Tillage practices have changed dramatically during the past several decades as agricultural specialists have recognized the unfavorable environmental effects of mechanized tillage. Alternatively, conservation tillage management can mitigate adverse environmental impacts of tillage, such as soil and water degradation. Adoption of conservation tillage has continued to increase since its first introduction, which raises questions of when and where it is practiced. Spatial and temporal specifics of tillage practices form important dimensions for development of effective crop management practices and policies.  Because Landsat has been and will continue to image the Earth globally, it provides opportunities for systematic mapping of crop residue cover (CRC) /tillage practices. Thus, the overall objective of this study is to develop methodologies to improve our ability to monitor crop management across different landscapes in a time-efficient and cost-effective manner using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery, which is addressed in three separate studies. The first study found that previous efforts to estimate CRC along a continuum using Landsat-based tillage indices were unsuccessful because they neglected the key temporal changes in agricultural surfaces caused by tilling, planting, and crop emergence at the start of the growing season. The first study addressed this difficulty by extracting minimum values of multi-temporal NDTI (Normalized Difference Tillage Index) spectral profiles, designated here as the minNDTI method. The minNDTI improves crop residue estimation along a continuum (R2 = 0.87) as well as tillage classification accuracy (overall accuracy > 90%).   A second study evaluated effectiveness of the minNDTI approach for assessing CRC at multiple locations over several years, and compared minNDTI to hyperspectral tillage index (CAI), and the ASTER tillage index (SINDRI). The minNDTI is effective across four different locations (R2 of 0.56 ~ 0.93). The third study, built upon the second study, addressed the Landsat ETM+ missing data issue, and devised methodologies for producing field-level tillage data at broad scales (multiple counties).  In summary, this research demonstrates that the minNDTI technique is currently the best alternative for monitoring CRC and tillage practices from space, and provides a foundation for monitoring crop residue cover at broad spatial and temporal scales. / Ph. D.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第20769号 / 農博第2252号 / 新制||農||1054(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H29||N5089(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 舟川 晋也, 教授 間藤 徹, 教授 縄田 栄治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The amount of available biomass feedstock and associated cost components were analyzed to determine the potential increase in energy capacity of two existing combined heat and power plants in Mississippi. The amount of corn stover and forest logging residue within a 10-mile radius can satisfy the existing requirements of CHP plants in Scott (1 MW) and Washington counties (5 MW). Transporting feedstock within a smaller source area had lower transportation costs, but higher total unit cost than the two other source buffer scenarios. However, capital costs associated with higher plant capacities were significantly higher and plant expansion may not be economically advantageous. Increasing the CHP capacity from 1 MW to 2 MW in Scott county and 5 MW to 10 MW in Washington county might be a sustainable approach by drawing feedstock from a smaller area and at lower utilization rates, while keeping transportation costs low.

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[pt] Esta tese apresenta um novo modelo para a avaliação de recalques em aterros de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Trata-se de um modelo unidimensional, onde os recalques resultam da ação de duas componentes, uma mecânica e outra biológica, que permite a avaliação da evolução das variações de volume do aterro com o tempo. A componente mecânica é caracterizada por um recalque imediato, causado pela redução da macroporosidade e pela drenagem de líquidos e gases presentes na massa de resíduos no instante da disposição devido à ação das cargas aplicadas, e por uma componente de longo prazo, originada pela deformação lenta da estrutura dos resíduos. A componente biológica é resultado dos processos de decomposição que ocorrem no interior dos aterros, onde a contínua transferência de massa da fase sólida para as fases líquida e, principalmente, gasosa, causa uma redução de volume dos resíduos. Por hipótese, os parâmetros utilizados na avaliação das duas componentes não variam com tempo. O comportamento dos resíduos é analisado a partir de propriedades de suas frações constituintes, possibilitando, desta forma, a análise de situações onde ocorram variações da composição e das condições operacionais. O modelo também permite a análise de aterros com construção em etapas e realização de ensaios de carregamento. Diversos casos históricos, coletados na literatura, foram simulados. Os resultados obtidos com o modelo mostraram-se bastante semelhantes aos de campo, indicando ser válido o conjunto de hipóteses adotadas. Na análise desses casos constatou-se uma falta de padronização na apresentação ou mesmo inexistência das informações necessárias às simulações com o modelo, tornando-se indispensável a adoção de hipóteses, sendo estas fundamentadas em aspectos físicos e observacionais. O modelo mostrou-se bastante versátil, podendo ser adaptado facilmente