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Programa de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Civil. Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto. / Submitted by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2016-01-27T17:37:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_SistemasUnidadesPadrão.pdf: 4462911 bytes, checksum: d440d3f12d86c870d7f06e44489733cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Oliveira Flávia (flavia@sisbin.ufop.br) on 2016-01-27T18:31:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_SistemasUnidadesPadrão.pdf: 4462911 bytes, checksum: d440d3f12d86c870d7f06e44489733cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-28T12:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_SistemasUnidadesPadrão.pdf: 4462911 bytes, checksum: d440d3f12d86c870d7f06e44489733cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997 / O tema abordado, SISTEMA DE UNIDADES PADRÃO ESCOLAR - UPEC, possui como objetivo a criação de unidades prediais escolares, projetadas para apoiar o ensino público primário e secundário. A principal característica onde se apoia todo o sistema, é sua flexibilidade. As unidades escolares são viabilizadas e construídas, a partir de um estudo de dimensionamento e classificação em função da demanda local, à época de sua implantação. Daí serem superadas em capacidade, em alguns casos, em curto espaço de tempo. O Sistema proposto permite o crescimento das edificações, habilitando-as para a ampliação do número de usuários existente. A transformação das edificações através da ampliação de suas instalações físicas faz-se de forma natural, sem prejuízo do aspecto formal e sem interromper as atividades escolares durante o período letivo, uma vez que não interfere de forma direta nos espaços existentes. Concebido no sistema estrutural metálico, dado à sua afinidade com os objetivos de nossa proposta, contempla principalmente os seguintes itens: • Flexibilidade • Baixo custo de implantação • Rapidez na execução da obra • Facilidade de transporte • Desmonte e locomoção com reaproveitamento • Possibilidade de industrialização. • Adaptabilidade ao terreno As unidades escolares, denominadas UPECs, classificam-se segundo o número de salas de aula, que pode variar de 4 a 16. Os crescimentos foram previstos caso a caso de acordo com a categoria de cada edificação. A viabilidade do sistema construtivo metálico foi analisada pela USIMINAS, que se posicionou de forma favorável ao projeto apresentado. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ / ABSTRACT: This work aims at the designing of schools, proposed to the primary and secondary degree, sponsored by the government. The main characteristic of this system is its flexibility. The schools are designed and built according to previous researchs concerning its dimensions and classification according to its local conditions at time of implantation.In this case, they are likely to become surpassed in short time. The system allows the expansion of the building according to its new requirements, fulfilling the needs of the different categories concerning the number of classrooms, and is conceived in steel structures, so that the exchange of categories is achieved in a natural way, keeping the formal aspects and without interference in the school activities.The following itens are considered: • Flexibility • Low costs of implantation • Fast erection of building • Easy transportation • Easy dismounting and new use • Industrialization possibilities • Adaptability to the site The school units are classified according the number of classrooms with can vary from 4 (four) to 16 (sixteen). The expansions where studieds according to each categorie of building. The feasibility of the constructive system was analized and aproved by USIMINAS.

Orientador : Juares Aranha Ricardo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-16T19:14:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sakamoto_NoraTeixeiraMendesNose_D.pdf: 6848951 bytes, checksum: f3ebe66241c5cc78a3d01e04413b4920 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1982 / Resumo: Uma longa série de experimentos fisiológicos indica fortemente que os neurônios da formação reticular mesencefálica dão origem a um ¿sistema ativador ascendente¿ que se projeta difusamente sobre o córtex cerebral e está conspicuamente envolvido no controle do ciclo vigília-sono e de praticamente envolvido no controle do ciclo vigília-sono e de praticamente todos os outros aspectos da chamada ¿ atividade nervosa superior¿.Parece claro também que grande parte da atividade espontânea dos neurônios da formação reticular mesencefálica não é autóctone, e depende, fundamentalmente de projeções que vêm ter a esses neurônios a partir de estruturas rostrais ou caudais ao mesencéfalo. Do exposto pode-se inferir que um conhecimento preciso das conexões aferentes da formação reticular mesencefálica é, sem dúvida, vital para o progresso das idéias em múltiplos domínios funcionais de grande importância. As conexões aferentes da formação reticular mesencefálica foram estudadas experimentalmente no rato com o auxílio da técnica de rastreamento retrógrado com a peroxidase do rábano silvestre (HRP). Os resultados sugerem que as principais aferências à porção rostral da formação reticular mesencefálica provêm do córtex cerebral, da zona incerta e dos compôs de Forel, da substância cinzenta cental, dos núcleos reticulares oral e caudal da ponte e de núcleos cerebelares profundos ...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: Not informed. / Doutorado / Biologia Celular e Molecular / Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), the cholinergic arm of the reticular activating system (RAS), is known to modulate waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. REM sleep decreases between 10 and 30 days postnatally in the rat, with the majority occurring between 12 and 21 days. We investigated the possibility that changes in the cholinergic, muscarinic and/or nicotinic, input to PPN neurons could explain at least part of the developmental decrease in REM sleep. We recorded intracellularly from PPN neurons in 12-21 day rat brainstem slices maintained in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) and found that application of the nicotinic agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium iodide (DMPP) depolarized PPN neurons early in development, then hyperpolarized PPN neurons by day 21. Most of the effects of DMPP persisted following application of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX), and in the presence of glutamatergic, serotonergic, noradrenergic and GABAergic antagonists, but were blocked by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (MEC). The mixed muscarinic agonist carbachol (CAR) hyperpolarized all type II (A current) PPN cells and depolarized all type I (low threshold spike-LTS current) and type III (A + LTS current) PPN cells, but did not change effects during the period known for the developmental decrease in REM sleep. The effects of CAR persisted in the presence of TTX but were mostly blocked by the muscarinic antagonist atropine (ATR), and the remainder by MEC. We conclude that, while the nicotinic inputs to the PPN may help modulate the developmental decrease in REM sleep, the muscarinic inputs appear to modulate different types of cells differentially.

