O aumento nos rejeitos industriais e a contínua produção de resíduos causam muitas preocupações no âmbito ambiental. Neste contexto, o descarte de pneus usados tem se tornado um grande problema por conta da pequena atenção que se dá à sua destinação final. Assim sendo, essa pesquisa propõe a produção de uma mistura polimérica com polipropileno (PP), a borracha de etileno-propileno-dieno (EPDM) e o pó de pneu (SRT). A Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta (MSR), coleção de técnicas estatísticas e matemáticas úteis para desenvolver, melhorar e optimizar processos, foi aplicada à investigação das misturas ternárias. Após o processamento adequado em extrusora de dupla rosca e a moldagem por injeção, as propriedades mecânicas de resistência à tração e resistência ao impacto foram determinadas e utilizadas como variáveis resposta. Ao mesmo tempo, a microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi usada para a investigação da morfologia das diferentes misturas e melhor interpretação dos resultados. Com as ferramentas estatísticas específicas e um número mínimo de experimentos foi possível o desenvolvimento de modelos de superfícies de resposta e a otimização das concentrações dos diferentes componentes da mistura em função do desempenho mecânico e além disso com a modificação da granulometria conseguimos um aumento ainda mais significativo deste desempenho mecânico. / The increase in industrial waste and solid waste production cause many concerns in the environment. In this context, the disposal of used tires has become a major problem because of the little attention given to their final destination. Therefore, this research proposes the production of a polymer blend of polypropylene (PP), rubber of ethylene-propylene-diene (EPDM) and tire dust (SRT). The Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for developing, improving and optimizing processes, was applied to the investigation of ternary mixtures. After proper processing on twin screw extrusion and injection molding, the mechanical properties of tensile and impact strength were determined and used as response variables. At the same time, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology of different blends and better interpretation of results. With specific statistical tools and a minimum number of experiments it was possible to develop models of response surfaces and the optimization of the concentrations of different components of the mixture depending on the mechanical performance and even with the change in particle size could increase even more significant this mechanical performance.

L’usinage par électroérosion est un procédé d’enlèvement de matière par fusion, vaporisation et érosion, réservé aux matériaux conducteurs et semi-conducteurs.Il peut être utilisé pour usiner les métaux et alliages, les aciers trempés, les alliages céramiques, les carbures métalliques, certaines céramiques et même des matériaux plus durs tels que le diamant polycristallin. La pièce ainsi chauffée voit ses caractéristiques mécaniques chuter et modifier, ce qui augmente son usinabilité. Les travaux réalisés ont porté sur l'influence de l'usinage par électroérosion à fil sur; l'intégrité de surface, l'usinabilité, la productivité et la précision de procédé, de plusieurs matériaux, tels que, le titane pur, l'alliage de titane Ti-6Al-4V, le composite intermétallique à base Ti-Al, le composite Ti17 et le composite Ti6242.En usinage par électro-érosion à fil, et plus précisément en finition, le procédé est caractérisé par un débit de matière, une largeur de kerf, un durcissement superficiel, une zone affectée thermiquement et un état de surface variant en fonction de plusieurs paramètres tels que, le courant de décharge, le temps d’impulsion, la tension d’amorçage, la vitesse de coupe, la pression d'injection de lubrifiant et la tension de fil.Toutefois, il s’agit d’une étude d’optimisation et de modélisation empirique des conditions de coupe des matériaux composites à base métallique et des alliages de titane, afin de maitriser et d'améliorer l'intégrité de surface usinée, d'augmenter la productivité et de perfectionner la précision du procédé. Par la suite, atteindre les exigences de la qualité et de la sûreté de fonctionnement des pièces aéronautiques.Dans cette étude, on a utilisé des méthodes de type Plan d'expériences, méthode de Taguchi et la Méthodologie des surfaces de réponses pour le calage et le contrôle des paramètres de l’usinage par électroérosion à fil, et ses conditions opératoires. / EDM machining is a process for the removal of material by melting, spraying and erosion, which is reserved for conductive and semiconductor materials.It can be used for machining metals and alloys, hardened steels, ceramic alloys, metal carbides, some ceramics and even harder materials such as polycrystalline diamond. The heated part has its mechanical characteristics drop, which increases its machinability. The work carried out focused on the influence of WEDM machining on surface integrity, machinability, productivity and process precision, of several materials: pure titanium, Ti6Al4V alloy, composite intermetallicTi-Al based, Ti17 composite and Ti6242 composite.In ripping, and more precisely in finishing, the process is characterized by a flow of material,kerf width, surface hardening, heat affected zone and surface condition varying with discharge current, pulse time and voltage, cutting speed, lubricant injection pressure and wire tension.In fact, the machining conditions of metal-based composite materials and titanium alloys have been modeled and optimized to improve machined surface integrity, increase productivity, and improve process accuracy. Subsequently, meet the quality and safety requirements of aeronautical parts.Methods such as Experimental Design, Taguchi and Surface of Response were used for calibration and process control parameters and operating conditions.

