Submitted by Paula Gomes Junqueira null (pgjunqueira@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-13T06:01:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DefesaFinal.pdf: 5051274 bytes, checksum: 6ffce5e28d13b1d24dc4d4fe3898f485 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-03-15T19:43:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 junqueira_pg_me_bauru.pdf: 5051274 bytes, checksum: 6ffce5e28d13b1d24dc4d4fe3898f485 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-15T19:43:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 junqueira_pg_me_bauru.pdf: 5051274 bytes, checksum: 6ffce5e28d13b1d24dc4d4fe3898f485 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Impactos relacionados ao aporte de hidrocarbonetos em subsuperfície são particularmente preocupantes ao ambiente e à saúde humana, devido à aspectos degradativos e separação em fases dissolvida e residual, que resultam num tempo frequentemente prolongado de residência. Estudos da fase residual são relevantes ao monitoramento e remediação de contaminações em subsuperfície, frente à possibilidade de contaminação das águas subterrâneas mesmo após anos da seção da fonte primária. Os métodos geofísicos são ferramentas consagradas no estudo de contaminações em solo, tanto na fase de confirmação, como na fase de monitoramento, devido à possibilidade de investigações indiretas e não invasivas em solos e rochas. A integração de dados geofísicos com análises químicas de solo ou águas subterrâneas proporciona uma visão abrangente e adequada ao estudo e monitoramento de áreas contaminadas. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta o estudo geofísico numa área impactada pelo vazamento de hidrocarbonetos, devido a acidente ferroviário. A área investigada é um trecho de ferrovia localizado no município de Cerquilho (SP), onde ocorreu em 2002 um acidente com vagões que transportavam óleo diesel e está em processo de recuperação desde então. Foram medidos e calculados os parâmetros físicos resistividade elétrica e cargabilidade a partir dos métodos geofísicos Eletrorresistividade e Polarização Induzida, por meio da técnica de Imageamento Elétrico. Também foram compilados dados de análises químicas realizadas na área de estudos e disponibilizados pela CETESB. A análise dos resultados permitiu determinar que os métodos geofísicos foram sensíveis aos contaminantes presente na área de estudos e delimitar fase residual e dissolvida e zonas da pluma de contaminação. / Impacts related to the oil supply in the subsurface are of particular concern to the environment and human health due to degradative aspects and separation in dissolved and residual phases, resulting in an often prolonged residence time. Residual phase studies are relevant to monitoring and remediation of contaminants in the subsurface, facing the possibility of groundwater contamination even after years of primary source section. Geophysical methods are tools appropriate to the study of contamination in soil, both in the confirmation phase, as in the monitoring phase, due to the possibility of indirect and non-invasive investigations in soils and rocks. Integration of geophysical data with chemical analysis of soil or groundwater provides a comprehensive and adequate view to the study and monitoring of contaminated areas. In this sense, this work presents a geophysical study in an area affected by the leak of hydrocarbons due to railway accident. The study area is a railway stretch in the municipality of Cerquilho (SP), where an accident with wagons carrying diesel oil occurred in 2002 and the area is in recovery process since then. Electric resistivity and chargeability were the physical parameters measured from geophysical methods Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization by means of electrical imaging technique. Chemical analysis data collected in the study area were provided by CETESB and compiled. The results analysis allowed to determine that the geophysical methods were sensitive to the contaminants in the study area and delimit residual and dissolved phase and contamination plume features.

In the early 1990’s, a lot of work was focused on extending the kraft cook to a low lignin content (low kappa number). The driving force was the need to further reduce the environmental impact of the bleaching, as less delignification work would be needed there. However, the delignification during the residual phase of a kraft cook is very slow and, due to its poor selectivity, it is a limiting factor for the lignin removal. If the amount of lignin reacting according to the residual phase could be reduced, it would be possible to improve the selectivity of the kraft cook. In the work described in this thesis, special attention has been given to the activation energy of the slowly reacting residual phase of a kraft cook on softwood raw material and to the influence of different cooking parameters on the amount of the residual phase lignin. The activation energy of the residual phase delignification of the kraft cook was shown to be higher than that of the bulk phase delignification. In order to decrease the amount of residual phase lignin, it was essential to have a high concentration of hydrogen sulphide ions when cooking with a low hydroxide concentration. It was also important to avoid a high sodium ion concentration when cooking with low hydroxide and low hydrogen sulphide ion concentrations. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that dissolved wood components had a positive effect on the delignification rate in the bulk phase of a kraft cook. The influence of different cooking parameters in the extended softwood kraft process on the bleachability (i.e. the ease with which the pulps can be bleached to a target brightness) of the manufactured pulp was also investigated. If variations in bleachability were seen, an attempt would also be made to find chemical reasons to explain the differences. It was difficult to establish clear relationships between the chemical structures of the residual lignin and the bleachability of the pulp. However, it was seen that the higher the content of β-aryl ether structures in the residual lignin after cooking, the better was the QPQP*-bleachability. In the middle/end of the 1990’s, the focus moved from extended cooking to efficient utilisation of the wood raw material, e.g. by interrupting the kraft cook at higher kappa number levels and choosing appropriate cooking conditions to maximise the cooking yield. A high cooking yield often leads to a somewhat higher hexenuronic acid (HexA) content of the pulp at a given kappa number. Therefore additional attention was devoted to how the HexA content and carbohydrate composition were affected, e.g. by a set of cooking parameters. Performing these studies it was also important to investigate the effects of a low HexA (after cooking) strategy on such vital factors as the cooking yield, the bleachability and the yellowing characteristics of the pulp obtained. It proved to be difficult to significantly reduce the HexA content in a kraft pulp by altering the cooking conditions for both softwood and the hardwood Eucalyptus Globulus. A reduction in HexA content can be achieved by extending the cook to lower kappa numbers, or by using a high hydroxide concentration, a low hydrogen sulphide concentration or a high sodium ion concentration. However, neither of these strategies is attractive for industrial implementation since they would result in an extensive loss of yield, viscosity and strength. / <p>QC 20100825</p>

Le travail presente dans ce memoire a pour objet principal l'etude des phenomenes de bruit du fond electrique basse frequence dans des transistors pour applications micro-ondes de type effet de champ (HEMT) sur SiGe et GaN ainsi que de type bipolaire a heterojonction (TBH) a base de silicium-germanium (SiGe). Dans un premier chapitre nous rappelons les caracteristiques et proprietes essentielles des sources de bruit en exces que l'on rencontre generalement dans ce type de composants et proposons une description des bancs de mesure de bruit mis en oeuvre. Dans les deuxieme et troisieme chapitres, nous proposons une analyse detaillee de l'evolution du bruit observe en fonction de la frequence, de la polarisation, et de la geometrie sur des HEMTs des deux familles technologiques SiGe et GaN. Nous avons en particulier etudie les deux generateurs de bruit en courant en entree et en sortie respectivement iG et iD ainsi que leur correlation. Ceci nous a permis, en nous appuyant aussi sur l'analyse des caracteristiques statiques des transistors, d'identifier les diverses sources de bruit en exces presentes dans ces composants et de faire des hypotheses sur leurs origines. Le dernier chapitre est consacre aux TBHs a base de SiGe. Dans une premiere partie nous etablissons comment varie le bruit basse frequence de TBHs, fabriques par un premier constructeur, en fonction de la polarisation, de la geometrie et de la fraction molaire de germanium. Dans une seconde partie nous mettons en evidence, d'apres nos observations effectuees sur des TBHs fabriques par un second constructeur, l'impact important sur le bruit BF de stress thermiques appliques sur ce type de composants.