Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) progresse dans le monde entier de manière alarmante. Les complications sont graves et les traitements sont souvent inefficaces et donnent beaucoup d'effets indésirables. Le resvératrol (RSV) et la curcumine (Cur), des polyphénols naturels, sont connus pour leurs différentes activités pharmacologiques, y compris antidiabétiques. Les objectifs de cette étude ont été d'évaluer les effets de la combinaison de ces deux polyphénols sur l'amélioration de la tolérance au glucose. Nos résultats montrent que chez des souris soumises à un régime riche en graisse (HFD), le RSV améliore la tolérance au glucose alors que la Cur n'a pas d'effet significatif. De manière surprenante, lorsque les deux polyphénols sont administrés simultanément, la Cur inhibe l'effet du RSV sur l'amélioration de la tolérance au glucose. Pour expliquer cet antagonisme, nous avons évalué l'effet de ces polyphénols associés ou pas sur le métagénome. Nos résultats indiquent que la Cur et le RSV normalisent la flore intestinale altérée par le HFD. Lors d'une association de ces polyphénols, la Cur inhibe aussi l'effet du RSV sur la croissance de certaines espèces bactériennes. Ainsi, la Cur bloque l'effet inhibiteur du RSV sur Alistipes putredinis. Nos données indiquent que ces polyphénols sont en général anti-inflammatoires mais leur association peut être synergique in vitro ou bien, à l'opposé, antagoniste in vivo pour l'expression de certaines cytokines. Afin d'évaluer l'effet physiologique de la modification de la flore intestinale par les polyphénols, nous avons étudié le métabolome. Parallèlement au métagénome, chacun des polyphénols améliore le profil métabolomique altéré par le HFD. Cependant, la Cur s'oppose à l'effet du RSV. Les données de ce travail indiquent que la Cur n'est pas associable au RSV pour améliorer la tolérance au glucose. / Each year, the worldwide impact of type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases significantly. The complications are serious and treatments are often ineffective and provide a lot of side effects. Resveratrol (RSV) and curcumin (Cur) are natural polyphenols known for their different pharmacological activities, including anti-diabetic. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of the combination of these polyphenols on glucose tolerance improvement. Our results show that in animals fed with a high fat diet (HFD), RSV improved glucose tolerance while Cur displayed no significant effect. Surprisingly, when both polyphenols were administered simultaneously, Cur inhibited the effect of RSV on glucose tolerance improvement. To explain this antagonism between both polyphenols on glucose tolerance, we have evaluated the effect of these compounds on the metagenome associated or not. Our results indicate that RSV and Cur normalized gut flora altered by HFD. When Cur and RSV were administrated simultaneously, Cur inhibited the effect of RSV on the growth of some bacterial species. Thus, Cur blocked the inhibitory effect of RSV on Alistipes putredinis. Our data indicate that these polyphenols displayed generally anti-inflammatory effects, but their combination may be either synergistic in vitro or antagonistic in vivo on the expression of some cytokines. To evaluate the physiological effect of the gut flora changes induced by polyphenols, we have drawn a parallel between metagenome and metabolome data. Each of the polyphenols improved by itself the metabolomic profile altered by HFD. However, Cur hindered the effect of RSV. In a whole, this study indicates that combination of Cur with RSV is not successful to further enhance the RSV-induced improvement of glucose tolerance.

