Problemformulering År 2015 beslutade FN om en ny universell hållbarhetsplan, vid namn Agenda 2030, som syftar till att förbättra de sociala, ekonomiska och miljömässiga förhållanden som råder i världen. Enligt EU-kommissionen ska CSR-arbete ledas på initiativ av företaget. Det här skapar en intressekonflikt mellan företag och de mål som FN satt upp i Agenda 2030 då vissa menar att ansvar för hållbar utveckling inte ska, eller ens kan, ligga på företaget. Sverige anses idag ligga i framkant när det gäller frågor som berör mänskliga rättigheter och demokrati, men för att kunna nå de ambitiösa målen i Agenda 2030 krävs ytterligare ansträngning. Då vi hävdar att näringslivets ansvar har ökat i takt med samhällsutvecklingen, innehar företagen en central roll för uppfyllandet av Agenda 2030. Utan förståelse och vilja, från företagens sida, att ta ansvar för hållbar utveckling tror vi det kommer vara närmast omöjligt att nå målen i Agenda 2030. Därför anser vi att det är viktigt att undersöka ifall Agenda 2030 leder till en större förståelse och vilja för vad företagen behöver göra för att uppnå hållbarhetsmålen. Forskningsfrågor Vad karaktäriserar och motiverar svenska energiföretags CSR-arbete idag? Vad influerar svenska energiföretags CSR-arbete idag? Har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat synen på ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvar hos svenska energiföretag? Om ja: Hur har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat synen på ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvar hos svenska energiföretag? Om nej: Varför har Agenda 2030 inte förändrat eller synen på ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvar hos svenska energiföretag? Har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat CSR-arbetet hos svenska energiföretag? Om ja: Hur har Agenda 2030 förändrat eller påverkat CSR-arbetet hos svenska energiföretag? Om nej: Varför har Agenda 2030 inte förändrat eller påverkat CSR-arbetet hos svenska energiföretag?  Syfte Studien syftar till att undersöka hur svenska företag inom energisektorn arbetar för hållbar utveckling och vad som influerar deras hållbarhetsarbete. Vidare är syftet med studien även att utreda i vilken utsträckning företagens CSR-arbete har anpassats till deglobala mål som FN beslutat om i Agenda 2030. Resultat Studien har förklarat vad som karaktäriserar, motiverar och influerar svenska energiföretags CSR-arbete. Vidare har studien beskrivit hur företagens syn på samhällsansvar och CSR-arbete har förändrats efter Agenda 2030s införande. Resultatet från studien visar att samtliga fallföretag utformar sitt hållbarhetsarbete utifrån tre dimensioner; ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbarhet. Motivationen till att ta ansvar kommer från dels ett självdrivet intresse, men också då många av företagen beskriver att hållbarhetsarbete är nödvändigt för företagets långsiktiga lönsamhet och överlevnad. Olika intressentgrupper påverkar fallföretagen på olika sätt och uttrycker olika förväntningar på företagen. De mest framstående intressentgrupperna är dock ägare, medarbetare och kunder. Studien fann att varken företagens syn på samhällsansvar eller deras CSR-arbete har förändrats till följd av Agenda 2030. Det som många av fallföretagen uttryckte var dock att de såg många fördelar med Agenda 2030 och att företag generellt förmodligen får hjälp av agendan när de utformar sitt CSR-arbete. Kunskapsbidrag Studien har ämnat öka förståelsen för hur svenska energiföretag arbetar med CSR i syfte att uppnå hållbarhetsmålen i Agenda 2030. Målsättningen är att öka intresset och inspirera andra svenska företag till att satsa mer på CSR-arbete, samt bättre förstå sitt bidrag till hållbar utveckling. Genom att undersöka hur Agenda 2030 har förändrat eller påverkat energiföretagens CSR-arbete är ambitionen att hjälpa de företag som vill eller försöker implementera CSR-arbete i sin organisation, i syfte att bidra till hållbar utveckling. / Problem discussion By 2015, the UN decided on a new universal sustainability plan, called Agenda 2030, which aims to improve the social, economic and environmental conditions in the world. According to the EU Commission, CSR work is conducted on the initiative of the company. This creates a conflict of interest between companies and the goals set by the UN in Agenda 2030, as some argue that responsibility for sustainable development should not, or even may, lie on the company. Sweden is now considered to be at the forefront of issues relating to human rights and democracy, but in order to achieve the ambitious goals of Agenda 2030 further efforts are required. As we argue that the responsibility of business and industries has increased in line with the development of the society, companies have a key role to play in fulfilling Agenda 2030. Without a understanding and willingness of companies to take responsibility for sustainable development, we believe it will be impossible to achieve the goals of Agenda 2030. Therefore, we consider it important to investigate if Agenda 2030 leads to a greater understanding and willingness for what businesses need to do to achieve the sustainability goals. Research questions What characterizes and motivates Swedish energy companies' CSR work today? What influences Swedish energy companies' CSR work