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by Tong Kwok-keung. / Year shown on spine: 1997 / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [99]-[104]) / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of Tables --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Abbreviations --- p.ix / Introduction --- p.1 / Background of Study --- p.1 / Statement of the Problem --- p.3 / Significance of Study --- p.7 / Review of Literature --- p.9 / Ventilatory Muscle Capacity - a Limiting Factor of Exercise Performance --- p.9 / Rib Cage Loading as a Respiratory load --- p.11 / Methods of Rib Cage Loading --- p.13 / The Physical Changes in Respiratory System during Rib Cage Loading --- p.14 / The Physiological Changes in Cardiorespiratory System during Rib Cage Loading --- p.17 / Mechanisms for the Changes in Ventilatory Muscle Activity andin Respiratory Response during Rib Cage Loading --- p.20 / Effects of Rib Cage Loading on Exercise Performance --- p.23 / Summary of Review --- p.25 / Methodology --- p.28 / Statement of Hypotheses --- p.28 / Operational Definitions of Variables --- p.28 / Subjects --- p.31 / Procedures --- p.31 / Instrumentation --- p.33 / Methods of Measurement --- p.36 / Assumptions --- p.50 / Data Analysis --- p.51 / Results --- p.53 / "Physical Characteristics, Forced Spirometry and Maximal Aerobic Power of Subjects" --- p.53 / Effects of Rib Cage Compression on Subdivisions of Lung Volume and Total Respiratory Elastance --- p.53 / Effects of Rib Cage Compression on Exercise Endurance --- p.56 / Effects of Rib Cage Compression on Ventilatory Muscle Function during the cycle exercise --- p.60 / Effects of Rib Cage Compression on Respiratory Response at Rest and during Exercise --- p.63 / Effects of Rib Cage Compression on Oxygen Consumption and Gas Exchange at Rest and during Exercise --- p.69 / Effects of Rib Cage Compression on Heart Rate and Arterial Blood Pressure at Rest and during Exercise --- p.73 / Discussion --- p.79 / The Physical Changes in Respiratory System during Rib Cage Compression --- p.79 / Reduction in Cycle Exercise Endurance with Rib Cage Compression --- p.81 / Conclusion --- p.94 / Implications --- p.95 / Delimitations and Limitations --- p.96 / Suggestions --- p.97 / Bibliography / Appendix I Informed Consent / Appendix II Cycling Protocol for Incremental Exercise Test / Appendix III Cycling Protocol for Cycle Exercise Endurance Test / Appendix IV / Figure IV-I. The changes in volume-pressure tracings with and without rib cage compression during measurement of total respiratory elastance / Table IV-I. The subdivisions of lung volume of each subject with and without rib cage compression / Table IV-II. The cycle exercise duration of each subject with and without rib cage compression / Table IV-III. The static maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures of each subject before and after exercise during both cycle exercise tests / Table IV-IV. & IV-V. The means of each parameter of respiratory response during both cycle exercise tests / "Table IV-VI. The means of end-tidal C02 tension, arterial oxygen content and oxygen consumption during both cycle exercise tests" / "Table IV-VII. The means of heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures during both cycle exercise tests"

