Two rare Banksia species, B. chamaephyton A.S. George and B. elegans Meissner, were the subject of this study. B. chamaephyton is gazetted as rare under the Wildlife Conservation Act of Western Australia and B. elegans has been recorded by various authors as restricted in range and habitat.Data were collected on the distribution, habitat, reproduction and fire responses of each species. Both were found to occur predominantly in the Irwin Botanical District. B. chamaephyton is found in low heath on sand over laterite and B. elegans in scrub or thickets on deep, yellow sands. Data on species co-occurring with B. chamaephyton were gathered for the purpose of identifying habitats with actual or potential populations of the rare species. Several species appeared to be reliable indicators.Both species are represented in areas set aside for conservation although some populations are vulnerable and their loss would considerably reduce the range of each species. Of particular concern are the southernmost populations of B. chamaephyton and the northernmost populations of B. elegans. The latter appears to represent a size variant within the species. Although neither species is currently endangered, it is recommended that B. chamaephyton remain a gazetted rare species and that consideration be given to the gazettal of B. elegans.Both species are xenogamous and probably bird-pollinated although pollination by small mammals is a possibility. Both also have very low fruit and seed set. In B. chamaephyton, this is probably related to resource availability but B. elegans possesses a malformed stigma which may prevent the normal reproductive process from taking place. Most populations of B. elegans are sterile. Further research into the sexual reproduction and propagation of B. elegans is recommended.Fire is important to both species. In B. chamaephyton, fire, together with subsequent ++ / wet/dry cycles, is necessary for seed release from the follicles. Seedling recruitment is negligible in B. elegans. Mature individuals of both species survive fire and in B. elegans fire stimulates root suckering. Autumn burns appear to be most suitable for recruitment in both species, preferably at a minimum interval of ten years.

Abstract not available

[Abstract]: The Julia Creek dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi) is an endangered carnivorous marsupial. A recovery plan for the species has been initiated by Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, which includes captive breeding.An important factor in breeding S. douglasi is the identification of oestrus. The current method to identify oestrus consists of examining urine samplesfor presence of cornified cells. To collect urine, the animals have to be removed from their cages and restrained. This method is stressful for theanimals, as well as time consuming. The aim of this study was to identify specific behaviour of S. douglasi associated with oestrus, which could be readily observed without the need for handling the animal. This wouldprovide a non-invasive way of identifying oestrus, which would facilitate breeding the species in captivity and planning conservation programs.Behaviour of S. douglasi was observed throughout the night by video recording. The most striking result was the increase in activity of the female when she was in oestrus compared to non-oestrus. The most informativebehaviour to observe was entry by the female into the nest box and the frequency with which she entered the area closest to the wall of the enclosure. A discriminant function analysis generated an equation with anover-all predictive power (OPP, the probability of making an accurate identification of reproductive state) of 89%. This result was obtained by watching two random five-minute periods of activity. The equation was tested and verified with new individuals and attained a similar level of OPP. However, the equation was less accurate when the observed female’s social context was changed from being housed adjacent to a male, to being accompanied by another female or housed singularly. Consistent with thesensitivity of activity levels as an indicator, the distance run in an exercise wheel was also a good predictor of oestrous state. Females ran a significantly longer distance in their exercise wheel when in oestruscompared to non-oestrus (p<0.001).

"December 2003" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-224) / xvii, 236 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2004

<p><strong>Syfte:</strong> Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka skillnader i föräldrastress i familjer med 1-åriga barn i relation till kvinnans ålder och om de var förstföderskor eller omföderskor samt skillnad i föräldrastress mellan kvinnor och män.</p><p><strong>Metod:</strong> Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie med konsekutivt urval och the Swedish Parenthood Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ) har använts. SPSQ består av fem delskalor: inkompetens, rollbegränsning, social isolering, problem i relationen med make/maka/sambo och hälsoproblem. Postenkäter skickades till föräldrapar (n=350) som fött barn i maj 2007 vid Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala. Sammanlagt deltog 125 föräldrapar (244 personer) i studien varav 127 kvinnor och 117 män, svarsfrekvensen var 38 procent.</p><p><strong>Resultat:</strong> Föräldrastress i familjer med ettåriga barn skilde sig inte åt mellan yngre och äldre mödrar. Däremot hade omföderskor signifikant högre föräldrastress än förstföderskor under delskalan inkompetens. För kvinnor och män var skillnaden signifikant i delskalorna inkompetens och rollbegränsning, då kvinnor hade högre föräldrastress än män.</p><p><strong>Slutsats:</strong> Studien visar behovet av stöd framförallt för omföderskor då dessa kvinnor upplever känslor av otillräcklighet/inkompetens när det gäller föräldrarollen och att kvinnor mer uttalat jämfört med män upplever begränsningar av intressen och aktiviteter relaterat till föräldraskapets ansvar/förpliktelser.</p>