today? Has Agenda 2030 changed or influenced the view of economic, social and environmental responsibility of Swedish energy companies? If yes: how has Agenda 2030 changed or influenced the view of economic, social and environmental responsibility of Swedish energy companies? If no: why has Agenda 2030 not changed or influenced the view of economic, social and environmental responsibility of Swedish energy companies? Has Agenda 2030 changed the CSR work of Swedish energy companies? If yes: how has Agenda 2030 changed the CSR work of Swedish energy companies? If no: why has Agenda 2030 not changed the CSR work of Swedish energycompanies? Aim The aim of the study is to examine how Swedish companies within the energy sector work for sustainable development och what influences their sustainability efforts. Furthermore, the aim of study is also to investigate to what extent the companies CSR work has been adapted to the global sustainability goals decided by the UN in Agenda 2030 Results The study has explained what characterizes, motivates and influences the Swedish energy company's CSR work. Furthermore, the study has described how companies' views on CSR and sustainability have changed since the introduction of Agenda 2030. The result of the study shows that all fallopian companies base their sustainability work on three dimensions; economic, social and environmental sustainability. The motivation to take responsibility comes from a self-driven interest, but many of the companies also describes that sustainability work is necessary for the company's long-term profitability and survival. Different stakeholders affect the companies in different ways and express different expectations on the companies. However, the most prominent stakeholders are owners, employees and customers. The study found that neither companies' view of social responsibility nor their CSR work has changed as a result of Agenda 2030. However, what many of the companies said were that they saw many benefits of Agenda 2030 and that companies are generally likely to be helped by the agenda when they design their CSR work. Science contributions The study aims to increase the understanding of how Swedish energy companies work with CSR in order to achieve the sustainable development goals of Agenda 2030. The aim is to increase interest and inspire other Swedish companies to invest more in CSR, as well as better understand their contribution to sustainable development. By examining how Agenda 2030 has changed or affected the energy company's CSR work, the ambition is to help those companies that want to or are trying to implement CSR in their organization, in order to contribute to sustainable development.

This thesis began (in thought) as a response to the killing of Trayvon Martin in 2012 and that of Mike Brown not too long after, and the many victims who succumbed to some form of racial profiling of another before these deaths, in-between, and after. Desmond Cole wrote an article in 2015 that further precipitated the thought into action and the desire to address racial profiling in writing form. In the thesis I take a philosophical approach to racial profiling, and although in the first two chapters I address the ordinary discussions surrounding racial profiling, in the latter two I tackle the problem of moral responsibility which I take to be central. In the first part of the thesis I defend the policy in the case of illegal weapons possession based on Henry Shue’s principle of basic rights, but in the latter part I question this assertion. Even if blacks were shown to commit more of certain crimes or even violent crimes, that does not address the fact that crime arises out of context and in the case of “black crime” out of a racialized context. In the latter part of the thesis I work through the problem of collective and personal moral responsibility, eventually maintaining that not only is reparations just, but for racial profiling to be justified investment must be made into racialized communities with high rates of poverty. This is because collective responsibility must be taken for the societal oppression and discrimination that has partly resulted in high rates of racialized crime. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

The aim of this thesis is to study social responsibility and find out what responsibilities the graphic designer may have and what they can do using their skill set as a designer to contribute in helping to better their community. Social responsibility needs to be addressed more within the design field. It needs to be introduced and taught to students at an early stage of their education, so as they fully understand the power and influence that their creations will have over society, and the role this plays in materialism, overconsumption and our modern day consumer-culture. Change needs to be made within graphic design and the urgency for this grows more and more for each day that passes. The graphic designer needs to critically reflect over the purpose of their work and answer the question of whom it stands to serve: their audience or consumer-culture. They need to move away from the creation of artificial needs and the promotion of unnecessary products, and move towards the creation of more useful and lasting communication that contributes to society.

