Resin based composite is currently one of the most popular dental restoratives. Used as a direct restorative material, it displays many beneficial properties such as excellent micromechanical bonding to enamel, polishability and aesthetics. Despite many advances in dentine bonding agents, dentine bonding remains problematic with microleakage and recurrent caries, being frequent clinical sequelae. The open sandwich technique was developed to overcome two problems: deficient bonding of resin composites to dentine, and inadequate strength and fracture toughness of conventional glass-ionomers (GI). GI displayed excellent cavity sealing abilities by virtue of their chemical adhesion to tooth structure. Resin-modified glass-ionomers (RMGI) were developed to improve on the weaknesses of conventional GI during early setting i.e. setting rate, water sensitivity and strength. Recently literature has reported the use of ultrasonic activation to set conventional GI, opening the possibility of improving the initial properties of the material and suitability for use in the open sandwich technique. The aim of this study was to compare microleakage of Ketac Molar, Ketac Molar set by ultrasound (US), Vitremer and Ketac N100 used in the open sandwich technique, with the control of a resin based composite, Filtek Z250. Two hundred Class II cavities were prepared in a hundred caries free, human, molar teeth, with half of the cervical margins placed apical and the rest coronal to the cemento-enamel junction. For each material, twenty restorations were placed for each cervical position. The sandwich materials were placed to fill the interproximal box level with the pulpal floor, and a final two layers of resin composite was then placed to complete the restoration. Restored teeth were stored in a laboratory oven for 7 days at 37 °C; margins were then finished initially with a medium grit Sof-Lex disc and finally with a fine diamond drill. Material groups were separated into two halfs to commence microleakage testing or thermocycling. Thermocycling was conducted for 500 cycles between 5 °C and 55 °C, with a dwell time of 30 seconds. Restored teeth were then covered with nail varnish around the restoration margins, and immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin solution for 24 hours. They were then cleaned, embedded in clear self-curing acrylic and sectioned 3 times with an Accutom-2 precision saw, at 2 mm intervals. Sections were evaluated using a light microscope under 4 time’s magnification and microleakage scores given as: 0 = no leakage; 1 = < ½; 2 = > ½ distance to the axial wall/pulpal floor; 3 = leakage up to axial wall/pulpal floor. Statistical analysis was undertaken using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the cervical and occlusal microleakage scores; p-values <0.05 were considered significant. The cervical microleakage results of cavity margins in dentine showed that Ketac Molar (US) performed better than Ketac Molar, and Ketac N100 performed better than Vitremer. Results in enamel showed no significant differences. The use of the open sandwich technique effectively reduced microleakage of cervical cavity margins placed in dentine but failed to reduce occlusal microleakage of Filtek Z250. Copyright / Dissertation (MSc(Odont))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Odontology / unrestricted

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Introduction: Coronal microleakage caused by temporary restorative materials is viewed as one of the reasons for endodontic failure. Efforts have been made in recent years to create a temporary restorative material capable of preventing that problem. Objective: Compare in vitro coronal microleakage of an "experimental cement" and four temporary restorative materials used in endodontics. Methods: Class I cavities were made in 90 premolar teeth divided into 10 groups (n= 9) and evaluated at two time periods (1 and 2 weeks). The "experimental cement" was prepared and then coronal sealing of the teeth was performed with the experimental Cement, F (VOCO), Eugenato (MOYCO), Ketac™ Molar Easymix 3M (ESPE) and Coltosol® F. The pieces were submerged in India ink (Pelikan)for 1 and 2 weeks. Microleakage was evaluated on the interface dentin wall / temporary restoration using a stereo microscope (Leica Microsystems LAS EZ version 2.0.0). Measurement was made in millimeters using the software LAS EZ version 2.0.0. Results: Statistically significant differences were found (p< 0.05) when comparing coronal microleakage in the five temporary restorative materials according to exposure time in ink (1 and 2 weeks). Conclusions: The experimental cement had less microleakage than Coltosol® F and Ketac™ Molar EasyMix 3M (ESPE). However, none of the four materials was capable of completely preventing microleakage. / Revisión por pares

