In this discussion paper, we outline and reflect on some of the key challenges that influence the development and uptake of more inclusive and responsible forms of research and innovation. Taking these challenges together, we invoke Collingridge's famous dilemma of social control of technology to introduce a complementary dilemma that of "societal alignment" in the governance of science, technology and innovation. Considerations of social alignment are scattered and overlooked among some communities in the field of science, technology and innovation policy. By starting to unpack this dilemma, we outline an agenda for further consideration of social alignment in the study of responsible research and innovation.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the adaptation of Turkey to EU research and innovation policies in the light of developments in within their own dynamics, and within the framework of obligations of the accession period. A comparative analysis of Turkish and EU policies is made by pointing out the weaknesses of Turkey, which are supported by related indicators specifying the gap between EU in research and innovation capabilities. In accordance with the findings of the comparison of Turkey and EU, this study attempts to develop recommendations for the reassessment of existing policy tools, and to propose new policy instruments within organizational and institutional infrastructure, implementation and further integration with EU in research and innovation. The evaluations highlight that Turkey is experiencing problems in structuring and implementing its policy instruments, rather than developing policy formulations.

This paper addresses the question of how Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) can be implemented in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). It builds on existing knowledge about RRI in business as well as on insights into motivations, drivers and barriers from the related fields of eco-innovation and sustainability innovation. Expert interviews with CEOs of SMEs in the Austrian medical device sector are analyzed to develop insights into the companies' research and innovation activities and potential drivers and barriers for RRI. The findings support the assumption that SMEs are largely unaware of the RRI concept. At the same time, however, it is possible to identify current practices that already operationalize aspects of RRI. It is argued that SMEs could build upon existing practices to further develop ways of being responsible and that implementation of RRI should be in line with specific organizational and contextual factors.

Theoretical background for a knowledge- and innovation-based economic growth is built by macroeconomic theories of growth, whose overview is covered in the first part of this thesis. The methodology part designs and explains a set of indicators selected for the purposes of the consequent analysis, in order to assess and compare sources, outcomes and effects of research, development and innovation processes. The analytical part includes evaluation of all selected indicators including identification of probable causes of the identified developments and position of the Czech Republic within the European Union. The analysis is carried out in 5 consequent logic blocks, which fully cover the complete chain of consequences from costs up to final macroeconomic effects. One part of analysis concerning human resources in R&D is next to hard statistical data also based on the results of an own questionnaire survey designed especially for the purposes of this thesis to uncover motivating and discouraging factors standing behind university students' interest in doctorate degree attainment and in a career in research or development. The conclusive part of the thesis summarizes main findings and suggests directions for Czech R&D&I policy in order to achieve improvements in areas of the greatest inadequacies pointed out in the analysis.

Scientific research, technological development, and commercialisation are processes through which new technologies continually emerge and enter markets. Nanotechnology is an example of an emergent technology (or rather a suite of technologies) which promises to open up a universe of possibilities for the development of new products and processes. Advocates of the technology argue that nanotechnology has the potential to spur economic development while at the same time offering partial solutions to many of the grand challenges of our times such as alleviating hunger, providing new energy sources, reducing climate change, curing diseases, etc. However, alongside these optimistic views, there are also fears and apprehensions concerning the safe and ethical development of nanotechnologies, including the need to address potential negative impacts on the natural environment and human health and safety. The food and food packaging area has shown itself to be a particularly sensitive sector in this respect where the potential for nanoparticles to enter the human body has enhanced the sensitivity of the industry to public concern. The past has shown that any changes or modifications made to food have resulted in public backlash (e.g. GM foods). Due to this some parts of the food and packaging industry remain cautious about making transparent their use of nanotechnologies in their products and processes. However, simultaneously pressure is mounting from regulatory agencies, and from some activists, to pursue the safe and 'responsible' development of nanotechnologies (whatever that may be) as an ethical obligation. The use of nanotechnologies in food and food packaging has become increasingly complex because of its introduction at various points in the food chain, giving rise to debates as to "who is responsible". As a contribution to the debate on what constitutes the 'responsible' governance of new/emergent technologies, this thesis investigates the governance of nanotechnologies and the idea of 'responsibility' and 'responsible innovation' through the lens of perspectives of different actors within the nanotech food chain. A qualitative research methodology was used where semi-structured interviews were conducted with a heterogeneous group of actors with a particular focus on the food and food packaging sectors. Research in comparative national settings (Canada and India) was conducted on the grounds that regulation of nanotechnologies differs significantly across OECD and non-OECD countries, and where the global debate on nanotechnologies is organised and dominated by OECD countries. Findings from this thesis showed that the set of critical elements, such as health and safety, that are put forward by such OECD countries like Canada for the 'responsible' development of nanotechnologies are not the same as that found in India and are seen to differ. In India, meeting the grand challenges of society such as food security, clean drinking water and alleviating poverty take precedent over other elements, where science, technology (such as nanotechnologies) and innovation are harnessed by entrepreneurs, and small and large firms to solve these national problems. However, while I began the study with the intention of comparing two national territories with different regulatory settings, the study also found a case of collaborative Canada-India transnational research network where 'responsibility' is influenced through certain funding criteria set by the more dominant partner, Canada. This suggests the return of public intervention by dominant OECD countries in pro-actively shaping R&D processes that are influencing the 'responsible' development of nano-products in such emerging markets, where there is a potential for future trade associations.