This study focuses on corporate social responsibility from a management perspective. The study had the following objectives - to investigate the level of adoption of CSR by companies in Botswana; to find out why companies in Botswana have embraced CSR; to investigate the views of governments, pressure groups and stakeholders on companies which have embraced CSR in their communities; and to recommend to company management and stakeholders on how best they can use CSR to their best advantage. A Positivist (quantitative) strategy was used to execute this study and data capture was done through the use of a structured questionnaire. This instrument was issued to 100 members of management from companies based near Mahalapye and Gaborone. The response rate was 88%. The key findings were that many companies have CSR policies at their workplaces but they are not yet fully functional. Many companies have also embraced CSR for political mileage reasons only and to appear to be environmentally conscious. / Thesis (MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2013

This thesis argues that JM Coetzee’s novels, in particular Foe, Disgrace, Elizabeth Costello, Slow Man and Diary of a Bad Year all illustrate the complexity of, and the ethical implications and far-reaching consequences resulting from an attempt to effect change in contemporary postcolonial societies. Coetzee represents contemporary postcolonial society, by using liminal characters and narrators who are required by personal or societal conflict and/or crises to make ethical choices with significant results. Various narrative conventions and strategies, all of which influence the ethical implications drawn up for the characters/narrators, are used by Coetzee. Reactions of these liminal characters to their crises of choice vary. The implications of relations between liminal characters, protagonists and narrators with regard to the Other are examined and evaluated. The study identifies the strategies used by Coetzee to subtly lure the reader into accepting co-responsibility for ethical choices required of the characters and narrators. The various reactions that a reader could have on the ethical imperative of formulating a personal stance on liminality, both in terms of the texts and in contemporary postcolonial society, are also evaluated. In the final instance the study indicates that a certain development in Coetzee’s own ethical views can possibly be linked to certain narrative patterns in the selected novels. / PhD (English), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis argues that JM Coetzee’s novels, in particular Foe, Disgrace, Elizabeth Costello, Slow Man and Diary of a Bad Year all illustrate the complexity of, and the ethical implications and far-reaching consequences resulting from an attempt to effect change in contemporary postcolonial societies. Coetzee represents contemporary postcolonial society, by using liminal characters and narrators who are required by personal or societal conflict and/or crises to make ethical choices with significant results. Various narrative conventions and strategies, all of which influence the ethical implications drawn up for the characters/narrators, are used by Coetzee. Reactions of these liminal characters to their crises of choice vary. The implications of relations between liminal characters, protagonists and narrators with regard to the Other are examined and evaluated. The study identifies the strategies used by Coetzee to subtly lure the reader into accepting co-responsibility for ethical choices required of the characters and narrators. The various reactions that a reader could have on the ethical imperative of formulating a personal stance on liminality, both in terms of the texts and in contemporary postcolonial society, are also evaluated. In the final instance the study indicates that a certain development in Coetzee’s own ethical views can possibly be linked to certain narrative patterns in the selected novels. / PhD (English), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Corporate social responsibility has become part of the economic terminology since the seventh decade of the 20th century. From the beginning of the 21st century this context extended and multidimensional with several economic, social and legal connections. Corporate social responsibility focuses not just on the companies’ revenues, but also on the ways, companies achieve these profits. Social responsibility means satisfying stakeholders’ expectations, and the managing of