Climate change has begun to affect the frequency, intensity, and duration of weather related disaster events. This trend may foster a greater probability of encountering 2 or more disaster events simultaneously, increasing the potential to deplete emergency resources. Using Canadian forest fire management as a focal point, this research has determined the extent to which forest fire resource sharing (resources being equipment, fire fighter teams, planes, etc.) has been able to mitigate the impacts of simultaneous forest fire events induced by climate change. Provincial and territorial forest fire management agencies are responsible for forest fire suppression within their jurisdictions, but when fires exceed their suppression capabilities they may request resources from other agencies using resource sharing agreements including: Compact agreements with American States, other international agreements and agreements initiated through the Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Center (CIFFC). If the potential for simultaneous forest fires is neglected, excess fire activity may overwhelm the resource sharing structure. A historical analysis, 2 case studies, and a survey were employed to uncover information regarding simultaneous forest fires. Moreover, an examination of other resource sharing disciplines was used to uncover new ways of approaching resource sharing issues. The results of this study show that simultaneous fire events have overwhelmed the resource sharing system (during at least two years 1998 and 2003) and that modifications are needed to prepare for the potential increase in forest fire frequency.

The context of this work are performance models of software systems, which are used for predicting performance of a system in its design phase. For this purpose, performance models capture the explicit interactions of software components that make up the system, and the resource demands of primitive actions performed by the components. On contemporary hardware platforms, the software components however interact also through implicit sharing of numerous resources such as processor caches, which influence the performance of the primitive actions. Implicit resource sharing is often omitted in performance models, which affects their prediction accuracy. In this work we introduce two methods for including resource sharing models in performance models. Next, we propose an approximate resource sharing model based on linear regression, and a detailed model for predicting performance impact of cache sharing. The cache model is validated on a real processor and its design is preceded by extensive experiments which investigate the performance aspects of cache sharing. In addition, we introduce a method for robust validation of performance models using many automatically generated applications.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para permitir o uso compartilhado dos recursos computacionais utilizados em um cluster de forma a atender simultaneamente aos quatro experimentos do CERN. A abordagem adotada utiliza o conceito de contratos, onde os requisitos e restrições de cada experimento são descritos em perfis, e uma política de alocação de recursos é definida para manter a utilização dos recursos de forma a atender aos perfis. Propomos um modelo de arquitetura para gerenciar o uso compartilhado de um cluster pelas quatro Organizações Virtuais do LHC. Este modelo de arquitetura é composto de elementos comuns a um cluster típico da Tier-2, acrescidos de funcionalidades para controlar a admissão de novos jobs de todas as Organizações Virtuais do LHC. Este modelo monitora a utilização de recursos do cluster por cada OV, aloca recursos para cada job de acordo com uma política estabelecida para o cluster de forma a procurar respeitar os requisitos de cada uma delas. Definimos um algoritmo para o escalonamento de jobs, que utiliza mecanismos de preempção para controlar a alocação de nós do cluster dependendo o uso corrente e acumulado de recursos por cada OV. Este algoritmo é executado em um dos elementos da arquitetura batizado de broker, dado que o mesmo intermedeia a chegada de novos jobs e a alocação dos nós do cluster, e tem com objetivo manter o controle dos contratos de cada OV. A simulação da arquitetura proposta foi feita no simulador de grades GridSim e os