement learning agent augmented with SPR achieves super-human performance on 7 out of 26 games, an increase of 350% over the previous state of the art, while also strongly improving mean and median performance. We also evaluate this method on a set of continuous control tasks, showing substantial improvements over previous methods. Chapter 1 introduces concepts necessary to understand the work presented, including overviews of Deep Reinforcement Learning and Self-Supervised Representation learning. Chapter 2 contains a detailed description of our contributions towards leveraging self-supervised representation learning to improve data-efficiency in reinforcement learning. Chapter 3 provides some conclusions drawn from this work, including a number of proposals for future work.
98

Self-supervision for data interpretability in image classification and sample efficiency in reinforcement learning

Rajkumar, Nitarshan 06 1900 (has links)
L'apprentissage auto-surveillé (AAS), c'est-à-dire l'apprentissage de connaissances en exploitant la structure intrinsèque présente dans un ensemble de données non étiquettées, a beaucoup fait progresser l'apprentissage automatique dans la dernière décennie, et plus particulièrement dans les dernières deux années en vision informatique. Dans cet ouvrage, nous nous servons de l'AAS comme outil dans deux champs applicatifs: Pour interpréter efficacement les ensembles de données et les décisions prises par des modèles statistiques, et pour pré-entrainer un modèle d'apprentissage par renforcement pour grandement augmenter l'efficacité de son échantillonnage dans son contexte d'entraînement. Le Chapitre 1 présente les connaissances de fond nécessaires à la compréhension du reste du mémoire. Il offre un aperçu de l'apprentissage automatique, de l'apprentissage profond, de l'apprentissage auto-surveillé et de l'apprentissage par renforcement (profond). Le Chapitre 2 se détourne brièvement du sujet de l'auto-surveillance pour étudier comment le phénomène de la mémorisation se manifeste dans les réseaux de neurones profonds. Les observations que nous ferons seront alors utilisées comme pièces justificatives pour les travaux présentés dans le Chapitre 3. Ce chapitre aborde la manière dont l'auto-surveillance peut être utilisée pour découvrir efficacement les régularités structurelles présentes dans un ensemble de données d'entraînement, estimer le degré de mémorisation de celui-ci par le modèle, et l'influence d'un échantillon d'entraînement sur les résultats pour un échantillon-test. Nous passons aussi en revue de récents travaux touchant à l'importance de mémoriser la ``longue traîne'' d'un jeu de données. Le Chapitre 4 fait la démonstration d'une combinaison d'objectifs de pré-entraînement AAS axés sur les caractéristiques des données en apprentissage par renforcement, de ce fait élevant l'efficacité d'échantillonnage à un niveau comparable à celui d'un humain. De plus, nous montrons que l'AAS ouvre la porte à de plus grands modèles, ce qui a été par le passé un défi à surmonter en apprentissage par renforcement profond. Finalement, le Chapitre 5 conclut l'ouvrage avec un bref survol des contributions scientifiques et propose quelque avenues pour des recherches poussées dans le futur. / Self-Supervised Learning (SSL), or learning representations of data by exploiting inherent structure present in it without labels, has driven significant progress in machine learning over the past decade, and in computer vision in particular over the past two years. In this work, we explore applications of SSL towards two separate goals - first, as a tool for efficiently interpreting datasets and model decisions, and second, as a tool for pretraining in reinforcement learning (RL) to greatly advance sample efficiency in that setting. Chapter 1 introduces background material necessary to understand the remainder of this thesis. In particular, it provides an overview of Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Self-Supervised Representation Learning, and (Deep) Reinforcement Learning. Chapter 2 briefly detours away from this thesis' focus on self-supervision, to examine how the phenomena of memorization manifests in deep neural networks. These results are then used to partially justify work presented in Chapter 3, which examines how self-supervision can be used to efficiently uncover structural regularity in training datasets, and to estimate training memorization and the influence of training samples on test samples. Recent experimental work on understanding the importance of memorizing the long-tail of data is also revisited. Chapter 4 demonstrates how a combination of SSL pretraining objectives designed for the structure of data in RL can greatly improve sample efficiency to nearly human-level performance. Furthermore, it is shown that SSL enables the use of larger models, which has historically been a challenge in deep RL. Chapter 5 concludes by reviewing the contributions of this work, and discusses future directions.
99