Liu, Tak Chi. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-125). / Abstracts and appendixes in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.viii / List of tables --- p.ix / List of figures --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xvi / List of Unit Abbreviations --- p.xvii / Table of Contents --- p.xviii / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Background and introduction --- p.P.1 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- Subjects and methods --- p.P.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Study design and sampling frame --- p.P.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sample size calculation --- p.P.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- Study population --- p.P.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Subject assessment in participating kindergartens --- p.P.13 / Chapter 2.5 --- Quality control for spirometric measurements --- p.P.18 / Chapter 2.6 --- Statistical analysis --- p.P.20 / Chapter 2.7 --- Outcome measures --- p.P.23 / Chapter 2.8 --- Participation and role in this study --- p.P.24 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- Results --- p.P.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Comparison between the study populations in the training and research phases --- p.P.26 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- "Response rate, participation rate and success rate" --- p.P.27 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Other factors --- p.P.31 / Chapter 3.2 --- Comparison between participants and non-participants in the research phase --- p.P.33 / Chapter 3.3 --- Comparison of factors between the subjects who succeed and failed to provide acceptable spirometric maneuvers which meet ATS/ERS standards in the research phase --- p.P.36 / Chapter 3.4 --- Comparison of lung function parameters between subjects who met and failed to meet the health criteria in the research phase --- p.P.39 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Gestational birth age (< 37 weeks vs > 37 weeks) --- p.P.40 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Birth weight (< 2.5kg vs > 2.5kg) --- p.P.41 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Children with vs without current wheeze --- p.P.43 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Children with vs without history of asthma ever --- p.P.44 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Children with vs without recent respiratory tract infections (RTIs) --- p.P.45 / Chapter 3.5 --- The test-retest reliability --- p.P.47 / Chapter 3.6 --- "Relationship between lung function parameters and demographic, early-life, anthropometric and environmental factors in subjects who satisfied both health and ATS/ERS criteria in our research phase" --- p.P.50 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Demographic factors --- p.P.51 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Early-life factors --- p.P.53 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Anthropometric factors --- p.P.56 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Environmental factors --- p.P.57 / Chapter 3.7 --- Reference standards for incentive spirometry: Reference equations and normograms --- p.P.59 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussions --- p.P.76 / Chapter 4.1 --- Pioneering incentive spirometry in Hong Kong preschoolers: Training and research phases --- p.P.77 / Chapter 4.2 --- Participants and non-participants in the research phase --- p.P.79 / Chapter 4.3 --- Subjects who succeed and failed to give acceptable maneuvers which meet ATS/ERS standards in the research phase --- p.P.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- "The relationship between demographic, anthropometric and environmental factors and spirometric parameters in local young children" --- p.P.84 / Chapter 4.41 --- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and maternal smoking --- p.P.85 / Chapter 4.42 --- Place of birth --- p.P.87 / Chapter 4.43 --- Obesity and underweight --- p.P.89 / Chapter 4.44 --- Breastfeeding practice --- p.P.91 / Chapter 4.45 --- "Birth factors: mode of delivery, birth weight and gestation birth age" --- p.P.92 / Chapter 4.46 --- "Indoor environment: pets, moulds and others" --- p.P.94 / Chapter 4.5 --- Evaluation of the test-retest reliability --- p.P.95 / Chapter 4.6 --- The relationship between the health criteria and spirometric parameters in local young children --- p.P.96 / Chapter 4.7 --- The spirometric reference standards in Chinese preschool children in Hong Kong: Comparisons with published findings in different ethnic groups --- p.P.98 / Chapter 4.8 --- Drawbacks and limitations of this study --- p.P.105 / Chapter 4.9 --- Future research directions --- p.P.110 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusions --- p.P.111 / References --- p.P.112 / Appendices --- p.P.126 / Chapter Appendix I: --- Invitation letter --- p.P.127 / Chapter Appendix II: --- Reply form --- p.P.129 / Chapter Appendix III: --- Consent --- p.P.130 / Chapter Appendix IV: --- ISAAC questionnaire --- p.P.134 / Chapter Appendix V: --- Subject report --- p.P.163

Bibliography: leaves 91-93.