a novos problemas, incluindo a variação dos parâmetros com o tempo. / [en] This thesis presents a new model to evaluate settlements in municipal solid waste fills. It refers to a one dimensional model in which the settlements result from two components, one due to mechanical behavior and the other from biological degradation. The mechanical component is formed by an immediate settlement, in which the load application results in a reduction of the macroporosity and drainage of liquids and gases, and by a long term settlement, associated with waste structure creep. The biological component is a result of the decomposition processes occurring within the waste mass, in which the continuous mass transference from solid phase to liquid and, mainly, to gaseous phase, that causes a waste volume reduction. It was assumed that the parameters used to evaluate both components does not vary with time. The waste behavior is analyzed from its fractions properties, allowing the analysis of problems where the composition and operational conditions change with time. The model can also consider staggered construction of the fill and the simulation of load tests.Several historical cases obtained from literature were simulated. The results of the simulations presented a good representation of the field data, validating the adopted set of hypothesis. During the analysis it was observed a lack of standardization in the way the data are presented and even an absence of data as required by the developed model. In such cases, some hypothesis were adopted based on physical and observational criteria.The developed model was shown to be versatile and can easily be adapted to new problems, including the change of properties of the waste mass with time.

Residue coupling in protein families has received much attention as an important indicator toward predicting protein structures and revealing functional insight into proteins. Existing coupling methods identify largely pairwise couplings and express couplings over amino acid combinations, which do not yield a mechanistic explanation. Most of these methods primarily use a multiple protein sequence alignment---most likely a resultant alignment---which better exposes couplings and is obtained through manual tweaking of an alignment constructed by a classical alignment algorithm. Classical alignment algorithms primarily focus on capturing conservations and may not fully unveil couplings in the alignment. In this dissertation, we propose methods for capturing both pairwise and higher-order couplings in protein families. Our methods provide mechanistic explanations for couplings using physicochemical properties of amino acids and discernibility between orders. We also investigate a method for mining frequent episodes---called coupled patterns---in an alignment produced by a classical algorithm for proteins and for exploiting the coupled patterns for improving the alignment quality in terms of exposition of couplings. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods on a large collection of sequence datasets for protein families. / Ph. D.

Interconnection layers fabricated during back end of line processing in semiconductor manufacturing involve dry etching of a low-k material and deposition of copper and metal barriers to create copper/dielectric stacks. After plasma etching steps used to form the trenches and vias in the dielectric, post etch residues (PER) that consist of organic polymer, metal oxides and fluorides, form on top of copper and low-k dielectric sidewalls. Currently, most semiconductor companies use semi aqueous fluoride (SAF) based formulations containing organic solvent(s) for PER removal. Unfortunately, these formulations adversely impact the environmental health and safety (EHS) requirements of the semiconductor industry. Environmentally friendly "green" formulations, free of organic solvents, are preferred as alternatives to remove PER. In this work, a novel low temperature molten salt system, referred as deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been explored as a back end of line cleaning (BEOL) formulation. Specifically, the DES system comprised of two benign chemicals, malonic acid (MA) and choline chloride (CC), is a liquid at room temperature. In certain cases, the formulation was modified by the addition of glacial acetic acid (HAc). Using these formulations, selective removal of three types of PER generated by timed CF₄/O₂ etching of DUV PR films on Cu was achieved. Type I PER was mostly organic in character (fluorocarbon polymer type) and had a measured thickness of 160 nm. Type II PER was much thinner (25 nm) and consisted of a mixture of organic and inorganic compounds (copper fluorides). Further etching generated 17 nm thick Type III PER composed of copper fluorides and oxides. Experiments were also conducted on patterned structures. Cleaning was performed by immersing samples in a temperature controlled (30 or 40° C) double jacketed vessel for a time between 1 and 5 minutes. Effectiveness of cleaning was characterized using SEM, XPS and single frequency impedance measurements. Type II and III residues, which contained copper compounds were removed in CC/MA DES within five minutes through dissolution and subsequent complexation of copper by malonic acid. Removal of Type I PER required the addition of glacial acetic acid to the DES formulation. Single frequency impedance measurement appears to be a good in situ method to follow the removal of the residues. High water solubility of the components of the system in conjunction with their environmental friendly nature, make the DES an attractive alternative to SAF.