Orientador: Aneirson Francisco da Silva / Resumo: A Estampagem a Frio é um processo de conformação plástica de chapas metálicas, que possibilita, por meio de ferramentas específicas, obter componentes com boas propriedades mecânicas, geometrias e espessuras variadas, diferentes especificações de materiais e com boa vantagem econômica. A multiplicidade destas variáveis gera a necessidade de utilização de técnicas estatísticas e de simulação numérica, que suportem a sua análise e adequada tomada de decisão na elaboração do projeto das ferramentas de conformação. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em uma empresa brasileira multinacional de grande porte que atua no setor de autopeças, em seu departamento de engenharia de projetos de ferramentas, com o propósito de reduzir o estiramento e a ocorrência de trincas em uma travessa de 6,8 [mm] de aço LNE 380. A metodologia proposta obtém os valores dos fatores de entrada e sua influência na variável resposta com o uso de técnicas de Delineamento de Experimentos (DOE) e simulação pelo método de Elementos Finitos (FE). Uma Função Empírica é desenvolvida a partir desses dados, com o uso da técnica de regressão, obtendo-se a variável resposta y (espessura na região crítica), em função dos fatores influentes xi do processo. Com a Otimização via Simulação Monte Carlo (OvSMC) insere-se a incerteza nos coeficientes desta Função Empírica, sendo esta a principal contribuição deste trabalho, pois é o que ocorre, por via de regra, na prática com problemas experimentais. Simulando-se por FE as ferram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

In forensic chemistry, a quicker and more accurate analysis of a sample is always being pursued. Speedy analyses allow the analyst to provide quick turn-around times and potentially decrease back-logs that are known to be a problem in the field. Accurate analyses are paramount with the futures and lives of the accused potentially on the line. One of the most common methods of analysis in forensic chemistry laboratories is gas chromatography, chosen for the relative speed and efficiency afforded by this method. Two major routes were attempted to further improve on gas chromatography applications in forensic chemistry.<br> The first route was to decrease separation times for analysis of ignitable liquid residues by using micro-bore wall coated open-tubular columns. Micro-bore columns are much shorter and have higher separation efficiencies than the standard columns used in forensic chemistry, allowing for faster analysis times while maintaining the expected peak separation. Typical separation times for fire debris samples are between thirty minutes and one hour, the micro-bore columns were able to achieve equivalent performance in three minutes. The reduction in analysis time was demonstrated by analysis of ignitable liquid residues from simulated fire debris exemplars.<br> The second route looked at a relatively new detector for gas chromatography known as a vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrophotometer. The VUV detector uses traditional UV and far-ultraviolet light to probe the pi and sigma bonds of the gas phase analytes as well as Rydberg traditions to produce spectra that are nearly unique to a compound. Thus far, the only spectra that were not discernable were from enantiomers, otherwise even diastereomers have been differentiated. The specificity attained with the VUV detector has achieved differentiation of compounds that mass spectrometry, the most common detection method for chromatography in forensic chemistry labs, has difficulty distinguishing. This specificity has been demonstrated herein by analyzing various classes of drugs of abuse and applicability to “real world” samples has been demonstrated by analysis of de-identified seized samples.<br>

Produced water is the largest waste product by volume in the oil industry and its treatment in onshore or offshore fields poses bigger and different challenges than what water engineers are used to encounter. Process to achieve reuse quality of this water is very expensive with many technical hurdles to overcome making the optimization of the treatment steps necessary. Electrocoagulation (EC) generates coagulants in-situ responsible for destabilizing oil droplets, suspended particles, and common pollutant in produced water. Furthermore, EC is a very efficient technology compared with traditional primary treatments used in the oil & gas industry and has several advantages such as: no hazardous chemical handling (which diminishes the risk of accident and logistic costs), high efficiency potential concerning boron removal, potential small footprint and less sludge generation. In this research, the treatment of produced water using EC was investigated in a practical manner for the oilfield to aim for a cleaner effluent for further processing and help to achieve a reuse quality. For this, an EC cell was designed using different parameters normally used in the literature to fit this scenario. After preliminary tests, the treatment time was set to 3 seconds. Response surface method (RSM) was employed to optimize the operating conditions for TOC removal on a broad quality of synthetic produced water while varying: salinity, initial oil concentration and initial pH. TOC