No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

digitalisering@umu.se

The incidence of allergic diseases is increasing, possibly due to a reduced intensity and diversity of microbial stimulation. More knowledge is needed on the immunological mechanisms underlying the eczema preventive effect of pre- and postnatal probiotic supplementation. The pregnancy period seems to be of essential importance, since both epidemiological and experimental animal studies show the importance of microbial exposure during gestation on allergy prevention. We have performed a study where the probiotic lactic acid producing bacteria Lactobacillus reuteri was supplemented to pregnant women, at risk of having an allergic infant. The pregnant mothers received the study product from gestational week 36 until delivery, and the infants then continued with the same product until one year of age. The probiotic, as compared with placebo, supplemented infants had less IgE-associated eczema at two years of age. In order to investigate how the supplementation affected the immune system peripheral blood was collected and immune cells were stimulated with common allergens and TLR ligands. The probiotic treated group responded with a more regulated response to allergens and TLR2 ligands in comparison to the placebo supplemented group. We also investigated how the probiotic supplementation affected the epigenetic methylation pattern in circulating T helper cells during infancy, observing the most pronounced effects at birth. In a follow up study, supplementation was started earlier to possibly gain a stronger allergy preventive effect via changes in maternal immune regulation. Supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri and ω-3 fatty acids started at gestational week 20 and throughout pregnancy. After 20 weeks of supplementation, some immunomodulatory effects among circulating activated regulatory T cells and a subpopulation of monocytes were noted. Several systemic immune modifying effects of pregnancy were observed. In summary, probiotics show several immunomodulatory effects in infants and pregnant women. However, more research is needed to better understand the effects of the probiotic supplementation to aid future identification of more efficacious allergy preventive strategies.

No description available.

Abstract Aim: To map first-time mothers experiences of breastfeeding support provided by maternal health care, birth center and BB. Method: A quantitative survey with a cross-sectional design. The criterias to be included was first-time mothers who breastfed or wished to breastfeed and gave birth to a full-term child in the last two years. Data were collected through a web survey published on Facebook. A comfort selection was chosen and data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Comparisons were made between two age groups Results: A total of 197 first time mothers were answered in the survey. Group 1 consisted of first-time mothers aged 21-30 years and Group 2 consisted of first-time mothers aged 31-42 years. The breastfeeding support included written, verbal and practical guidance. Positive and negative factors in breastfeeding support were identified. Both differences but mainly similarities were identified among first-time mothers’ experiences of breastfeeding support. It was 70,3% of the entire population who wanted more information about breastfeeding. A difference was that Group 2 generally estimated lower breastfeeding support compared with Group 1. Conclusion: The breastfeeding support was estimated quite low by both age groups. Almost half of the first-time mothers considered themselves to receive the best breastfeeding support from sources other than maternal health care, childbirth and BB. This indicates that the breastfeeding support that first-time mothers received was insufficient. First-time mothers requested more information about breastfeeding. High attendance of the midwife and individual guidance were positive factors.   Keywords: breastfeeding, experiences, midwives, mothers, support.

No description available.

No description available.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Senaste tjugo åren har en succesiv minskning av andelen helammade barn i Sverige skett. Kvinnor kan uppleva ett outtalat krav från samhället att amma sitt barn, att hon är en sämre mamma om hon inte lyckas med amningen. Amning kan beskrivas som naturlig och lätt men många kvinnor upplever problem under amningsperioden. Amningsvägledningen tycks inte i tillräckligt stor utsträckning betona de komplikationer som kan uppstå och hur dessa kan hanteras. Syfte: Att kartlägga kvinnors erfarenheter av bristande amningsvägledning i relation till utebliven eller tidigt avslutad amning. Metod: Kvantitativ metod genom webbaserad enkätundersökning. Dataanalys med deskriptiv statistik. Resultat: Totalt inkluderades 116 kvinnor. Majoriteten (75%) rapporterade en positiv inställning till att amma. Tidigare amningserfarenhet har betydelse för amningen av nästkommande barn. Amningsvägledningen från barnmorskan upplevs som bristfällig genom hela vårdkedjan. Över hälften av kvinnorna (55%) ammade inte sitt barn alls eller upp till en månad. Slutsatser: Amningsvägledningen saknade information om eventuella problem som kan uppstå och hur dessa kan hanteras, konkreta tips för att få till en fungerande amning samt stöd och närvaro av barnmorskan vid amningssituationerna. Resultatet kan ge ökad kunskap och förståelse kring kvinnors erfarenheter av amning vilket kan stärka barnmorskor i deras arbete och bemötande av kvinnor. Nyckelord: amningsvägledning, avslutad amning, barnmorska, kvantitativ metod / Abstract Background: Over the past twenty years, there has been a gradual decrease in the proportion of fully breastfed children in Sweden. The woman may experience an unspoken demand from society to breastfeed her baby, that she’s not as good mother if she doesn’t succeed in breastfeeding. Breastfeeding can be described as natural and easy but many women experience problems during the breastfeeding period. The breastfeeding guidance might not sufficiently emphasize the complications that may arise and how these can be addressed. Purpose: To identify women's experiences of lack of breastfeeding guidance in relation to no breastfeeding or early cessation of breastfeeding. Method: Quantitative method through a web-based survey. Data analysis with descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 116 women were included in the study. A majority (75%) reported having positive attitudes towards breastfeeding. Previous breastfeeding experience is important for the outcome of breastfeeding the next child. The breastfeeding guidance from the midwife is perceived as deficient throughout the care chain. Over half of the women (55%) didn´t breastfeed their baby at all or up to a month. Conclusion: The breastfeeding guidance lacked information about problems that may arise and how these can be handled, concrete tips for getting a functioning breastfeeding and support and presence of the midwife in breastfeeding situations. The result can provide increased knowledge and understanding of women's experiences of breastfeeding which can strengthen the midwives in their work and treatment of the woman. Keywords: breastfeeding support, breastfeeding cessation, midwife, quantitative method