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao _Leonora Milagre de Souza.pdf: 965865 bytes, checksum: e8839b11b69dccbdd9fd61b7554b691b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-21 / The residue generated in Water Treatment Plant (WTP) are derived from different stages of water treatment, especially the discharge of decanters. The most common practice in Brazil is the residue disposal directly into rivers, causing negative impacts to the environment. In general, the WTP have difficulties in managing the residue because the high costs of transportation and disposal, the steady increase in the consumption of chemicals, among other complicating factors. Aiming to reduce the coagulant used in the process and improving the characteristics of the residues for the outflow, this research examined the effects of biosolids application decanter of WTP in the processes of coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation of water treatment. Through laboratory tests, using Jar Test, there were three series of tests, each one using gross water with distinct turbidity. In these trials were used differents dosages of aluminum sulfate and applied to WTP samples with different concentrations of total solids suspended (TSS). After the Jar Test, the decanted water was characterized as turbidity and color, solids and coliforms were not found significant changes in their quality. For most situations, the residue application in treatment has reduced the coagulant in the range 50% to 60%. The increased turbidity of gross water allowed the application of more concentrated residue without reducing the efficiency of treatment in terms of turbidity removal. Regarding the sedimented material in the Jar Test, the decreasing of the dosage of coagulant favored the reduction of the occupied volume by the material, independent of the concentration of residue applied. The specific resistance of sedimented material was higher when compared to the situation without the application in virtually all studied situations. For water with 100 NTU and implementation of residue greater than 7.500 mg/L, and water with 210 NTU and residue less than 8.600 mg/L there was improvement in the sedimentability. The dewatering ability of the sediments by centrifugation was also improved with the application of the residue with 3.642 mg/L and 75% of the coagulant, and 7.500 mg/L using 50% of coagulant. The chemical conditioning by nonionic polyelectrolyte did not improved in the dewatering of sedimented material, but in improving water quality supernatant. Based on this study it was noticed that the application of WTP residue in water treatment was satisfactory as for the analyzed parameters, considering the dosage of coagulant used and the residue applied. / Os resíduos gerados nas Estações de Tratamento de Água (ETAs) são decorrentes das diversas etapas do tratamento da água, em especial da descarga de decantadores. A prática mais comum no Brasil de disposição desse resíduo é diretamente em corpos hídricos, podendo causar impactos negativos ao meio ambiente. Em geral, as ETAs apresentam dificuldades no gerenciamento dos resíduos devido os altos custos com transporte e disposição, o aumento constante no consumo de produtos químicos, dentre outros complicadores. Visando a redução de coagulante utilizado no processo e a melhoria das características desse resíduo para o deságue, a presente pesquisa analisou os efeitos da aplicação do resíduo de decantador de Estação de Tratamento de ETA (ETA) nos processos de coagulação, floculação e sedimentação do tratamento de água. Por meio de ensaios laboratoriais, utilizando Jar Test, foram realizadas três séries de ensaios, cada uma utilizando água bruta com turbidez distinta. Nesses ensaios foram empregadas dosagens variadas de sulfato de alumínio e aplicadas amostras de resíduo da ETA com concentrações de sólidos suspensos totais (SST) diferentes. Após a realização dos ensaios de Jar Test, a água decantada foi caracterizada quanto à turbidez, cor aparente, concentração de sólidos e coliformes, não sendo verificadas alterações significativas em sua qualidade. Para a maioria das situações, a aplicação do resíduo no tratamento possibilitou a redução de coagulante na faixa de 50% a 60%. O aumento da turbidez da água bruta permitiu a aplicação do resíduo mais concentrado, sem reduzir a eficiência do tratamento quanto a remoção de turbidez. Com relação ao material sedimentado gerado nos ensaios de Jar Test, a redução da dosagem de coagulante favoreceu a redução do volume ocupado pelo material, independente da concentração de resíduo aplicado. A resistência específica do material sedimentado foi maior se comparada à situação sem aplicação do resíduo, em praticamente todas as situações estudadas. Para a água com 100 UNT e aplicação do resíduo maior que 7.500 mg/L, e água com 210 UNT e resíduo menor que 8.600 mg/L houve melhora na sedimentabilidade. O deságue do material sedimentado por meio de centrifugação também melhorou com a aplicação dos resíduos com 3.642 mg/L e 75% de coagulante, e 7.500 mg/L utilizando 50% de coagulante. O condicionamento químico por meio de polieletrólito não iônico não auxiliou no desaguamento do material sedimentado, e sim na melhoria da qualidade da água sobrenadante. Baseado neste estudo percebeu-se que a aplicação do resíduo da ETA no tratamento de água foi satisfatória quanto aos parâmetros analisados, devendo ser levada em consideração a dosagem de coagulante empregada e a concentração do resíduo aplicado.