The theoretical background of this work is based on Schumpeter's theory of economic cycle and the rationalisation for state intervention in the market research, development and innovation. Consequently is described the general background, which is based on the Seventh Framework Program and the definitions contained in the Frascati manual, and the Oslo manual. The analytical part consists of a sub-analysis, which focus on legislative and institucional framework in the Czech Republic and the expenditure, human resources and outputs of research and development. The sub-analysis is supplemented by comparisons with the position of Finland and the European Union. Part of the analytical section is an overview of programs to support research, development and innovation activities. Subsequently, the entire analytical part is summarized with the SWOT analysis. In conclusion of this work are outlined possible solutions to streamline the existing system in the Czech Republic in research, development and innovation.

This diploma thesis focuses on support of development, research and innovation in the European Union. The first part contains some definitions of terms development, research and innovation. It also provides a brief description of history of support for this sphere. On the example of Czech Republic this thesis describes sources, which can be used to get financial support. The final part evaluates the drawing of Structural funds in Czech Republic and also the participation of Czech scientists on framework programmes, which are supporting development, research and innovation.

Semi-autonomous driving is an emerging – though not unprecedented – technology which cannot necessarily be seen as safe and reliably accident-free. Insurance companies thus play an important role as influential stakeholders in the negotiation and implementation processes around this new technology. They can either push the technology (e.g. by offering beneficial, promotional insurance models for semi-autonomous car owners) or constrain it (e.g. by providing restrictive insurance models or no insurance cover at all). Insurers face questions concerning ethical or societal consequences on various levels: not only when it comes to promoting the technology – whose impact is not yet certain and may range from saving to endangering lives – but also with respect to insurance models such as “pay as you drive”, which may involve discriminatory elements. The concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) is well suited to accompanying and guiding insurers, policy makers and other stakeholders in this field through a responsible negotiation process that may prove beneficial for everyone. Part of the RRI approach is to make stakeholders aware of “soft” factors such as the ethical, societal or historical factors which influence innovation and of the need to include these aspects in their activities responsibly.

(English) The R&D management system was examined in terms of legislation, managing authorities, types of support, support providers, budget and strategic documents in this thesis. In the area of strategic documents, persistent shortcomings were revealed and manifested in non-specific interconnections or overlaps. At the same time, a qualitative shift in the quality of the documents was identified. Furthermore, it was examined whether the strategic measures for the development in the field of molecular biology were fulfilled in more detail. The research was carried out on data related to targeted support, which were obtained from the R&D Information System. Two periods in the years 1995-2014 were analyzed. The structure of the second period from 2005 to 2014 was related to the structure of the first period from 1995 to 2004, which served as a reference. In relation to strategic measures, research has shown that resources have been optimized, capacities have been strengthened and infrastructure has been massively developed. Keywords research, development, innovation, targeted support, R&D policy, molecular biology