economic, environmental and social aspects in relations with stakeholders in every area of influence: the workplace, market and community. The organizations should address these issues from a strategic point of view. Necessity to strengthen the quality strategy and technology is increasingly seen as a way to sustain competitive advantage of organisations and also a way to overcome disappointments with quality standards and programs in order to survive in today’s global competitive marketing. [S1]    The aim of the quality movement is to enable organizations to deliver high quality services in the shortest possible time to market, at minimum cost, and in a manner that emphasizes human dignity, work satisfaction, and mutual and long-term loyalty between the organization and its stakeholders. As such, TQM has a strong ethical dimension, advocating the importance of considering the interests of stakeholders. Quality management models and methodologies established on the extensive principles of quality are seen as a basis and catalyst for effective CSR in companies. There is not much research done on the influences and effects of TQM on CSR development[S2] . The primary aim of the research is to review corporate social responsibility within a total quality management framework.[S3]    Therefore the research question for this study has been identified as, how quality management can act as a basis and key catalyst for developing CSR in companies?[S4]    Keeping this question in mind, a quantitative content analysis through annual reports of the 28 companies was chosen and various reliable Scientifics scientifics reports were extensively reviewed and analysed. This study aims to find if there is any connection between companies' characteristics and the amount of integrated information of the TQM &andCSR appearance in their annual reports.[S5]    As a result, tThe author tries to analyse developments in corporate social responsibility (CSR) in terms of standardization. Different graphs are generated in order to demonstrate the role of TQM on CSR development. As a result, we understood that most of the companies try to be certified by different ISO standards in order to improve their business quality and better satisfy stakeholders and customers’ expectations. In such a way, theyrealized that they should pay more attention to the environment,economic and social aspect of their business performance.[S6]    Keywords   Total Quality Management, Corporate Social Responsibility, International Organization for Standardization, Stakeholder Theory  [S1]Background  [S2]Problem  [S3]Aim  [S4]Research question  [S5]Method  [S6]Result

Människan och företagens negativa påverkan på miljön har varit i fokus de senaste årtiondena. De blir mer medvetna om sin negativa miljöpåverkan. Det har resulterat i en ökad grad av hållbarhetsarbete. Enskilda individer och företag tar ett ökat ansvar för samhällets hållbara utveckling vilket på många sätt kan vara fördelaktigt.   Uppmärksamheten kring konceptet har mynnat ut i att företagsledningar, myndigheter och enskilda individer riktar sitt fokus på hållbarhetsfrågor. Detta har lagt grund för konceptet Corporate Social Responsibility – CSR – som innebär att företag frivilligt tar ansvar för samhället utöver lagens stadgar. Det finns tre huvudområden för CSR vilka är ekonomiskt, socialt och miljömässigt ansvarstagande. CSR kan dessutom delas in i strategisk och altruistisk. CSR bygger i grund och botten på att företag självmant och aktivt engagerar sig i samhällsutvecklingen.      Under uppsatsens gång kommer författarna beröra hur företag, ur en nationalekonomisk synvinkel, jobbar med CSR. Dessutom redogör författarna för vilka för- och nackdelar de tillfrågade företagen uppmärksammat med detta koncept. Syftet omfattas av de fyra frågorna; får de, kan de, bör de samt gör de. Med hjälp av dessa frågor kommer författarna försöka skapa sig en uppfattning om CSR är lönsamt eller inte.   Uppsatsen bygger på kvalitativa intervjuer där primärdata samlats in från genomförda intervjuer. Sekundärdata omfattas huvudsakligen utav tidigare forskning, vetenskapliga artiklar samt facklitteratur.   Resultatet i undersökningen visar att CSR inte kan påvisa några konkreta bevis på att det genererar lönsamhet. Författarna kommer att redogöra för de olika anledningar till varför detta resultat förefallit.    I slutsatsen skall problemformulering och syfte besvaras utifrån teori kopplat till den empiriska delen i avhandlingen. Dessutom kommer förslag till fortsatta studier redovisas.