On representation learning for generative models of text

Subramanian, Sandeep 08 1900 (has links)
Cette thèse fait des petits pas dans la construction et la compréhension des systèmes d'apprentissage des représentations neuronales et des modèles génératifs pour le traitement du langage naturel. Il est présenté comme une thèse par article qui contient quatre travaux. Dans le premier article, nous montrons que l'apprentissage multi-tâches peut être utilisé pour combiner les biais inductifs de plusieurs tâches d'apprentissage auto-supervisées et supervisées pour apprendre des représentations de phrases distribuées de longueur fixe à usage général qui obtiennent des résultats solides sur les tâches d'apprentissage par transfert en aval sans tout modèle de réglage fin. Le deuxième article s'appuie sur le premier et présente un modèle génératif en deux étapes pour le texte qui modélise la distribution des représentations de phrases pour produire de nouveaux plongements de phrases qui servent de "contour neuronal" de haut niveau qui est reconstruit en mots avec un récurrent neuronal autorégressif conditionnel décodeur. Le troisième article étudie la nécessité de représentations démêlées pour la génération de texte contrôlable. Une grande partie des systèmes de génération de texte contrôlables reposent sur l'idée que le contrôle d'un attribut (ou d'un style) particulier nécessite la construction de représentations dissociées qui séparent le contenu et le style. Nous démontrons que les représentations produites dans des travaux antérieurs qui utilisent la formation contradictoire du domaine ne sont pas dissociées dans la pratique. Nous présentons ensuite une approche qui ne vise pas à apprendre des représentations démêlées et montrons qu'elle permet d'obtenir des résultats nettement meilleurs que les travaux antérieurs. Dans le quatrième article, nous concevons des modèles de langage de transformateur qui apprennent les représentations à plusieurs échelles de temps et montrent que ceux-ci peuvent aider à réduire l'empreinte mémoire importante de ces modèles. Il présente trois architectures multi-échelles différentes qui présentent des compromis favorables entre la perplexité et l'empreinte mémoire. / This thesis takes baby steps in building and understanding neural representation learning systems and generative models for natural language processing. It is presented as a thesis by article that contains four pieces of work. In the first article, we show that multi-task learning can be used to combine the inductive biases of several self-supervised and supervised learning tasks to learn general-purpose fixed-length distributed sentence representations that achieve strong results on downstream transfer learning tasks without any model fine-tuning. The second article builds on the first and presents a two-step generative model for text that models the distribution of sentence representations to produce novel sentence embeddings that serves as a high level ``neural outline'' that is reconstructed to words with a conditional autoregressive RNN decoder. The third article studies the necessity of disentangled representations for controllable text generation. A large fraction of controllable text generation systems rely on the idea that control over a particular attribute (or style) requires building disentangled representations that separate content and style. We demonstrate that representations produced in previous work that uses domain adversarial training are not disentangled in practice. We then present an approach that does not aim to learn disentangled representations and show that it achieves significantly better results than prior work. In the fourth article, we design transformer language models that learn representations at multiple time scales and show that these can help address the large memory footprint these models typically have. It presents three different multi-scale architectures that exhibit favorable perplexity vs memory footprint trade-offs.
100

Intersecting Graph Representation Learning and Cell Profiling : A Novel Approach to Analyzing Complex Biomedical Data

Chamyani, Nima January 2023 (has links)
In recent biomedical research, graph representation learning and cell profiling techniques have emerged as transformative tools for analyzing high-dimensional biological data. The integration of these methods, as investigated in this study, has facilitated an enhanced understanding of complex biological systems, consequently improving drug discovery. The research aimed to decipher connections between chemical structures and cellular phenotypes while incorporating other biological information like proteins and pathways into the workflow. To achieve this, machine learning models' efficacy was examined for classification and regression tasks. The newly proposed graph-level and bio-graph integrative predictors were compared with traditional models. Results demonstrated their potential, particularly in classification tasks. Moreover, the topology of the COVID-19 BioGraph was analyzed, revealing the complex interconnections between chemicals, proteins, and biological pathways. By combining network analysis, graph representation learning, and statistical methods, the study was able to predict active chemical combinations within inactive compounds, thereby exhibiting significant potential for further investigations. Graph-based generative models were also used for molecule generation opening up further research avenues in finding lead compounds. In conclusion, this study underlines the potential of combining graph representation learning and cell profiling techniques in advancing biomedical research in drug repurposing and drug combination. This integration provides a better understanding of complex biological systems, assists in identifying therapeutic targets, and contributes to optimizing molecule generation for drug discovery. Future investigations should optimize these models and validate the drug combination discovery approach. As these techniques continue to evolve, they hold the potential to significantly impact the future of drug screening, drug repurposing, and drug combinations.

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