O uso de agregados convencionais, tais como brita graduada de rocha sã, em bases e subbases de rodovias tem se tornado praticamente inviável em algumas regiões do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O alto custo de exploração, distância de transporte, escassez destes materiais e preocupação com o meio ambiente tem dificultado sua obtenção. Por outro lado, o crescimento econômico acelerado exige estradas pavimentadas que facilitem o fluxo de cargas e a comunicação entre as regiões. Soluções economicamente viáveis que divirjam da prática atual e mantenham a trafegabilidade nestas regiões são necessárias e deverão ser utilizadas cada vez mais pelos engenheiros rodoviários. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo proporcionar um resgate histórico da construção de trechos experimentais pavimentados com materiais alternativos, localizados em quatro rodovias do Estado. Estas rodovias foram pavimentadas utilizando materiais locais como plintossolo da Planície Costeira, basalto alterado da região do Planalto e lateritas da região das Missões. O desempenho dos trechos experimentais foi analisado a partir de levantamentos periódicos dos defeitos funcionais e estruturais dos pavimentos. Trincheiras foram abertas para o conhecimento das espessuras das camadas da estrutura e coleta de materiais para caracterização em laboratório. Os módulos de resiliência das camadas constituídas de materiais alternativos retroanalisados através de programa computacional serviram como parâmetros para o entendimento do comportamento estrutural dos pavimentos. As análises de desempenho destes pavimentos permitiram a sugestão de uma proposta de manutenção para estas rodovias. / The use of conventional aggregates such as graded crushed stone of bed rock, in bases and sub-bases of roads has become virtually unviable in some regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The high cost of exploration, distance of transport, lack of quarries and concern for the environment has hindered its use. On the other hand, the rapid economic growth requires paved roads to facilitate the flow of cargo and communication between regions. Economically feasible solutions that differ from current practice and maintain traffic flow in these regions are needed and should be increasingly used by roads engineers. This thesis aims to provide an historical rescue of experimental sections built with alternative materials, located in four state highways. These roads were built using local materials like Plintossolo Coastal Plain, weathered basalt in the Plateau Region and laterites in the Missions Region. The performance of the experimental lengths was analyzed using the periodic surveying of pavements. Trenches were opened to determine the thicknesses of the structure layers and sampled for laboratory characterization. The resilient moduli of the layers formed of alternative materials were calculated through back analysis using computer programs. They were used as parameters for understanding the structural behavior of pavements. Despite the lack of proper maintenance, the pavement formed with structure composed of alternative materials showed a good performance. Analyses of performance of these pavements have allowed for the suggestion of a proposal for the maintenance of these roads.

O uso de agregados convencionais, tais como brita graduada de rocha sã, em bases e subbases de rodovias tem se tornado praticamente inviável em algumas regiões do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O alto custo de exploração, distância de transporte, escassez destes materiais e preocupação com o meio ambiente tem dificultado sua obtenção. Por outro lado, o crescimento econômico acelerado exige estradas pavimentadas que facilitem o fluxo de cargas e a comunicação entre as regiões. Soluções economicamente viáveis que divirjam da prática atual e mantenham a trafegabilidade nestas regiões são necessárias e deverão ser utilizadas cada vez mais pelos engenheiros rodoviários. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo proporcionar um resgate histórico da construção de trechos experimentais pavimentados com materiais alternativos, localizados em quatro rodovias do Estado. Estas rodovias foram pavimentadas utilizando materiais locais como plintossolo da Planície Costeira, basalto alterado da região do Planalto e lateritas da região das Missões. O desempenho dos trechos experimentais foi analisado a partir de levantamentos periódicos dos defeitos funcionais e estruturais dos pavimentos. Trincheiras foram abertas para o conhecimento das espessuras das camadas da estrutura e coleta de materiais para caracterização em laboratório. Os módulos de resiliência das camadas constituídas de materiais alternativos retroanalisados através de programa computacional serviram como parâmetros para o entendimento do comportamento estrutural dos pavimentos. As análises de desempenho destes pavimentos permitiram a sugestão de uma proposta de manutenção para estas rodovias. / The use of conventional aggregates such as graded crushed stone of bed rock, in bases and sub-bases of roads has become virtually unviable in some regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The high cost of exploration, distance of transport, lack of quarries and concern for the environment has hindered its use. On the other hand, the rapid economic growth requires paved roads to facilitate the flow of cargo and communication between regions. Economically feasible solutions that differ from current practice and maintain traffic flow in these regions are needed and should be increasingly used by roads engineers. This thesis aims to provide an historical rescue of experimental sections built with alternative materials, located in four state highways. These roads were built using local materials like Plintossolo Coastal Plain, weathered basalt in the Plateau Region and laterites in the Missions Region. The performance of the experimental lengths was analyzed using the periodic surveying of pavements. Trenches were opened to determine the thicknesses of the structure layers and sampled for laboratory characterization. The resilient moduli of the layers formed of alternative materials were calculated through back analysis using computer programs. They were used as parameters for understanding the structural behavior of pavements. Despite the lack of proper maintenance, the pavement formed with structure composed of alternative materials showed a good performance. Analyses of performance of these pavements have allowed for the suggestion of a proposal for the maintenance of these roads.