Este estudo foi realizado a fim de avaliar a microdureza da dentina radicular adjacente a materiais restauradores contendo fluoretos após desafios erosivos. Foi utilizado um delineamento crossover de duas fases de 4 dias consecutivos cada. Cento e doze fragmentos de dentina bovina foram obtidos, nos quais foi confeccionada uma cavidade padronizada no centro de cada um. Estas cavidades foram restauradas aleatoriamente com cimento de ionômero de vidro (Ketac-fil) ou resina composta (Filtek Z-250). Em seguida, os fragmentos restaurados foram distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os 14 voluntários, montados em aparelhos, cada um com 4 espécimes restaurados com o mesmo material. A partir do segundo dia, metade do aparelho, com dois espécimes, foi imersa em refrigerante de limão por 90 s, quatro vezes por dia, fora da boca por 3 dias. Após um intervalo de 3 dias, fragmentos restaurados com o material ainda não utilizado foram montados no aparelho e foi iniciada a segunda fase do experimento. Após os desafios erosivos, foram realizadas as medidas da microdureza da dentina adjacente às restaurações. Independente do material empregado, os espécimes erodidos apresentaram menores valores de microdureza (p<0.0001). Com relação aos materiais restauradores, foi verificado que a dentina, nas condições deste estudo, apresentou maiores valores de microdureza quando restaurada com cimento de ionômero de vidro (p<0.0001). Sendo assim, podemos concluir que o cimento de ionômero de vidro diminui a progressão da erosão da dentina radicular adjacente à restauração. / This study sought to evaluate the microhardness of root dentine adjacent to fluoride-containing restorative materials after erosive challenge. A cross-over study was performed in two phases of 4 consecutive days each. One hundred and twelve bovine root dentine slabs were obtained, and standardized box-shaped cavities were prepared at center of each specimen. The prepared cavities were randomly restored with glass-ionomer cement or composite resin. The slabs were randomly assigned among 14 volunteers, which wore intraoral palatal device containing 4 restored root dentin slabs. Starting on the second day, half of the palatal acrylic devices were immersed extraorally in a lemonade-like carbonated soft drink for 90 seconds, four times daily for 3 days. After 3-day wash-out, dentine slabs restored with the alternative material were placed into palatal appliance and the volunteers started the second phase of this study. After erosive challenges, microhardness measurements were performed. Regardless of the restorative material employed, eroded specimens demonstrated lower microhardness value (p<0.0001). At any given dentine condition examined in this study, dentine restored with glass-ionomer cement showed higher microhardness values (p<0.0001). It may be concluded that the glass-ionomer cement decreases the progression of root dentine erosion at restoration margin.

Microleakage is an important topic in restorative dentistry. A large number of different techniques have been developed for the investigation of microleakage. However, these methodologies have been considered less reliable due to the nature of specimen preparation. The major objective of this investigation was to introduce a non-destructive technique for the study of microleakage. This objective has been partly met with the use of micro-computed tomography. By scanning the whole restoration with high spatial resolution, microleakage could be detected non-destructively and three dimensionally. In order to detect microleakage by micro-computed tomography, an X-ray contrast dye solution was developed to reveal microleakage at the tooth/restoration interface. In addition, a suitable model of tooth/cavity complex was designed in order to gain the best resolution from micro-computed tomography. Finally, with the application of advanced image analysis software, three-dimensional analysis of microleakage was achieved quantitatively and qualitatively. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1295242 / Thesis (M.Sc.Dent.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2007

Este estudo foi realizado a fim de avaliar a microdureza da dentina radicular adjacente a materiais restauradores contendo fluoretos após desafios erosivos. Foi utilizado um delineamento crossover de duas fases de 4 dias consecutivos cada. Cento e doze fragmentos de dentina bovina foram obtidos, nos quais foi confeccionada uma cavidade padronizada no centro de cada um. Estas cavidades foram restauradas aleatoriamente com cimento de ionômero de vidro (Ketac-fil) ou resina composta (Filtek Z-250). Em seguida, os fragmentos restaurados foram distribuídos aleatoriamente entre os 14 voluntários, montados em aparelhos, cada um com 4 espécimes restaurados com o mesmo material. A partir do segundo dia, metade do aparelho, com dois espécimes, foi imersa em refrigerante de limão por 90 s, quatro vezes por dia, fora da boca por 3 dias. Após um intervalo de 3 dias, fragmentos restaurados com o material ainda não utilizado foram montados no aparelho e foi iniciada a segunda fase do experimento. Após os desafios erosivos, foram realizadas as medidas da microdureza da dentina adjacente às restaurações. Independente do material empregado, os espécimes erodidos apresentaram menores valores de microdureza (p<0.0001). Com relação aos materiais restauradores, foi verificado que a dentina, nas condições deste estudo, apresentou maiores valores de microdureza quando restaurada com cimento de ionômero de vidro (p<0.0001). Sendo assim, podemos concluir que o cimento de ionômero de vidro diminui a progressão da erosão da dentina radicular adjacente à restauração. / This study sought to evaluate the microhardness of root dentine adjacent to fluoride-containing restorative materials after erosive challenge. A cross-over study was performed in two phases of 4 consecutive days each. One hundred and twelve bovine root dentine slabs were obtained, and standardized box-shaped cavities were prepared at center of each specimen. The prepared cavities were randomly restored with glass-ionomer cement or composite resin. The slabs were randomly assigned among 14 volunteers, which wore intraoral palatal device containing 4 restored root dentin slabs. Starting on the second day, half of the palatal acrylic devices were immersed extraorally in a lemonade-like carbonated soft drink for 90 seconds, four times daily for 3 days. After 3-day wash-out, dentine slabs restored with the alternative material were placed into palatal appliance and the volunteers started the second phase of this study. After erosive challenges, microhardness measurements were performed. Regardless of the restorative material employed, eroded specimens demonstrated lower microhardness value (p<0.0001). At any given dentine condition examined in this study, dentine restored with glass-ionomer cement showed higher microhardness values (p<0.0001). It may be concluded that the glass-ionomer cement decreases the progression of root dentine erosion at restoration margin.