was chosen to be the main response because of its importance in legislation and sensibility on the method. Furthermore, turbidity removal, change of pH value after EC in water with lack of buffer capacity, aluminum concentration and preliminary tests involving boron removal and influence of hydrogen carbonate were also studied. Real produced water was treated with EC to assess the optimum conditions obtained by the RSM showing the results were closely related. Finally, an estimation of volume required and operating cost for EC in the different types of produced water was made to assess how realistic it is for onshore and offshore applications.:ERKLÄRUNG DES PROMOVENDEN I ACKNOLEDGEMENT III ABSTRACT V TABLE OF CONTENT VII LIST OF FIGURES IX LIST OF TABLES X LIST OF EQUATIONS XII ABBREVIATIONS XIV 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PRODUCED WATER 6 2.1 Characterization of Oilfield Produced Water 6 2.2 Produced Water Management 10 2.2.1 Discharge and Regulations 10 2.2.2 Efforts on Reuse 11 2.2.3 Cost 14 3. PRODUCED WATER TREATMENT 17 3.1 Most Common Primary Treatment 17 3.1.1 Hydrocyclones 17 3.1.2 Flotation unit 18 3.2 Further Water Treatment Technologies 19 3.2.1 Membrane Process 19 3.2.1.1 Microfiltration 19 3.2.1.2 Ultrafiltration 21 3.2.1.3 Nanofiltration 23 3.2.1.4 Reverse Osmosis 24 3.2.1.5 Forward osmosis 24 3.2.2 Electrodialysis 25 3.2.3 Biological treatment 28 3.2.3.1 Aerobic and anaerobic process 28 3.2.3.2 Combining membrane and bio-reactor 29 3.2.4 Oxidative process 30 3.2.4.1 Oxidation process 30 3.2.4.2 Anodic oxidation 32 3.2.5 Thermal technology 34 3.2.5.1 Evaporation 34 3.2.5.2 Eutectic freeze crystallization 35 3.2.6 Adsorption and ion-exchange 36 3.3 Electrocoagulation 39 3.3.1 Colloidal Stability Theory 39 3.3.2 Theory of Electrocoagulation 40 3.3.3 Mechanism of Abatement of Impurities 44 3.3.4 Operational parameters and efficiency 49 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS 51 4.1 Analytical Techniques and Synthetic Solutions 51 4.1.1 Analytical Techniques 51 4.1.2 Synthetic Produced Water 51 4.2 Design of Experiment and Models 54 4.3 Experimental Protocol for EC 56 4 .4 Development of the new Electrocoagulation cell 57 4.5 Real Produced water 58 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 59 5.1 Designing EC Cell Process 59 5.1.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics for EC manufacturing 59 5.2 Preliminary Experiments 61 5.2.1 TOC Removal and Residence Time Determination 61 5.2.2 Aluminum Concentration 64 5.3 Models Quality and Range of Validity 66 5.3.1 TOC Removal 66 5.3.2 Turbidity Removal 69 5.3.3 Final pH value 71 5.3.4 Ionic Strength and Interpolation for Different Salinities 73 5.3.5 Partial Conclusions 76 5.4 Evolution of the Final pH Value 78 5.5 Operation Region for Effective Treatment of Produced Water with EC 80 5.5.1 Produced Water with Low Salinity 80 Organic Compounds Removal 80 Turbidity Removal 83 5.5.2 Produced Water with Medium Salinity 84 Organic Compounds Removal 84 Turbidity Removal 86 5.5.3 Produced Water with High Salinity 87 Organic Compounds Removal 87 5.6 Influence of Hydrogen Carbonate 90 5.7 Real Produced water 91 5.8 Boron Removal 93 5.9 Estimation of the Size for EC in Full scale 94 5.10 Produced Water with Very Low Salinity and EC 95 5.11 Estimation of Operation Cost 96 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 98 6.1 Conclusion 98 6.2 Recommendations for Future Work 101 Scale up on EC for upstream 101 Further processing and reuse 101 Online optimization for EC 101 Recommendations for any research related to upstream produced water 101 BIBLIOGRAPHY 102 APPENDIX A 117 APPENDIX B 120

[ES] El comportamiento acústico de una sala viene determinado, entre otros factores, por el coeficiente de absorción acústica de las soluciones constructivas de las superficies interiores que lo forman. El coeficiente de absorción se halla a través de ensayos de laboratorio o de las propuestas de la literatura científica. En teatros habitualmente el volumen de la caja de escena es equiparable sino superior al volumen de la sala propiamente dicho, y se comunica con la sala a través de la boca de escena. Para calcular el comportamiento acústico de un teatro no se tiene en cuenta el volumen de la caja de escena, sino que éste se sustituye en el modelo por la superficie de la boca de escena. El coeficiente de absorción de la boca de escena se toma de la literatura científica. Siendo la boca de escena un gran vacío, no es posible encontrar sus valores de absorción en laboratorio. Se desconoce cómo los distintos autores que han propuesto valores para el coeficiente de absorción de la boca de escena han llegado a dichos valores. En el presente trabajo se ha hallado el coeficiente de absorción de la boca de escena de seis teatros de diferentes características y épocas. Para ello, se ha recopilado información gráfica y constructiva de los espacios, se han realizado mediciones acústicas normalizadas con la boca de escena abierta y cerrada, y se han elaborado modelos informáticos tridimensionales que han sido calibrados con las mediciones tomadas "in situ". En una primera fase se ha calibrado el modelo con la boca de escena cerrada y en una segunda se ha repetido el proceso con la boca de escena abierta. El ajuste de los modelos virtuales