Um dos maiores problemas do setor da fundição de metais é a produção de resíduos sólidos, constituídos basicamente pelas areias residuais. Geralmente, o uso de aditivos e ligantes no processo de fundição limita a reutilização da areia, o que obriga as indústrias a destinar esse resíduo a depósitos de descarte, apesar da boa qualidade que a areia apresenta para outros usos, principalmente na engenharia civil. No Brasil, a produção de fundidos em 2006 alcançou três milhões de toneladas, com a geração de, aproximadamente, uma tonelada de resíduo para cada tonelada de metal produzida. Nesse sentido, procuram-se alternativas para reutilizar a areia de fundição em grandes quantidades, que permitam reduzir os custos de descarte pelas siderúrgicas e a utilização na construção de pavimentos fornece oportunidades para o reuso nas diferentes camadas estruturais. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o reaproveitamento da areia de fundição como material de construção em sub-bases e bases de rodovias, através de sua incorporação a solos argilosos lateríticos da região de Sertãozinho/SP, que tem grande produção de fundidos e, conseqüentemente, de resíduos e também carece de jazidas de solos arenosos para a construção de rodovias e vias urbanas. No estudo foi utilizada a técnica de montagem de solos artificiais a partir de dois solos lateríticos argilosos e do resíduo areia de fundição e da areia virgem. Os solos artificiais foram submetidos aos ensaios de: limite de liquidez e plasticidade, granulometria por peneiramento e sedimentação, mini-MCV, perda de massa por imersão, mini-CBR, expansão, contração, infiltrabilidade e permeabilidade em corpos-de-prova de dimensões reduzidas e na energia intermediária, CBR na energia intermediária e triaxial dinâmico. Para determinar a periculosidade do resíduo foram executados ensaios ambientais de massa bruta, lixiviação e solubilização. A partir dos resultados obtidos nestes ensaios foi possível analisar a variação das propriedades tecnológicas e ambientais dos solos em função do teor de areia de fundição adicionada. Os solos lateríticos argilosos com 60% de areia de fundição adicionada apresentaram propriedades mecânicas que atendem as especificações do DER-SP (1991) e do Manual de Pavimentação do DNIT (2006). Os ensaios ambientais mostraram que a areia de fundição, utilizada nesta pesquisa, apresenta características que se enquadram dentro dos parâmetros da CETESB, o que permite que o resíduo seja avaliado para seu reaproveitamento na construção de rodovias. Com base na análise dos resultados conclui-se que o resíduo areia de fundição é de uso promissor nas camadas de base e sub-base de rodovias de baixo volume de tráfego. / One of the biggest problems of the foundry industry is the solid residues production, constituted basically by sands. The use of additives and binders in the foundry process reduces the reuse of the sand and the remainder is discarded in industrial landfills or stockpiled on site, although the good quality of the sand as aggregate for manufactured products such as Portland cement, asphalts and geotechnical applications such as road bases, structural fills, embankments and manufactured soils. The foundry production, in year 2007, in Brazil, exceeded three millions tons, and it is had that for each ton of produced metal, a ton of foundry residue results approximately. The long term sustainability, economics and reuse practices suggest that alternative use practices must be done for the foundry sand and the roadways construction supply such opportunities. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the reuse of foundry sand as a construction material for road bases and sub-bases, trough its incorporation to clay lateritic soils from Sertaozinho, Sao Paulo state region. This region has a highly production of foundry metals and residues, and does not have natural sandy soils deposits for the construction of highways and urban roads. The technique used in this study was de soil assembly; foundry sand and virgin sand were mixed with two clay lateritic soils in different proportions. Tests were made in the soil-sand mixes to evaluate the sand addition influence in the mechanic soil behaviour, which are: liquid limit and plastic limit, granulometry, mini-MCV, immersion lost mass, mini-CBR at the intermediate energy, expansion, contraction, CBR at the intermediate energy, infiltrability, permeability and dynamic triaxial. Also, environment tests - leaching and solubility - were made to establish the hazard of the foundry sand. The results show that lateritic clay soils with 60% of foundry sand added has adequate mechanical properties to be used as base and sub-base material for low traffic pavements, according to the DER-SP(1991) specifications and the DNIT Manual Pavement (2006). The environment tests indicate that the foundry sand residue, used in this work, has promising use in road bases and sub-bases.