A radiopacidade é um requisito essencial para a boa qualidade de um material restaurador estético, pois está diretamente relacionada à adaptação marginal. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a radiopacidade de 28 marcas de resinas fotopolimerizáveis de uso direto existentes no mercado e compará-las com a radiopacidade do esmalte, da dentina e com a espessura equivalente em alumínio. Para tanto, foram confeccionados discos de resina com diferentes espessuras, que foram radiografados pelo método digital direto em conjunto com um penetrômetro de alumínio e com uma secção de dente humano. Pelo processamento digital, pôde-se quantificar o grau de radiopacidade de cada imagem. Nossos resultados mostraram que todos os materiais estudados são tão ou mais radiopacos que o equivalente em alumínio. A dentina não apresentou a mesma radiopacidade de seu equivalente em alumínio em algumas marcas estudadas. Quando a espessura do material não é levada em consideração, a resina Durafill foi a que apresentou radiopacidade menor, incluindo esmalte e dentina. Quando consideramos as diferentes espessuras (0,2; 0,5 e 1mm) a resina Durafill apresentou radiopacidade inferior ao esmalte e à dentina em todas as espessuras. Quando comparada ao alumínio a mesma apresentou radiopacidade inferior na espessura de 0,5mm. A resina Venus apresentou radiopacidade menor que o esmalte na espessura de 1mm, porém semelhante ao mesmo esmalte nas espessuras de 0,2 e 0,5mm. Conclui-se que todas as resinas estão em concordância com a especificação número 27 da American Dental Association. Contudo, pequenas partículas de resinas Durafill e Venus com espessura de 0,2 mm, tanto em excessos quanto em ausências marginais, podem não ser percebidas radiograficamente em restaurações, por apresentarem radiopacidade menor que do esmalte. / The radiopacity is an essential requirement for the good quality of aesthetic restorative materials. We should be aware about the advertisings of radiopacity that many manufacturers do about their materials cause their products, on the market today, do not have the degree of radiopacity suitable for the evaluation of a restoration as the marginal adaptation, the contours and occlusal and the caries recurrence. Our study investigated the radiopacity of 28 brands of direct resins. It was used the method of digital radiographic images acquisition and a software that allowed the digitally measuring of the radiopacity of these materials. It was concluded: the Durafill resin have radiopacity below that of the enamel and that of the dentin, therefore, it is not considered optimal, in the sense of radiopacity, for use in restorations. The resin P90 has limited use in the sense of the outline restoration in radiographs. All the studied materials are as or more radiopaque than their equivalent of aluminum. Dentin, in all studied cases, does not present the same radiopacity of its aluminum equivalent. Dividing this study it is concluded, in the sense of thickness, that is presented by the Durafill resin less radiopacity than that of the enamel and that of the dentin, in three evaluated thicknesses. The resin Venus showed different behaviors in different thicknesses.

Conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs), which continue to gain acceptance as superbly biocompatible dental materials, were first released in the early 1970s as a result of research into combining the advantages of silicate cements and polyalkenate cements. The chemistry of GICs is based upon the aqueous reaction between an ion-leachable fluoride glass and polyacid which yields the final cross-linked insoluble ionomer (ionic polymer). The significant advantages of GICs include direct adhesion to tooth structures, fluoride release, minimal dimensional change on curing, significant ease of use and superb biocompatibility, to the extent that affected proximal tooth structures may be retained, remineralised , and strengthened against further caries. GICs have, however, been unfavourably compared with other restorative materials in their mechanical properties and setting characteristics, in particular their relative weakness, the time limitations for the acid-base reaction to proceed to acceptable maturity, and the susceptibility of the immature cement to water sorption or desiccation.

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">The aim of this study was to investigate the color stability of two provisional restorative materials used in crown and bridge cases upon exposure to different tea staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a polishing technique in removing the tea stains from the stained provisional restorative materials.</p> </font></p>

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">The aim of this study was to investigate the color stability of two provisional restorative materials used in crown and bridge cases upon exposure to different tea staining solutions and to evaluate the effectiveness of a polishing technique in removing the tea stains from the stained provisional restorative materials.</p> </font></p>

Conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs), which continue to gain acceptance as superbly biocompatible dental materials, were first released in the early 1970s as a result of research into combining the advantages of silicate cements and polyalkenate cements. The chemistry of GICs is based upon the aqueous reaction between an ion-leachable fluoride glass and polyacid which yields the final cross-linked insoluble ionomer (ionic polymer). The significant advantages of GICs include direct adhesion to tooth structures, fluoride release, minimal dimensional change on curing, significant ease of use and superb biocompatibility, to the extent that affected proximal tooth structures may be retained, remineralised , and strengthened against further caries. GICs have, however, been unfavourably compared with other restorative materials in their mechanical properties and setting characteristics, in particular their relative weakness, the time limitations for the acid-base reaction to proceed to acceptable maturity, and the susceptibility of the immature cement to water sorption or desiccation.