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka skillnader i föräldrastress i familjer med 1-åriga barn i relation till kvinnans ålder och om de var förstföderskor eller omföderskor samt skillnad i föräldrastress mellan kvinnor och män. Metod: Studien är en tvärsnittsstudie med konsekutivt urval och the Swedish Parenthood Stress Questionnaire (SPSQ) har använts. SPSQ består av fem delskalor: inkompetens, rollbegränsning, social isolering, problem i relationen med make/maka/sambo och hälsoproblem. Postenkäter skickades till föräldrapar (n=350) som fött barn i maj 2007 vid Akademiska sjukhuset, Uppsala. Sammanlagt deltog 125 föräldrapar (244 personer) i studien varav 127 kvinnor och 117 män, svarsfrekvensen var 38 procent. Resultat: Föräldrastress i familjer med ettåriga barn skilde sig inte åt mellan yngre och äldre mödrar. Däremot hade omföderskor signifikant högre föräldrastress än förstföderskor under delskalan inkompetens. För kvinnor och män var skillnaden signifikant i delskalorna inkompetens och rollbegränsning, då kvinnor hade högre föräldrastress än män. Slutsats: Studien visar behovet av stöd framförallt för omföderskor då dessa kvinnor upplever känslor av otillräcklighet/inkompetens när det gäller föräldrarollen och att kvinnor mer uttalat jämfört med män upplever begränsningar av intressen och aktiviteter relaterat till föräldraskapets ansvar/förpliktelser.

My honors capstone project deals with the issues of reproductive rights and onscreen representations of women. I created a performance-based documentary style piece entitled Talk Over Me. It focuses on men’s opinions and stories surrounding abortion and conveys the disconnect between a woman’s face on screen and her opinions, thoughts and personal identity.

The purpose of this feminist action research project was to produce a practical support volunteer training and manual for the Georgia Reproductive Justice Access Network (GRJAN). Founded in 2011, GRJAN is a grassroots, reproductive justice abortion fund that provides abortion funding and until 2012, practical support (lodging, transportation, and childcare) to low-income individuals seeking abortion services in Atlanta, GA. The resultant thesis is a reflective essay upon the project, documenting and analyzing the successes and failures of the project as well as discussing the limitations of pursuing feminist activist work within the academy.

The Grand River watershed is the largest watershed in southern Ontario, and is expected to see major development and urban densification over the next 20 years. An expected 57% increase in population over the next two decades in urban centers such as Kitchener – Waterloo, Cambridge, Guelph and Brantford means an added load on the existing 30 wastewater treatment facilities serving the watershed. A subsequent increase in the amount of average flow and effluent released into the Grand River via the Waterloo and Kitchener wastewater treatment plants is also expected. The Waterloo and Kitchener wastewater plants are both secondary treatment plants, although neither plant currently nitrifies the wastewater prior to release. As a result, increased concentrations of ammonia and nitrate are found downstream of the treatment plant outfalls. Compounds introduced into the Grand River via the discharge of wastewater effluent can have impacts on resident biota such as fish. Disruption of the normal function of endocrine systems in fish has been associated with municipal effluents as well as chemicals that have been detected in these effluents. One of the major responses has been the presence of intersex (oocytes in testes) in fish downstream of the wastewater plant outfalls at sites around the globe. The research in this thesis examined resident fish for the variability and extent of intersex condition by adapting a new fragmented testis technique. Biomarkers of response such as relative gonad weight (GSI), relative liver weight (LSI) and condition (K) were also measured. The study focused on the Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) a dominant benthivorous fish species in the riffle habitats in the Grand River. An increased proportion of male Rainbow Darters sampled immediately downstream of the Waterloo outfall had a gonad lobe containing at least one testis-oocyte. The number of Rainbow Darter with more severe intersex (10-99 oocytes/lobe) also increased immediately downstream of the Waterloo outfall. A much more dramatic expression of intersex proportion and severity (>100 oocytes per testis lobe) was observed further downstream, below the Kitchener outfall. These patterns in intersex presence and severity were also observed in two other species collected at a subset of the original sites. Although there were minimal changes in GSI, LSI and K below the Waterloo outfall, differences were observed downstream of the Kitchener wastewater effluent outfall. Female Rainbow Darter downstream of the Kitchener outfall showed significant decreases in GSI and LSI, and increases in K. Male Rainbow Darter GSI and LSI data across sites did not express changes that coincided with MWWE outfalls, although small increases in condition were observed. These patterns of intersex and organism level responses suggest that the assimilation of wastewater effluent into natural receiving environments may have impacts on endocrine function and energy use and allocation in wild fish.