O uso de agregados convencionais, tais como brita graduada de rocha sã, em bases e subbases de rodovias tem se tornado praticamente inviável em algumas regiões do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O alto custo de exploração, distância de transporte, escassez destes materiais e preocupação com o meio ambiente tem dificultado sua obtenção. Por outro lado, o crescimento econômico acelerado exige estradas pavimentadas que facilitem o fluxo de cargas e a comunicação entre as regiões. Soluções economicamente viáveis que divirjam da prática atual e mantenham a trafegabilidade nestas regiões são necessárias e deverão ser utilizadas cada vez mais pelos engenheiros rodoviários. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo proporcionar um resgate histórico da construção de trechos experimentais pavimentados com materiais alternativos, localizados em quatro rodovias do Estado. Estas rodovias foram pavimentadas utilizando materiais locais como plintossolo da Planície Costeira, basalto alterado da região do Planalto e lateritas da região das Missões. O desempenho dos trechos experimentais foi analisado a partir de levantamentos periódicos dos defeitos funcionais e estruturais dos pavimentos. Trincheiras foram abertas para o conhecimento das espessuras das camadas da estrutura e coleta de materiais para caracterização em laboratório. Os módulos de resiliência das camadas constituídas de materiais alternativos retroanalisados através de programa computacional serviram como parâmetros para o entendimento do comportamento estrutural dos pavimentos. As análises de desempenho destes pavimentos permitiram a sugestão de uma proposta de manutenção para estas rodovias. / The use of conventional aggregates such as graded crushed stone of bed rock, in bases and sub-bases of roads has become virtually unviable in some regions of Rio Grande do Sul. The high cost of exploration, distance of transport, lack of quarries and concern for the environment has hindered its use. On the other hand, the rapid economic growth requires paved roads to facilitate the flow of cargo and communication between regions. Economically feasible solutions that differ from current practice and maintain traffic flow in these regions are needed and should be increasingly used by roads engineers. This thesis aims to provide an historical rescue of experimental sections built with alternative materials, located in four state highways. These roads were built using local materials like Plintossolo Coastal Plain, weathered basalt in the Plateau Region and laterites in the Missions Region. The performance of the experimental lengths was analyzed using the periodic surveying of pavements. Trenches were opened to determine the thicknesses of the structure layers and sampled for laboratory characterization. The resilient moduli of the layers formed of alternative materials were calculated through back analysis using computer programs. They were used as parameters for understanding the structural behavior of pavements. Despite the lack of proper maintenance, the pavement formed with structure composed of alternative materials showed a good performance. Analyses of performance of these pavements have allowed for the suggestion of a proposal for the maintenance of these roads.