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:39:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3546.pdf: 1584979 bytes, checksum: 36f1642c8a6096638ac9a5906317cc6f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / The aim of this study was the analysis of the influence of legal, political and institutional mediations in some changes in the post-graduation course of the Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU).We sought to elucidate, through the analysis of various documents (laws, ordinances, resolutions, decrees, edicts, Postgraduate National Plans, etc.) and data from Brazilian post-graduate courses at FAPEMIG and UFU, the ways in which the guidelines induced by the legal-political changes of the national postgraduation system and by the national and Minas Gerais State innovations which are being framed in the UFU. We analyzed the relevance of the laws of the university reform in the consolidation of a new evaluation paradigm of the teacher-researcher, who established and legitimized a heteronomous management based on academic productivism. It was argued that such reforms are in line to the foundations of the State Reform and the adjustment of the Brazilian economy to mundialization of capital, the reconfiguration of the practices and culture in the university, with the aim of meeting the demands of the business sector and the needs and interests of productive capital, were also mentioned. We analyzed the importance of the role of national bodies to encourage research and evaluation, such as CNPq, FINEP and CAPES, as well as organs of the State of Minas Gerais, FAPEMIG particularly, which were fundamental to the institution of changes in the postgraduate studies at UFU, particularly for the implementation of a policy of innovation and progressive dissemination of research and applied knowledge of predominantly instrumental character. It was felt that innovation and its diffusion take place through public-private partnerships and the creation of institutional structures that enable the commercialization of knowledge and products that potentially could improve the production of goods with high added value. It was considered that the documents analyzed were necessary mediations to create university instances, which, in turn, have taken shape and are configured as articulating the relationship among teacher-researchers, FAPEMIG and market, especially the Center for Innovation Intellect/UFU, the Foundation for University Support and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurial Activities. It was concluded that the restructuring of research practices and the creation of these new institutional structures, which enable the spreading of the knowledge from them derived, tend to promote and intensify the exchange between university-enterprise, since they would have been predominantly driven by the scope of making UFU more adjusted to private capital. / O objetivo neste estudo foi o de analisar a influência de mediações jurídicas, políticas e institucionais em algumas mudanças na pós-graduação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Para isto, buscou-se elucidar, por meio da análise de documentos diversos (leis, portarias, resoluções, decretos, editais, Planos Nacionais de Pós- Graduação etc.) e de dados da pós-graduação brasileira, da FAPEMIG e da UFU, as formas pelas quais as diretrizes induzidas pelas mudanças jurídico-políticas da pósgraduação nacional e pelos sistemas nacional e mineiro de inovação estão sendo apropriadas e objetivadas na UFU. Analisou-se a relevância das disposições legais da reforma universitária na consolidação de um novo paradigma avaliativo do professorpesquisador, que instituiu e legitimou uma gestão heterônoma fundamentada no produtivismo acadêmico. Argumentou-se que essas reformas coadunaram-se aos fundamentos da Reforma do Estado e ao ajuste da economia brasileira ao capital mundializado. Apontou-se para a reconfiguração das práticas e cultura universitárias no sentido do atendimento às demandas do setor empresarial e interesses e necessidades do capital produtivo. Analisou-se a importância da atuação de órgãos nacionais de fomento à pesquisa e de avaliação, como o CNPq, a FINEP e a CAPES, assim como de órgãos do Estado de Minas Gerais, como a FAPEMIG, que foram fundamentais para a instituição de mudanças da pós-graduação na UFU, particularmente para a implementação de uma política de inovações e de progressiva difusão de pesquisas e conhecimentos aplicados e de caráter predominantemente instrumental. Considerou-se que as inovações e sua difusão se dão por intermédio de parcerias público-privadas e da criação de estruturas institucionais que possibilitam a comercialização de conhecimentos e produtos que, potencialmente, favoreceriam a produção de mercadorias com alto valor agregado. Considerou-se que os documentos analisados foram mediações necessárias para a criação de instâncias universitárias que, por sua vez, se configuraram e se configuram como articuladores da relação entre professorespesquisadores, FAPEMIG e mercado, com destaque para o Núcleo de Inovação Intelecto/UFU, a Fundação de Apoio Universitário e o Centro de Incubação de Atividades Empreendedoras. Concluiu-se que a reestruturação das práticas de pesquisa e a criação destas novas estruturas institucionais, que possibilitam difundir o conhecimento delas derivado, tendem a favorecer e intensificar o intercâmbio universidade-empresa, uma vez que teriam sido predominantemente orientadas pelo escopo de tornar a UFU mais afeita ao capital privado.