Samhällets ökande medvetenhet om klimatförändringar, naturkatastrofer och miljösamhällsfrågor har medfört att det idag ställs större krav på att företag ska ta ett socialt ansvar. Genom att upprätta en hållbarhetsrapport kan företag visa på att de tar ett samhällsansvar och på ett lättare sätt kommunicera ut sitt sociala- och miljömässiga arbete till sina intressenter. I samband med att allt fler företag väljer att hållbarhetsrapportera så stärks också kraven på att rapporterna bör vara trovärdiga och tillförlitliga. Företag kan öka hållbarhetsrapportens trovärdighet och tillförlitlighet genom att anlita en externt oberoende part som granskar och bestyrker rapporten. Syftet med studien är att öka förståelsen för vad företag väljer att redovisa för hållbarhetsindikatorer utifrån GRIs riktlinjer samt hur revisorer och andra granskare går tillväga för att bestyrka redovisningen av dessa indikatorer. Denna undersökning gjordes utifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod som grundade sig på två delar. För att svara på studiens syfte utfördes dels en dokumentstudie om hållbarhetsindikatorer samt intervjuer om bestyrkande där fokus legat på revisorer och andra professionella bestyrkare. Teorin inleddes sedan med en allmän- och teoretisk referensram. I den allmänna referensramen redogjordes det för allmän bakgrundsfakta och i den teoretiska referensramen presenterades olika teorier som var av betydelse för det empiriska resultatet. Studiens resultat visade att företag ofta väljer att hållbarhetsrapportera då de känner påtryckningar från intressenterna att ta ett större samhällsansvar samt för att vinna legitimitet från samhället. Det framgick även att hållbarhetsrapporten bidrar till en mer heltäckande bild av hur företaget arbetar inom sociala, miljömässiga samt ekonomiska områden. En anledning till att företag väljer att anlita en externt oberoende part till att bestyrka sin hållbarhetsrapport är för att säkerställa hållbarhetsinformationen samt öka trovärdigheten och tillförlitligheten. Studien bygger på en deduktiv ansats och avslutas med en empiri- och analys del samt en fördjupad analys där teorin kopplas ihop med det empiriska materialet för att se hur dessa stämmer överens med varandra. Avslutningsvis diskuteras studiens resultat samt svaret på dess syfte. / Society’s increasing awareness of climate change, natural disasters and environment-society issues has led to higher demands when it comes to companies taking social responsibility. By drawing up a sustainability report companies can show that they are taking social responsibility and can more easily communicate their social and environmental work to its stakeholders. As more and more companies choose to report on sustainability the requirements of the reports being credible and reliable are increased. Companies can increase the credibility and reliability of the sustainability report by engaging an external and independent party to review and certify the report. The aim of the study is to increase understanding of what companies chooses to report on sustainability indicators based on GRIs guidelines and also how accountants and other surveyors proceed to authenticate them. The survey was carried out using a qualitative research method based on two parts. In order to answer the aim of the study a document study of sustainability indicators as well as interviews regarding assurances were conducted, where focus has been on accountants and other professional vindicators. The theory was initiated with a general and a theoretical framework. In the general frame of reference the general background facts were accounted for and in the theoretical frame of reference different theories relevant to the empirical results were presented. The results of the study showed that companies often choose to report on sustainability when pressured by stakeholders to take greater social responsibility as well as to gain legitimacy from society. The results also showed that the sustainability report contributes to a more comprehensive picture of how the company works in the social, environmental and economic areas. One reason that companies choose to engage an external independent party to certify its sustainability report is to ensure the sustainability information as well as to increase the credibility and reliability. The study is based on a deductive approach and ends with an empiric and analysis part as well as a deeper analysis where the theory is linked to the empirical material in order to see how these two correlate. Finally the result of the study and the answer to its purpose are discussed.