Esta pesquisa apresenta uma contribuição ao entendimento do efeito da variação do estado de tensões e variação de umidade na compactação, na suscetibilidade à deformação permanente dos solos de subleito. Assim, um programa experimental foi desenvolvido considerando as variáveis o estado de tensões e a umidade, que são importantes na análise da evolução da deformação permanente dos solos de subleito. Para esta avaliação, foi utilizado um solo arenoso laterítico proveniente da região de Dois Córregos, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram realizados ensaios de caracterização e ensaios triaxiais de cargas repetidas (módulo de resiliência e deformação permanente). Adicionalmente, foi analisado o efeito do acúmulo de deformação permanente nos valores de módulo de resiliência, que foi efetuado a partir de ensaios realizados antes e após o ensaio de deformação permanente. Além disso, de posse dos resultados de deformação permanente foi verificada a ocorrência do Shakedown. Concluiu-se que um aumento de tensões causa um aumento na deformação permanente, não sendo possível avaliar o efeito da variação de umidade na deformação permanente. Observou-se a ocorrência do Shakedown, porém não foi possível definir seu limite. Não foi possível o enquadramento da deformação permanente no modelo de Monismith, sendo proposto, por meio de regressão múltipla, um modelo para avaliação da deformação permanente, considerando as variáveis, umidade, número de aplicações de carga e estado de tensões. / This research presents a contribution to understanding the effect of the variation of the state of stress and water content in the evolution of the permanent deformation of subgrade soils. A lateritic sandy soil from the region of Dois Córregos, State of São Paulo, Brazil, was used throughout the characterization and triaxial repeated loads tests (resilient module and permanent deformation tests). Additionally, it was analyzed the effect of the accumulation of permanent deformation in the values of resilient module from tests performed before and after the permanent deformation tests, as well as it was verified the occurrence of Shakedown. It was concluded that an increase of stress causes an increase in permanent deformation, but it was not possible to evaluate the effect of the variation of moisture content in permanent deformation. It was also observed the occurrence of Shakedown, but it was not possible to set its limit. Furthermore, it was not possible to fit the permanent deformation testing data in the model of Monismith, being proposed, by means of multiple regression, a model for the assessment of permanent deformation considering the variables moisture content, number of load applications and state of stress.

Recently, there has been growing interest on the behaviour of unbound granular material in road base layers. Researchers have studied that the design of a new pavement and prediction of service life need proper characterization of unbound granular materials, which is one of the requirements for a new mechanistic design method in flexible pavement. Adequate knowledge of the strength and deformation characteristics of unbound layer in pavements is a prerequisite for proper thickness design, residual life determination, and overall economic optimization of the pavement structure. The current knowledge concerning the granular materials employed in pavement structures is limited. In addition, to date, no general framework has been established to explain satisfactorily the behaviour of unbound granular materials under the complex repeated loading which they experience. In this study, a conceptual method, packing theory-based model is introduced; this framework evaluates the stability and performance of granular materials based on their packing arrangement. In the framework two basic aggregate structures named as Primary Structure (PS), and Secondary Structure (SS). The Primary Structure (PS) is a range of interactive grain sizes that forms the network of unbound granular materials. The Secondary Structure (SS) includes granular materials smaller than the primary structure. The Secondary Structures fill the gaps between the particles in the Primary Structure and larger particles essentially float in the skeleton. In this particular packing theory-based model; the Primary Structure porosity, the average contact points (coordination number) of Primary Structure, and a new parameter named Disruption Potential are the key parameters that determine whether or not a particular gradation results in a suitable aggregate structure. Parameters mentioned above play major role in the aggregate skeleton to perform well in terms of resistance to permanent deformation as well as load carrying capacity (resilient modulus). The skeleton of the materials must be composed of both coarse enough and a limited amount of fine granular materials to effectively resist deformation and carry traffic loads. / QC 20120601

The Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) which is widely used for the rational design of pavements has three different design levels (i.e., Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3) that are typically based on the resources and the level of risk associated for a given project. Specifically, Level 2 design requires the estimation of the resilient modulus, MR (which is the key parameter in the mechanistic design procedures) from simple experiments such as the California Bearing Ratio (CBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and R-value tests. In this study, a technique is proposed for estimation of MR from CBR that can be used in Level 2 designs of pavements. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) is a relatively inexpensive laboratory test which provides a measure of the strength of a soil. The CBR test can easily be performed as the experimental procedure is relatively straightforward to execute. The CBR test procedure widely used and is simple, however the fundamental engineering principles governing CBR tests do not realistically describe the mechanical behavior of pavements. Due to this reason, there has been a significant interest to design pavements using a mechanistic approach such as the resilient modulus (MR). The MR test method provides an indication of the stiffness of pavement materials under cyclic loads, which closely represents the typical loading conditions that are experienced by pavements. MR is a reliable method as it considers the cyclic loading (i.e., resilient response) of pavements. However, it has one major drawback as the triaxial testing equipment used for measurement of the MR is relatively costly, testing is complex and requires trained professional to perform them. The CBR and MR are both used in present day practice to evaluate the strength of pavement materials. However, the CBR is widely used because of its relatively low cost and the vast experience with its use in the design of pavements. The common trend in today’s practice is to estimate the MR from CBR as evident in most pavement design procedures used around the world. For instance, the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (AASHTO 2008) suggests that the MR may be estimated from standard tests like the CBR for design of Level 2 pavements. Numerous studies in the literature propose relationships between CBR and MR, but only a hand full of these studies takes account of the effect of matric suction, 𝜓 which is a key stress state variable that describes the rational behavior of unsaturated soils. This thesis document includes the explanation of a modified CBR test equipment capable of measuring unsaturated properties (𝜓 and water content) of specimens subjected to wetting and drying. In addition, some correlations were developed using the measured CBR data and the data of MR from other studies. The results provide useful information for Level 2 mechanistic-empirical design of pavement structures for various soils in the province of Ontario.

No description available.

Full-depth reclamation (FDR) is an increasingly common technique that is used to rehabilitate flexible pavements. Implementation of FDR on rehabilitation projects produces several desirable benefits. However, these benefits are not fully realized due to the fact that state department of transportation specifications typically limit the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content of pavement base material to 50 percent. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of RAP content, cement content, temperature, curing time, curing condition, and moisture state on the strength, stiffness, and deformation characteristics of cement-treated base (CTB) mixtures containing high percentages of RAP.For this research, one aggregate base material and one RAP material were used for all samples. RAP content ranged from 0 to 100 percent in increments of 25 percent, and low, medium, and high cement levels corresponding to 7-day unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values of 200, 400, and 600 psi, respectively, were selected for testing. Moisture-density, UCS, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation tests were performed for various combinations of factors, and several statistical analyses were utilized to evaluate the results of the UCS, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation testing.The results of this work show that CTB containing RAP can be made to achieve 7-day UCS values approaching 600 psi regardless of RAP content. With regards to stiffness, the data collected in this study indicate that the resilient modulus of CTB containing RAP is affected by temperature in the range from 72 to 140°F for the low cement level. Permanent deformation of CTB containing RAP is significantly affected by RAP content and cement level at the test temperature of 140°F. At the low cement level, temperature is also a significant variable. As the 7-day UCS reaches approximately 400 psi, permanent deformation is reduced to negligible quantities. The results of this research indicate that the inverse relationship observed between permanent deformation and 7-day UCS is statistically significant.Given that the principle conclusion from this work is that CTB with high RAP contents can perform satisfactorily as a base material when a sufficient amount of cement is applied, agencies currently specifying limits on the percentage of RAP that can be used as a part of reclaimed base material in the FDR process should reevaluate their policies and specifications with the goal of allowing the use of high RAP contents where appropriate.

Cracking is one of the most severe distress modes of asphaltpavements. Thus characterising the fracture resistance properties of asphaltmixtures is the key issue for improving the performance relatedmixture design. The present master thesis project addresses the implementationof the theoretical framework, which is used to characterise thefracture resistance of mixtures based on the SuperPave indirect tensiletest (IDT). An open source Matlab-based software for analysing resilientmodulus, Poisson’s ratio, creep parameters and fracture resistance parametershas been developed. The software analyses the the IDT results, toestimate mixture’s fracture resistance based on hot mix asphalt FractureMechanics. Predictions form the field specimens concerning the fractureresistance obtained from IDT are compared with observed field performance.