Aquatic receiving environments have long been used to dilute municipal wastewater effluents (MWWE) which are the largest discharge by volume into the aquatic environment in Canada. These treated effluents are a complex mixture of environmental contaminants that includes natural and synthetic hormones, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals, nutrients and ammonia. Discharge of MWWE may lead to serious problems in aquatic environments such as eutrophication, hypoxia as well as increased occurrence of disease and toxicity in resident aquatic biota. Reproductive impairment in fish has also been widely reported in association with exposure to wastewaters. Recently, concerns have been raised about the potential for municipal effluents to cause endocrine disruption in fish and other organisms. The effects of MWWE on fish and fish populations in Canada are currently poorly understood. The overall objective of this thesis is to contrast the impact of MWWE discharged into two Canadian rivers on sentinel fish species across levels of biological organization ranging from biochemical responses to changes at the fish community level. Results from these studies support the development of robust effects-based biological monitoring approaches to assess the effectiveness of regulations and remedial actions for minimizing the effects of MWWE. Understanding the temporal changes in physiological and reproductive parameters across the annual cycle of a sentinel species is necessary to optimize biomonitoring programs. The annual variability in terms of survival, reproduction and energy storage in the Greenside Darter (Etheostoma blennioides), a potential sentinel species for the Grand River, Ontario, was documented at a reference site across two years. Variation in energy storage and reproductive development indicated by somatic indices (i.e., relative organ size) and steroid production suggest that biomonitoring can be optimized for this species by sampling in late fall or early spring (pre-spawning). With this new knowledge, field studies conducted with small bodied species, including Rainbow Darter (E. caeruleum), Brook Stickleback (Culaea inconstans) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) have demonstrated that, when sampled during the appropriate season (e.g., pre-spawning), they can be used as effective biomonitoring tools to detect fish responses associated with exposure to MWWEs. Two sentinel fish species, Rainbow Darter and Greenside Darter, were then used to examine the impact of two MWWE discharges on fish in the Grand River, Ontario, relative to reference sites in two seasons (fall and early spring). Fish responses, in terms of energy storage (condition factor, liver size), energy utilization (gonadosomatic indices) and reproduction (in vitro sex steroid production, cellular development and intersex) were assessed at each site. Both sentinel species were longer and heavier downstream of the wastewater outfalls. However, these larger fish did not demonstrate consistent increases in condition and liver somatic indices. MWWE-exposed male Rainbow and Greenside Darters had impaired capacity to produce androgens in vitro, lower gonadosomatic indices and altered sperm cell staging. Exposed female fish also had impaired capacity to produce estrogens in vitro, however, they did not demonstrate differences in oocyte development. Male Rainbow and Greenside Darters collected downstream of both MWWE discharges showed increased incidence of intersex (33 - 100%) in contrast to very low occurrences of this condition in upstream agricultural and urban reference sites. This increased incidence of intersex coincided with reductions in gonadosomatic indices and capacity to produce steroids, demonstrating the ability of MWWE to alter the reproductive systems of these fish. The fish communities downstream of the the MWWE outfalls demonstrated differences in abundance, diversity, and species composition when compared to reference sites. MWWE exposed sites had few of the darter species that dominate the fish community at reference sites. More mobile fish species such as suckers (Catostomidae spp.) and sunfish (Centrarchidae spp.) were more common downstream of the outfalls, with occurances becoming more pronounced downstream of the second sewage discharge. Wascana Creek, Saskatchewan, downstream of the wastewater treatment plant for the City of Regina can be up to 100% treated municipal wastewater. Brook Stickleback and Fathead Minnow exhibited delayed spawning and altered gonadal development downstream of the wastewater outfall. Exposed male Fathead Minnows were feminized, having lower expression of secondary sexual characteristics (i.e., loss of nuptial tubercles, dorsal pad, and dorsal fin dot) and induction of the female egg-yolk precursor protein, vitellogenin. Fathead Minnows also showed cellular damage to the gills and kidneys. These responses indicate exposure to a variety of environmental contaminants in the effluent such as ammonia as well as endocrine disruptors. The potential effect of MWWE discharges in these two Canadian watersheds on fish responses was demonstrated across various levels of biological organization including reduced sex steroid production, altered gonadal development, reduction in gonadosomatic indices, delayed spawning, and changes in fish assemblages. An effects-based monitoring approach using sentinel species can be successfully applied to detect changes associated with MWWE outfalls, as long as sampling of sentinel species is conducted during optimal time periods (i.e., when somatic indices are maximized and variability among individuals is minimized). MWWE can impair the reproductive potential of fish beyond a threshold where impacts are expressed at higher levels of organization such as populations or communities. It is essential to make mechanistic linkages between responses at different levels to determine the overall potential impact of effluents on fish. The collection of responses across multiple levels of biological organization can complement and support development of biomonitoring approaches that are focused at the population and community levels such as those being proposed for MWWE in Canada.