Thomas Hardy's writing cannot be separated from his personality; and that personality was in part moulded by a variety of social and family pressures. His upbringing in a remote part of England which was undergoing transition confronted him with the daily phenomenon of change, and not infrequently of suffering. Side by side with ancient habits and customs he saw the slow encroachment of a new order which appeared, at times, to challenge his strongest sympathies. In his own family he confronted a once-powerful race now shorn of most its possessions and all of its social rank. While recognising his family past with genuine pride, Hardy was nonetheless disturbed by signs of irregularities of conduct among each branch of his family, and he appears to have been disturbed by the facts of his own birth, which took place less than six months after his parents' marriage. His sensitivity about his family's past, together with his own emotional involvements as a young man, appear to be primarily responsible for the presence of ancestry and heredity as recurring themes in the poems and the novels. Any account of Hardy's early manhood must consider the assertions of Lois Deacon, both those proved and those remaining questionable (Providence and Mr, Hardy, London, 1966); just as any understanding of his personality must take account of the English and American collections of letters from Hardy and his two wives. Intellectually, Hardy was affected by Darwinism and the "rational" approach to religion; he may have been affected, too, by his own rejection by the Church, At all events, his Christian faith collapsed, and he began a life-long search for some replacement for his lost faith, a replacement to be based on reason rather than emotion, though satisfying to the latter. In this he may have failed, but his inquiry brought him into contact with the main streams of philosophy, and still more with the minor streams represented by essayists and correspondents of the Victorian periodicals. A review of the notebooks made from these and other sources shows a life-long preoccupation with the nature of human conduct, and the decree of freedom accorded to man. An intellectual development is shown in these notes which parallels tho development of the earlier novels, and which is also reflected in the poems. The novels, up to and including The Return of the Native, embody a fairly consistent argument. From the beginning Hardy is concerned with the plight of man as a conscious being in a universe whose control is in the hands of unconscious forces: not merely whatever creative powers may exist, but also the forces of decay, death, and destruction. The earliest novels, however, are equally concerned with the nature of society as a single structure belonging to a larger organism which embraces the natural environment and the universal. Even in Under the Greenwood Tree Hardy presupposes a natural unity which is not so distant from the organism presented in The Dynasts. The preservation and maintenance of the social unit, and thus the health of the total organism, is shown to be partly in the hands of men. Man may, by creating and preserving a balance between creative and destructive forces, also create the opportunity for the material improvement of his environment. Thus the nature of men's decisions, and the pressures to which they respond in making choice, become a fundamental theme of Hardy's earlier work. In particular, there is a stress on the unreliability of emotional or irrational choice, and the desirability of reasoned decision based on an understanding of universal and environmental forces, as well as on an understanding of the self. Man is seen, on the one hand, as a part of the natural organism; he is also seen, however, as distinguished from the natural organism, isolated by his possession of consciousness. He is obliged to accept the existence of universal forces, Chance, Time, and Decay; he is also obliged to recognise that his own actions are subject to the force of Consequence. Forethought, therefore, becomes a principal requirement of his reasoning powers. Throughout there is the assumption that 'good' conduct is conduct aimed at the material improvement of men's conditions, and, as an implicit corollary of this, at the elimination of pain. The Return of the Native marks a development of these ideas. The personal equilibrium displayed in Gabriel Oak of Far From the Madding Crowd, achieved through growth and self-knowledge, is not abandoned as a desirable objective which creates a parallel equilibrium in society; but there is a recognition that reason and consciousness are themselves products of evolution. This perception is accompanied by the further insight that with the emergence of consciousness has come a new awareness of men's predicament, and consequently a change in their understanding of their environment and their attitude towards it. In Clym and Eustacia Hardy embodies the new and the old forms of perception and aesthetic response, and shows that in this world the old way is not merely inadequate, but unable to survive. Thus a novel which seems originally designed to repeat the themes of Far From the Madding Crowd was drastically re-cast to become virtually an allegorical treatment of modes of understanding. However, the book embodies, too, Hardy's regret at the necessity of a new awareness, and suggests that his sympathies were strongly with the past though his reason recognised the new. The Mayor of Casterbridge returns to the theme of the organic society, and to the pattern of consequence which human actions may create. For the first time, too, Hardy faces openly the incompatibility between the claims of the temperamental individual and the claims of society. Again there appears to be a conflict between his sympathy for the individual and his reason, which approves the communal purpose. In Hardy's subsequent works these earlier themes are not abandoned, even though there is a stronger awareness of the irrational and potentially destructive nature of the passions and of sexuality. The basic premises of his approach to society are not altered. Nonetheless, there is a greater recognition that human institutions are frequently ill-adapted to their environment, and that in ignoring the passions they make it harder and not easier for men to function. The attack on the laws governing marriage and divorce grows naturally from his concern with the social organism however, and his concept of the nature of society is not different in kind from that of Under the Greenwood Tree and Far From the Madding Crowd. These novels, the later one more centrally, show an awareness that corruption may affect the social organism as easily as the individual. In each case the responsibility is man's, since man alone possesses the faculty of understanding. In these later novels, however, not only intellectual pressures are at work. Personal and subjective features become dominant, and the themes of sexual and hereditary determinism spring as much from personal obsession as from rational inquiry. Hardy's youthful attitudes and experiences, never completely absent, become central to an understanding of his work. Jude the Obscure in particular depends for its force on pressures not directly related to the book's themes, nor arising from then.