published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

Orientador: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T22:05:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Loula_CarlaMaiaAguiar_M.pdf: 1615820 bytes, checksum: 09f1d59f9fd80bcffce16a5a606374be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como finalidade propor e avaliar uma metodologia para cálculo da variação de volume no tronco durante a ventilação humana. Para isso foi utilizado um sistema de análise cinemática tridimensional de movimentos (Dvideow) para obter a descrição das coordenadas 3D de 30 marcadores fixados sobre referências anatômicas na caixa torácica e abdômen durante a ventilação. As medidas de volume foram calculadas a partir de um modelo geométrico de representação do tronco que o subdivide em 8 dodecaedros irregulares correspondendo aos volumes parciais do tronco (tórax superior, TX-S; tórax inferior, TX-I; abdômen superior, AB-S e abdômen inferior, AB-I). Para avaliação da metodologia foram realizados três experimentos; um compara os volumes obtidos através da videogrametria com os volumes de ar trocados entre os pulmões e o meio externo, medido através da espirometria; o segundo experimento analisa a reprodutibilidade do método proposto. Um terceiro experimento foi realizado para verificar a contribuição dos compartimentos para a variação do volume total no tronco. Para tanto foram analisados os volumes do tronco de 13 voluntários em duas manobras ventilatórias distintas, volume corrente (VC) e volume máximo (VM). Na comparação entre a videogrametria e espirometria, os resultados mostraram um coeficiente de correlação de 0.9938 entre as medidas de ar obtido pela espirometria e a variação do volume do tronco medida pela videogrametria. Contudo, os valores absolutos diferiram em até 0.6 litros na inspiração profunda. No teste de reposicionamento de marcadores encontrou-se uma variabilidade da ordem de 3% do volume total médio. Na análise da contribuição dos compartimentos para o volume total do tronco foi observada uma contribuição maior do tórax em relação ao abdômen nas duas manobras estudadas. Na análise dos compartimentos TX-S, TX-I, AB-S e AB-I os compartimentos TX-I e AB-S tiveram participação mais significativa que o TX-S, enquanto que o AB-I teve uma contribuição negativa para o volume total na manobra de VC. Na manobra de VM os resultados demonstraram uma contribuição semelhante entre os compartimentos TX-S, TX-I, AB-S, enquanto o AB-I, apresentou oposição de fase em alguns voluntários. De maneira geral os resultados evidenciaram sinais correlacionados entre as variações de volume do tronco e o sinal ventilatório e a videogrametria demonstrou ser um método eficiente na análise da contribuição dos compartimentos para a variação de volume total no tronco / Abstract: This work has the objective of proposing and evaluating a methodology to calculate the trunk volume variation during human respiration. Thereunto a three-dimensional movement kinematical analysis system (Dvideow) was used to obtain the 3D coordinate description of 30 markers attached over anatomical references in the rib cage and abdomen during breathing. The volume measures were calculated from a geometrical representation model for the trunk, which subdivides it in 8 irregular dodecahedrons, corresponding to partial volumes of the trunk. To evaluate the methodology, three experiments were done: one that compares the trunk volumes obtained by videogrammetry with the volume of air exchanged between the lungs and external medium, measured by spirometry; and a second analyzes the reproducibility of the proposed method. A third experiment was executed to verify the compartments contributions to the total trunk volume variation examining this variation in 13 volunteers in two distinct ventilatory maneuvers, tidal volume and maximum volume. In the comparison between videogrammetry and spirometry, results exhibit a correlation coefficient of 0.9938, however, absolute values differ up to 0.6 liters in deep inspiration. In the reproducibility test, it was determined a variability around 3% of the mean total volume. In the compartment contribution analysis, a greater contribution from the rib cage relative to the abdomen was observed in the two studied maneuvers. In the analysis of the subdivision of rib cage and abdomen compartments, the lower rib cage and the upper abdomen had a more significant participation that the upper rib cage, while the lower abdomen had a negative contribution to the total volume during tidal volume maneuvers. In the maximum volume maneuver, results demonstrate a similar contribution for the upper ribcage, lower ribcage and upper abdomen, while the lower abdomen, presented negative contribution. In the overall, results reveal correlated signals between the trunk volume variation and the ventilatory signal, and videogrammetry proved to be an efficient method for the analysis of compartment contribution for total trunk volume variation / Mestrado / Biodinamica do Movimento Humano / Mestre em Educação Física

Typescript (photocopy). / Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Graduation date: 1997

The focus of this research was the reappraisal in physiological and psychophysical terms of current equivocal theories regarding the onset, course and termination of apneic bradycardia. Sixteen healthy male subjects participated in four separate testing sessions . Maximal oxygen consumption (VO₂ max) was measured on land and underwater using an identical direct, continuous progressive cycle ergometer test. On each of two other occasions subjects exercised in either environment at 50, 70 and 90% of the appropriate VO₂ max, during which time heart rate was continuously recorded. An initial apneic bout at each exercise intensity was followed by performance of the same workload without apnea for an equivalent period of time. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were also monitored. While apneic bradycardia occurred at each exercise intensity studied underwater, it was apparent only at 50% VO₂ max on land. With the exception of between 50 and 90% VO₂ max on land, the mean apneic heart rates did not differ with varying exercise intensity (p<0.05); nor did the lowest heart rate recorded, although this was lower underwater than on land. Apart from 70% VO₂ max on land, apneic heart rates were lower than the equivalent values measured during exercise without apnea. Land and underwater heart rates during apneic and non-apneic conditions did not differ until 90% VO₂ max. The effects of increasing exercise intensity upon the onset of bradycardia were evident in that it occurred earlier at 50% VO₂ max underwater than at the heavier workloads, and only at 50% VO₂ max on land. The mean breath-hold duration did not differ between the land and underwater environments, nor was it affected by increasing exercise intensity. The order in which breath-holds was performed did not alter the length of apnea. Land and underwater RPE did not differ and increased with increasing exercise intensity in both environments. During apneic exercise RPE was greater than the equivalent exercise without apnea. Twelve of the original 16 subjects were divided equally into two groups on the basis of vital capacity expressed relative to body surface area. Vital capacity was measured during the first laboratory session. Neither the mean heart rate response to apneic exercise at 50% V0₂ max in both environments, nor the lowest heart rates recorded differed between groups, prompting the conclusion that lung volume did not affect apneic bradycardia. Despite a longer breath-hold duration for Group A (large relative lung volume) than Group B (small relative lung volume), the onset point of bradycardia was the same for either group when expressed relative to total breath-hold duration