resultados obtidos foram avaliados. / This paper presents a proposal to allow the shared use of computing resources available in a cluster in order to support simultaneously the four experiments at CERN. The approach uses the concept of contracts, where the requirements and restrictions of each experiment are described in profiles, and a resource allocation policy is set to maintain the use of resources to meet those profiles. We propose an architecture model to manage the shared use of a cluster by the four LHC Virtual Organizations. This architectural model is composed of elements common to a typical Tier-2 cluster plus features to control the admission of new jobs from all LHC Virtual Organizations. This model monitores the resource usage for each cluster VO, allocates resources to each job according to an established policy for the cluster in order to seek compliance with requirements of each VO. We define an algorithm for scheduling jobs, that uses preemption mechanisms for controlling the allocation of cluster nodes depending on the current use of resources and accumulated by each VO. This algorithm runs in one of the elements of architecture named broker, since it mediates the influx of new jobs and the allocation of the cluster nodes, and is aiming to keep control of contracts for each VO. The simulation of the proposed architecture was done in GridSim simulator grid and the results were evaluated.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta para permitir o uso compartilhado dos recursos computacionais utilizados em um cluster de forma a atender simultaneamente aos quatro experimentos do CERN. A abordagem adotada utiliza o conceito de contratos, onde os requisitos e restrições de cada experimento são descritos em perfis, e uma política de alocação de recursos é definida para manter a utilização dos recursos de forma a atender aos perfis. Propomos um modelo de arquitetura para gerenciar o uso compartilhado de um cluster pelas quatro Organizações Virtuais do LHC. Este modelo de arquitetura é composto de elementos comuns a um cluster típico da Tier-2, acrescidos de funcionalidades para controlar a admissão de novos jobs de todas as Organizações Virtuais do LHC. Este modelo monitora a utilização de recursos do cluster por cada OV, aloca recursos para cada job de acordo com uma política estabelecida para o cluster de forma a procurar respeitar os requisitos de cada uma delas. Definimos um algoritmo para o escalonamento de jobs, que utiliza mecanismos de preempção para controlar a alocação de nós do cluster dependendo o uso corrente e acumulado de recursos por cada OV. Este algoritmo é executado em um dos elementos da arquitetura batizado de broker, dado que o mesmo intermedeia a chegada de novos jobs e a alocação dos nós do cluster, e tem com objetivo manter o controle dos contratos de cada OV. A simulação da arquitetura proposta foi feita no simulador de grades GridSim e os resultados obtidos foram avaliados. / This paper presents a proposal to allow the shared use of computing resources available in a cluster in order to support simultaneously the four experiments at CERN. The approach uses the concept of contracts, where the requirements and restrictions of each experiment are described in profiles, and a resource allocation policy is set to maintain the use of resources to meet those profiles. We propose an architecture model to manage the shared use of a cluster by the four LHC Virtual Organizations. This architectural model is composed of elements common to a typical Tier-2 cluster plus features to control the admission of new jobs from all LHC Virtual Organizations. This model monitores the resource usage for each cluster VO, allocates resources to each job according to an established policy for the cluster in order to seek compliance with requirements of each VO. We define an algorithm for scheduling jobs, that uses preemption mechanisms for controlling the allocation of cluster nodes depending on the current use of resources and accumulated by each VO. This algorithm runs in one of the elements of architecture named broker, since it mediates the influx of new jobs and the allocation of the cluster nodes, and is aiming to keep control of contracts for each VO. The simulation of the proposed architecture was done in GridSim simulator grid and the results were evaluated.