År 2012 publicerades en sammanfattande syntesrapport från Energimyndigheten (2012). Rapporten fann bevis på att grotuttaget låg på ca 14 TWh/år. Rapporten visar också att Sveriges skogar kan hantera upp till 24 TWh/ år utan att orsaka allvarliga konsekvenser på omgivningen eller nästkommande generationer av träd. Studien beräknade grotens potentiella uttag utifrån insamlade analyser av markkemi, tekniska verktyg och uppskattningar. Dagens rapporter angående ämnet estimerar potentialen till ungefär densamma med en liten höjning till ca 27-30 TWh/år. Detta har satts i relation till hur olika hyggeslagrings tekniker påverkar det möjliga uttaget av grot tillsammans med hur kemin i marken påverkar trädens tillväxt och omgivningen. Grotuttaget gick ner till ca 8-9 TWh/år från år 2012 till 2019, från 14 TWh/år. Eftersom skogsägarna i Sydsverige är privatbrukare och behöver gå runt ekonomiskt för att kunna fortsätta sina verksamheter leder detta till att grotuttaget följer kostnadseffektiviteten av grot i sverige. I framtiden uppskattas det att grotuttaget kan öka drastiskt. Beroende på hur utvecklingen sker kan det verkliga uttaget skilja stort med många påverkande faktorer som t.ex. kostnadseffektivitet och utveckling av andra energikällor. / In 2012 a synthesis report was published by ”Energimyndigheten (2012)”. The report states that forest residues used as bioenergy represents around 14 TWh/year. The report also shows that Swedish forests can manage an outtake of up to 24 TWh/year without suffering from serious consequences, -on the plantation grounds or for, the next coming generation of trees. The study calculated the potential residue of forest outtake from collected analysis of soil chemistry, technical tools and estimations. Recent reports on forest residue outlet estimates a potential of about the same as 2012 with a slight rise to approximately 27-30 TWh/year. This has been put into relation of how different logging storage techniques affect the trees growth, the plantation grounds and the surroundings. The forest residue outlet went down to between 8-9 TWh/year from 2012-2019. This is because the main part of the forests in southern Sweden belongs to private owners and who experienced a decreasing economy to sell their residue. That leads to a problem, where the actual forest residue outlet is heavily dependent on the cost efficiency of forest residues. In the future it is estimated that the forest residue outlet can increase drastically. Depending on how the development proceed, the future outlet of forest residues may differ greatly depending on the future cost efficiency and how other energy sources develop and progress.