Cardiovascular and metabolic diseases are still the primary cause of death and disability in modern society. Although genetic factors play a fundamental role in the development of these chronic conditions, the remarkable variability in an individual’s susceptibility to develop these pathologies cannot be completely explained by genetics. The early programming of adult diseases theory became established in the 1980’s, and is now supported by a growing body of evidence demonstrating that exposure to suboptimal environmental conditions during crucial periods of time can predispose an individual to the development of chronic conditions (including cardiovascular and metabolic diseases) later in life. Among the multitude of factors that can cause early programming, we have focused on the study of pregnancy complications leading to fetal hypoxia and causing intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). To this end, we have used an animal model in which pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to either normal (∼21% O2) or hypoxic (∼11.5% O2) conditions during the last third of pregnancy. We then followed and studied the cardiovascular and metabolic characteristics of the offspring later in life. The studies presented in this thesis demonstrate that hypoxic prenatal insults have long-term consequences on cardiac structure, function and susceptibility to ischemia. We also demonstrated that programmed susceptibility to myocardial ischemia was associated with changes in cardiac energy metabolism and increased levels of myocardial oxidative stress. Moreover, we described the interaction between prenatal hypoxic insults, aging and sex differences in the later development of cardiovascular conditions. Additional studies presented in this thesis demonstrate that offspring born IUGR are more susceptible to develop most components of the metabolic syndrome when exposed to a high-fat (HF) diet. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that the exacerbated deleterious response to a HF diet described in offspring born IUGR can be prevented by postnatal administration of Resveratrol, which is a natural compound with anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. In conclusion, the results presented in this thesis are an important contribution to the understanding of the long-term cardiovascular and metabolic effects of prenatal hypoxic insults causing IUGR and provide evidence regarding possible mechanisms and treatment alternatives that could be considered.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of hydrogen peroxide and selected phenolic compounds on growth and catalase production of Aspergillus fumigatus. As a result of growing A. fumigatus at different temperatures it was observed that, growth and catalase production of this species were highest at 37 &deg / C. Catalase production was highest in the presence of 1 mM H2O2, yielding a significant 3 fold increase with respect to the control. Biomass was also increased by 1,44 fold with respect to the control sample. H2O2 increased catalase production possibly by inducing oxidative stress as biomass production significantly increased after the depletion of H2O2. Both gallic acid and trans-resveratrol significantly enhanced biomass generation of A. fumigatus (1,17 fold increase at 10 mM gallic acid and 1,45 fold increase at 3 mM resveratrol with respect to controls) and decreased extracellular catalase production (4,33 fold at 25 mM gallic acid and 16,7 fold decrease at 3 mM resveratrol with respect to controls) especially in the first 5 or 6 days of the cultivation where the anti-oxidant activity of the compounds were possibly at their maximum. A sudden and significant rise was observed in extracellular catalase activity between 5th and 7th days of the cultivation in phenolic compound applied samples, possibly owing to the depletion of the antioxidant activity of gallic acid and resveratrol followed by fungal cells&rsquo / response to a sudden increase of oxidative stress by boosting catalase production.

Acrylamide is an industrially produced chemical with known neurotoxic, reproductive toxin and carcinogenic effects. The carcinogenicity associated with acrylamide is mostly attributed to its metabolism by liver CYP2E1. However, studies investigating the effects of acrylamide on CYP2E1 enzyme are limited. In this study, it was aimed to investigate in vivo interaction of carcinogenic acrylamide on microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activities, and protein levels, and on cytosolic NQO1 and GST enzyme activities of rabbit liver, kidney and lung of acrylamide-treated rabbits. The in vivo protective effect of resveratrol, a phenolic compound, was also investigated on acrylamide toxicity. New Zealand male rabbits were treated with acrylamide and resveratrol, separately in different doses and conditions. Their combined effects were also investigated. CYP2E1-dependent p-Nitrophenol hydroxylase, NDMA N-demethylase and aniline 4-hydroxylase activities were found to be significantly increased in acrylamide-treated rabbit liver (1.80-3.0 fold) and kidney (1.6-fold). Rabbit liver and kidney CYP2E1 protein levels (determined by western blot analyisis) also increased approximately 2-fold due to acrylamide treatment. In rabbit liver, resveratrol was found significantly effective in decreasing both acrylamide-induced CYP2E1-dependent enzyme activities (approximately 1.5-1.80 fold) and CYP2E1 protein levels (approximately 1.5-1.70 fold). Additionally, resveratrol significantly decreased acrylamide-induced CYP2E1 protein level (2-2.5 fold) in rabbit kidney. However, no significant change was observed in rabbit lung CYP2E1-dependent enzyme activities and CYP2E1 protein levels due to acrylamide, resveratrol or their combined treatments. Furthermore, it was found that acrylamide treatment significantly increased CYP3A6-dependent erythromycin N-demethylase enzyme activity (1.85-fold) and CYP3A6 protein levels in rabbit liver (1.69-fold). No change was observed in CYP2B4-dependent benzphetamine N-demethylase enzyme activities of rabbit liver, kidney and lung by in vivo acrylamide, resveratrol or their combined treatments. Moreover, total GST and GST-Mu activities of rabbit kidney (1.5-fold, respectively) and total GST activity of rabbit lung (1.6-fold) were increased significantly only in resveratrol treated group. NQO1 enzyme activity of rabbit kidney was significantly increased by acrylamide treatment (1.6-fold). The results of the present study have demonstrated for the first time that acrylamide induces rabbit liver and kidney CYP2E1-dependent enzyme activities and CYP2E1 protein levels. The induction of CYP2E1 enzyme activity and protein level by acrylamide treatment can stimulate formation of other toxic compounds and procarcinogens metabolized by CYP2E1 which in turn further potentiates the risk of hepatotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. In the present study, it was also demonstrated for the first time that acrylamide treatment also increases CYP3A6 enzyme activity in rabbit liver which may lead to alterations in drug metabolism. The results of this study have also suggested that resveratrol may have protective effects on acrylamide induced toxicity / however, further in vivo studies are required to clarify the effect of resveratrol on both acrylamide-induced toxicity and anti-oxidant enzymes.