Abstract Recent advances in wireless communications coupled with the widespread of bandwidthhungry and high-power consuming wireless services as well as the rapid penetration of multimedia-enabled smart handheld devices generate a drastic growth in mobile traffic volume. With these trends, the goals of 5G and beyond wireless communications include energy efficiency, low latency, and low service cost from the user’ perspective as well as spectrum efficiency, revenue increasing, and lower capital and operational cost from the network operators’ point of view. This thesis studies the potential of mobile clouds for improving energy, spectral, and cost efficiency towards the primary goals of 5G networks. Mobile clouds define a promising 5G integrated technology which combines the conventional cellular and shortrange networks into a novel and powerful communication architecture. Mobile clouds can be seen as a flexible and efficient platform for cooperative content delivery, cooperation, resource sharing, and social networks. Research work in this thesis is conducted in two main areas, namely fundamental and applied research on mobile clouds. Fundamental research focuses on cloud formation strategies and cloud maintenance mechanisms. In the applied area, the potential of mobile clouds for content distribution is investigated in both licensed and unlicensed bands. For content distribution using unlicensed band, several cooperative strategies are designed and their efficiency is compared to traditional multicast strategy in terms of energy efficiency, content distribution latency, and users’ quality of experience (QoE). In content distribution over licensed band, spectrum sharing and resource allocation algorithms are considered for multi pair and full-duplex device-to-device (D2D) communications, aiming at improving spectral efficiency and network performance as well as quality of service (QoS) provisioning. In addition, a business model is designed to consider how mobile clouds can reduce the cost of users and operators while improving revenue of operators and increasing users’ satisfaction. The results of this thesis show that mobile clouds technology creates a flexible and efficient platform which can efficiently enhance spectral efficiency, significantly improve energy efficiency and network performance while guaranteeing cost efficiency for users and network operators simultaneously. / Tiivistelmä Langattomassa viestinnässä on viime aikoina saavutettu useita edistysaskeleita samalla kun suurta kaistanleveyttä edellyttävien ja paljon tehoa kuluttavien langattomien palveluiden käyttö on yleistynyt ja multimediatoiminnoilla varustetut älylaitteet ovat vallanneet nopeasti markkinoita. Tämän seurauksena mobiililiikenne on lisääntynyt huomattavasti. Näiden suuntausten valossa langattoman 5G-viestinnän ja sitä seuraavien sukupolvien langattoman viestinnän kehitystavoitteita ovat muun muassa seuraavat: käyttäjän näkökulmasta energiatehokkuus, mahdollisimman lyhyet viiveajat ja palvelun käytöstä aiheutuvien kustannusten edullisuus sekä verkko-operaattorin näkökulmasta spektritehokkuus, tulojen kasvattaminen ja aiempaa matalammat pääoma- ja käyttökustannukset. Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan millaisia mahdollisuuksia mobiilipilvet tarjoavat energia-, spektri- ja kustannustehokkuuden parantamiseen ja siten 5G-verkkojen päätavoitteiden saavuttamiseen. Mobiilipilvi on lupaava osa 5G-teknologiaa, jossa perinteiset solukkoverkot ja lyhyen kantaman verkot yhdistyvät aivan uudenlaiseen ja tehokkaaseen tietoliikennearkkitehtuuriin. Mobiilipilvet voidaan nähdä joustavana ja tehokkaana alustana sisällön yhteisjakelulle, yhteistyölle, resurssien jakamiselle ja toiminnalle sosiaalisissa verkoissa. Tätä väitöskirjaa varten on tehty tutkimusta sekä mobiilipilviä koskevan perustutkimuksen että soveltavan tutkimuksen parissa. Perustutkimuksessa keskitytään tarkastelemaan pilvien muodostamisessa käytettäviä strategioita ja pilvien ylläpidossa käytettäviä mekanismeja. Soveltavan tutkimuksen alueella mobiilipilvien tarjoamia sisällön jakelun mahdollisuuksia tarkastellaan sekä luvanvaraisilla että vapaasti käytettävillä kaistoilla. Vapaasti käytettävillä kaistoilla toteutettavaa jakelua varten työssä kehitetään useita yhteistoimintastrategioita, joiden tehokkuutta verrataan perinteiseen monilähetysstrategiaan energiatehokkuuden, sisällön jakelun viiveiden ja käyttäjien kokemuksen laadun (Quality of Experience, QoE) osalta. Luvanvaraisilla kaistoilla toteutettavan sisällön jakelun osalta tarkastellaan moniparisessa ja samanaikaisessa molemminsuuntaisessa laitteiden välisessä viestinnässä (D2D-kommunikaatiossa) käytettäviä spektrin jakamisen ja resurssien allokoimisen algoritmeja, jotta spektritehokkuutta ja verkon suorituskykyä sekä palvelun laatua (Quality of Service, QoS) pystyttäisiin parantamaan. Tämän lisäksi työssä kehitellään liiketoimintamallia, jonka avulla voidaan pohtia, miten mobiilipilvillä voidaan vähentää käyttäjien ja operaattorien kustannuksia ja samalla kasvattaa operaattorien tuloja ja parantaa käyttäjien tyytyväisyyttä. Tämän työn tulokset osoittavat, että mobiilipilviteknologia on joustava ja tehokas alusta, jolla voidaan lisätä olennaisesti spektritehokkuutta, parantaa merkittävästi energiatehokkuutta ja verkon suorituskykyä sekä taata kustannustehokkuus sekä käyttäjien että verkko-operaattorien näkökulmasta.