Um dos principais entraves na cultura da cana-de-açúcar quanto à sustentabilidade do solo é o manejo da cultura e da colheita. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os estoques de C e sua dinâmica em diferentes frações da MOS (matéria orgânica do solo) em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar sob os manejos com e sem queima e, sob adubação orgânica com diferentes períodos de adoção (4 e 12 anos), tendo uma área de vegetação nativa (Cerradão) como referência. As áreas localizam-se em Goianésia-GO, sendo todas representativas da classe dos Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelo distróficos. Foram avaliados os teores de C e N do solo e seus respectivos estoques, além dos teores de C e N e, das abundâncias isotópicas do 13C e 15N para as frações organominerais < 53 ?m, 75-53 ?m e 2000- 75 ?m (fração orgânica e organomineral) da MOS. De posse desses resultados, objetivou-se simular a capacidade máxima de acúmulo de C, a partir do modelo Century, enfatizando os manejos avaliados e texturas de solos contrastantes. Os teores de C foram maiores para o manejo orgânico-4, em relação às demais áreas de cana-de-açúcar avaliadas. Os estoques de C e N foram maiores para as áreas em que o teor de argila foi superior; com queima e orgânica-4. Devido as diferenças entre texturas foram calculados os estoques em função dos ajustes quanto à massa de solo e teores de argila, utilizando-se como referência a vegetação nativa. Dessa forma os maiores estoques foram observados para o manejo orgânica-12. Os resultados para o conteúdo de C da biomassa microbiana (C-BM) mostrou aumento dos em função da melhoria do manejo. Em relação aos teores de C e N das frações da MOS, os manejos orgânicos (orgânica-12 e -4) resultaram nos maiores valores observados, principalmente para a fração organomineral <53 ?m à 5 cm de profundidade. Tais resultados refletiram diretamente sobre os valores de 13C, sua respectiva proporção de C derivado do resíduo C4 e, do 15N, indicando, respectivamente, maior acúmulo e proporção de C proveniente da cultura de canade- açúcar nas frações da MO, além de evidenciar, a partir do 15N, comportamento, quanto ao grau de humificação da MO, mais próximo ao observado para a vegetação nativa. Os resultados do estudo de modelagem enfatizaram a importância da textura do solo bem como as práticas de manejo para o acúmulo de C no solo. Os sistemas de manejo conservacionistas ao contrário da queima resultaram em estoques de C superiores em 78 % e 98 %, quando simulado solo com maior e menor teores de argila, respectivamente. Os resultados suportaram o uso do modelo Century em aplicações práticas de acúmulo de C em solos cultivados com cana-deaçúcar, principalmente, para os estoques de C e os ?13C dos solos avaliados, indicando que o modelo Century pode ser uma importante ferramenta para estabelecer estratégias apropriadas de manejo para aumentar os estoques de C do solo ao longo do tempo. O longo período de avaliação mostrou que conceitos, como o \"steady state\" de C no solo, podem ser investigados via modelagem, como pelo uso do modelo Century. A partir desse estudo foi possível concluir que práticas de manejos conservacionistas tendem a aumentar os estoques de C e N do solo ao longo do tempo e, que esse aumento é fortemente influenciado pelo teor de argila no solo. / One of the main obstacles of sugarcane production in the soil sustainability is the crop management and harvesting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the carbon (C) stocks and dynamics in different SOM fractions in sugarcane systems with or without burning, and under organic fertilization with different periods of adoption (4 and 12) and an area of native vegetation (Cerradão) used as a reference. The study areas are located in Goianésia, GO, all representatives of Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelo distróficos (Oxisols Hapludox distrofic). We evaluated C and N soil contents and natural isotopic abundances 13C e 15N to organominerals fractions < 53 ?m, 75-53 ?m e 2000-75 ?m (organic and organomineral fractions) of SOM. With these results, we aimed to simulate the maximum accumulation of C, by using the Century model, emphasizing different management practices and contrasting soil textures. The C contents were higher for organic-4, in relation to the other areas of sugarcane evaluated. The stocks of C and N were higher for areas where the clay content was higher (burning and organic-4). Due to the difference between soil texture we calculated stocks according to the adjustments on the equivalent mass of soil and clay content, with reference to the native vegetation and thus the largest stocks were observed for organic-12. The C from microbial biomass (C-BM) showed increased in the (C-BM) levels, due to improved management. Regarding the levels of C and N fractions of SOM, the organic-12 and organic-4 resulted in the highest values, especially for OM fraction < 53 ?m (organomineral) to 5 cm depth. These results reflected directly on the values of 13C, the respective proportion of C derived from C4 residue and the 15N, indicating, respectively, greater accumulation and proportion of C derived from the sugarcane in SOM fractions, and evidence from the 15N closer behavior to that observed for native vegetation, relative of OM humification degree. The results of the modeling study emphasized the importance of soil texture and management practices for soil C accumulation. The conservation management system resulted in higher C stocks, by 78% and 98% when simulated soil with higher and lower clay contents, respectively. The results supported the use of the Century model in practical applications of C accumulation in soils cultivated with sugarcane, especially for C stocks and 13C of soils evaluated, indicating that the Century model can be an important tool to establish appropriate management strategies to increase soil C stocks over time. The long period of evaluation showed that concepts such as the \"steady state\" of soil carbon, can be investigated via modeling. We concluded that the practices of the conservation tillage systems tend to increase the stocks of C and N in the soil over time, and this increase is strongly influenced by the clay content in the soil.