Resveratrol is one of the promising naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in red wine having antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic properties. However, in vivo studies investigating the effects of resveratrol on antioxidant enzymes are limited. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, the influence of resveratrol on liver and kidney antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress markers in acrylamide treated and control rabbits. New Zealand male rabbits were treated with acrylamide and resveratrol, separately in two different doses and conditions. Their combined effects were also investigated. While, acrylamide treatment significantly decreased the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in liver (1.24-fold), it was significantly increased (1.20 &ndash / 1.40-fold) by combined effect of resveratrol and acrylamide in liver and kidney. Furthermore, alone resveratrol administration increased (~1.37 &ndash / fold) GPx activity in kidney. Although, glutathione reductase (GR) was found to be significantly increased (~1.30-fold) in two different dose of resveratrol treated rabbit liver, it was not changed in acrylamide and their combined treatments. Despite, glutathione (GSH) content was decreased around 1.6 fold as a result of acrylamide treatment in rabbit liver and kidney cytosols, GSH level was returned to normal levels by resveratrol tretment in rabbit liver and kidney. Furthermore, acrylamide treatment significantly increased the SDH activity in blood serum (1.68-fold) and in liver (1.27-fold) with respect to control. On the other hand, resveratrol treatment brought this activity nearly normal level in acrylamide treated rabbits.. Besides, sorbitol deydrogenase (SDH) was found to be decreased (3.13-fold) significantly in rabbit liver cytosol as a result of single dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. resveratrol treatment. Moreover, catalase activity and MDA level were not affected from either resveratrol or acrylamide and with their combination effect in investigated rabbit organs. An important liver damage marker enzyme other than ALT and AST, SDH was characterized in terms of substrate, cofactor and enzyme concentration in rabbits which have been not investigated before and found to be 200 mM, 141 &micro / M and 0.5 &micro / L, respectively in rabbit liver. Furthermore, the Km value was first calculated in liver of New Zealand rabbits as 55,5 mM. In addition to these, in vitro effects of resveratrol on GST activity was also studied throughout this study. Resveratrol was shown to be a noncompetitive inhibitor for liver cytosolic GST against substrate CDNB with Ki of 175 &micro / M. On the other hand, resveratrol was shown to be a competitive inhibitor for liver cytosolic GST against substrate GSH with Ki of 55 &micro / M. The results of the present study have demonstrated for the first time that resveratrol induced some of the antioxidant enzyme activities and as well nonenzymatic antioxidants in rabbit liver and kidney. The results of GPx, GR, SDH activities and GSH level have also suggested that resveratrol may have protective effects on acrylamide induced hepatoxicity and renal toxicity. Therefore, it may be a therapeutic approach for the oxidative stress-related diseases such as cancer. However, further in vivo studies are required to clarify the effect of resveratrol on both acrylamide-induced toxicity and bioavailability in the body.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed Jan. 29, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 55-60).

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have a role in cardiovascular health and disease. This study was undertaken to determine if ROS formation is influenced by either common genetic variations in p22phox, a subunit of the ROS generating enzyme NOX1, or by natural plant compounds with cardiovascular benefits. Hydrogen peroxide production was measured using Amplex Red, and superoxide generation was measured using NBT and MCLA. Each of seven p22phox variants supported ROS generation by NOX1. No differences were found in the rate of ROS production; however, unequal transfer of the p22phox gene may be a confounding factor. A variation in the 3’UTR of the p22phox gene led to lower p22phox protein levels, whereas none of the other variations affected mRNA or protein expression. The natural compound resveratrol acts as an antioxidant towards hydrogen peroxide, but not superoxide. Resveratrol does not inhibit NOX1 activity.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2006. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 11, 2009). Advisor: John J. Docherty. Keywords: herpes simplex, virus, resveratrol, NF-kappaB, NSAID Includes bibliographical references (p. 100-105).

Universiẗat, Diss., 2001--Gießen.