se ha ejecutado mediante el empleo del método de las superficies de respuesta. Este método ha permitido considerar hasta dos soluciones constructivas con comportamiento acústico desconocido. De esta forma se ha podido deducir el coeficiente de absorción de la boca de escena en cada caso. Finalmente, los coeficientes de la boca de escena hallados en cada teatro se han comparado con los propuestos por diversos autores. Además, se ha evaluado la influencia de la absorción de la boca de escena en cada modelo. Constatando que los valores propuestos en las obras de referencia son adecuados en teatros antiguos, no así en los modernos en los que son válidos sólo en frecuencias medias y altas. / [CA] El comportament acústic d'un espai ve determinat, entre altres factors, pel coeficient d'absorció acústica de les solucions constructives de les superfícies interiors que el formen. El coeficient d'absorció és troba mitjançant assajos de laboratori o de les propostes de la literatura científica. En teatres habitualment el volum de la caixa d'escena és equiparable, sinó superior al volum de la sala, i es comunica amb la sala mitjançant la boca d'escena. Per calcular el comportament acústic d'un teatre no es té en compte el volum de la caixa d'escena, sinó que es substitueix al model per la superfície de la boca d'escena. Com que la boca d'escena és un gran buit, no és possible trobar els seus valors d'absorció al laboratori. Perla qual cosa els seus valors es prenen de la literatura científica Es desconeix com els autors que han proposat valors per al coeficient d'absorció de la boca d'escena han arribat a aquests valors. En aquest treball s'ha trobat el coeficient d'absorció de la boca d'escena de sis teatres de característiques i èpoques diferents. Per fer-ho, s'ha recopilat informació gràfica i constructiva dels espais, s'han realitzat mesures acústics normalitzades amb la boca d'escena oberta i tancada, i s'han elaborat models informàtics tridimensionals que han estat calibrats amb les mesures preses "in situ". En una primera fase el model s'ha calibrat amb la boca d'escena tancada i en una segona s'ha repetit el procés amb la boca d'escena oberta. L'ajust dels models virtuals s'ha executat mitjançant la utilització del mètode de les superfícies de resposta. Aquest mètode ha permès considerar fins a dues solucions constructives amb un comportament acústic desconegut. D'aquesta manera, s'ha pogut deduir el coeficient d'absorció de la boca d'escena en cada cas. Finalment, els coeficients de la boca d'escena trobats a cada teatre s'han comparat amb els proposats per diversos autors. A més, s'ha avaluat la influència de l'absorció de la boca d'escena a cada model. Constatant que els valors proposats a les obres de referència són adequats en teatres antics, no així als moderns en què són vàlids només en freqüències mitjanes i altes. / [EN] The acoustic behavior of a room is determined, among other factors, by the acoustic absorption coefficient of the interior surfaces that make it up. The absorption coefficient is found through laboratory tests or proposals from the scientific literature. In theaters, the volume of the stage house is usually equivalent to the volume of the room itself, if not greater; and it is connected to the room through the proscenium opening. To calculate the acoustic behavior of a theater, the volume of the fly tower is not considered, but instead it is replaced in the model by the surface of the stage opening. Since the proscenium opening is a large recess, it is not possible to find its absorption values in the laboratory; that's why they are taken from the scientific literature. It is not known how the different authors who have proposed values for the absorption coefficient of the stage opening have found these values. In the present work, the absorption coefficient of the proscenium opening of six theaters of different characteristics and periods has been found. For this, graphic and constructive information of the spaces has been compiled, standardized acoustic measurements have been made with the stage opening opened and closed, and three-dimensional computer models that have been calibrated with the on-site measurements have been prepared. In the first phase, the model has been calibrated with the stage opening closed and in the second one the process has been repeated with the stage opening opened. The adjustment of the virtual models has been carried out using the response surface method. This method has allowed to consider up to two constructive solutions with unknown acoustic behavior. This way it has been possible to deduce the absorption coefficient of the stage opening in each case. Finally, the coefficients of the proscenium opening found in each theater have been compared with those proposed by several authors. In addition, the influence of the absorption of the stage opening in each model has been evaluated. Noting that the values proposed in the reference works are adequate in old theaters, but not in modern ones, where they are valid only in medium and high frequencies. / Pérez Aguilar, BN. (2023). Revisión de los valores del espectro de absorción de la caja de escena en teatros, mediante la aplicación del método de superficies de respuesta [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/196753