Modern CPS and mobile applications like augmented reality or coordinated driving, etc. are envisioned to combine edge-cloud processing with real-time requirements. The real-time requirements however create a brand new challenge for cloud processing which has traditionally been best-effort. A key to guaranteeing real-time requirements is the understanding of how services sharing resources in the cloud interact on the performance level. The objective of the thesis is to design a mechanism which helps to categorize cloud applications based on the type of their workload. This should result in specification of a model defining a set of applications which can be deployed on a single node, while guaranteeing a certain quality of the service. It should be also able to find the optimal node where the application could be deployed.

<p>  </p> <p>Managing agri-food supply systems (AFSS) is a complex task due to all the factors that are typically present in these systems, for example, perishability, long lead time from cultivation to consumption, seasonality, weather and yield uncertainty, fragmented structure of the industry, high demand- and price variability, contamination concerns, fragility, and high weight-to-value ratios. This research focuses specifically on crop-based perishable AFSS systems with independent farmers for which it is difficult to coordinate cultivation activities with upstream operations of the supply chain, and where it is not possible to decouple processing or distribution from harvesting operations by building on-farm inventory after harvest. Two main industries are considered as case studies: sugarcane and vegetables for the fresh market. In the sugarcane industry, two main problems are addressed in this research, the farms clustering and harvest sequencing problem, and the truck release control problem. The first problem is modeled as a bi-objective non-linear program that aims to maximize sugar output and minimize the maximum cluster diameter when clustering farms for harvesting, and a heuristic algorithm is developed to find a good set of non-dominated solutions. For the second problem, a stochastic model is developed to determine the optimal number of trucks to be released into the sugarcane harvest system considering randomness in key inputs. Finally, the third problem deals with the development of a demand and capacity sharing protocol to support horizontal collaboration among private distribution networks in the fresh vegetables industry based on a real-time truck-sharing system for the long-haul transport stage. The effectiveness of the protocol is tested by simulating its implementation to a collaborative network of six distributors, and the results show significant improvement in delivery times, long-haul transport costs, and total traveled distance.</p>

Collaboration is a pervasive element in an organization's departments, various suppliers, and business associates in an advanced manufacturing industry. Cloud Manufacturing (CMfg) is a new service-oriented business paradigm capable of generating this sought-after collaboration. Companies are expected to accomplish cost reductions, maintain quality, satisfy the market, and reduce environmental impacts while growing in sophistication and integration. Implementing the idea of sharing resources and capabilities will ultimately result in cost reduction, boost productivity,and more efficient consumption of natural resources globally. Sustainability, consumption of energy, and waste minimization would thus find an adequate representation within CMfg due to its collaborative aspect. Even though it has been more than a decade since the inception of cloud manufacturing, a broad consensus about the concept, essential characteristics, architecture is still lacking. This thesis addresses the presented definitions, features, and architectures associated with CMfg found in the literature; by conducting a systematic literature review. Thus, 105 papers have been selected to enable the identification of the core components of the CMfg idea, as well as illustrate how CMfg contributes to a more sustainable manufacturing future while its relationship with other relevant manufacturing paradigms, including Industry 4.0, smart manufacturing, social manufacturing, E-manufacturing, and Industrial Internet, isinvestigated. Summaries of various definitions of the CMfg concept as well as different layers of its architecture have been presented. This paper investigates the potential contributions of CMfg to sustainability by analyzing solutions that lead to the improvement of collaboration, better automation, and utilizing the 6Rs concept, as well as considering the role of waste valorization and circular economy in today's manufacturing strategies.

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