Rapid eye movement sleep decreases between 10 and 30 days postnatally in the rat. The pedunculopontine nucleus is known to modulate waking and rapid eye movement sleep, and pedunculopontine nucleus neurons are thought to be hyperpolarized by noradrenergic input from the locus coeruleus. The goal of the study was to investigate the possibility that a change in α-2 adrenergic inhibition of pedunculopontine nucleus cells during this period could explain at least part of the developmental decrease in rapid eye movement sleep. We, therefore, recorded intracellularly in 12-21 day rat brainstem slices maintained in oxygenated artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Putative cholinergic vs. non-cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus neurons were identified using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase histochemistry and intracellular injection of neurobiotin (Texas Red immunocytochemistry). Pedunculopontine nucleus neurons also were identified by intrinsic membrane properties, type I (low threshold spike), type II (A) and type III (A+low threshold spike), as previously described. Clonidine (20 μM) hyperpolarized most cholinergic and non-cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus cells. This hyperpolarization decreased significantly in amplitude (mean±S.E.) from -6.8±1.0 mV at 12-13 days, to -3.0±0.7 mV at 20-21 days. However, much of these early effects (12-15 days) were indirect such that direct effects (tested following sodium channel blockade with tetrodotoxin (0.3 μM)) resulted in hyperpolarization averaging -3.4±0.5 mV, similar to that evident at 16-21 days. Non-cholinergic cells were less hyperpolarized than cholinergic cells at 12-13 days (-1.6±0.3 mV), but equally hyperpolarized at 20-21 days (-3.3±1.3 mV). In those cells tested, hyperpolarization was blocked by yohimbine, an α-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (1.5 μM). These results suggest that the α-2 adrenergic receptor on cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus neurons activated by clonidine may play only a modest role, if any, in the developmental decrease in rapid eye movement sleep. Clonidine blocked or reduced the hyperpolarization-activated inward cation conductance, so that its effects on the firing rate of a specific population of pedunculopontine nucleus neurons could be significant. In conclusion, the α-2 adrenergic input to pedunculopontine nucleus neurons appears to consistently modulate the firing rate of cholinergic and non-cholinergic pedunculopontine nucleus neurons, with important effects on the regulation of sleep-wake states.

No description available.

Metastin, the product of metastasis suppressor gene KiSS-1, is proposed to be the natural ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor GPR54, known also as AXOR12. This immunohistochemical study, using a rabbit polyclonal antiserum against the human metastin fragment (45-54)-NH2, showed that in rats metastin-like immunoreactivity (MTS-LI) was present in neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract and caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, and in cell processes of the spinal trigeminal tract and lateral reticular nucleus. MTS-LI was confined mainly to neurons and fibers at or caudal to the area postrema. In the spinal cord, MTS-LI cell processes formed a dense plexus in superficial layers I and II of the dorsal horn. The pattern of distribution of MTS-LI in the medulla and spinal cord suggests that this novel peptide may participate in autonomic and sensory neural signaling.

The thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), and especially its caudal, sensory-related, half (cTRN), has been hypothesised for years to be at the very heart of thalamic sensory processing modulation, and attentional processes in particular. Very limited behavioural evidence is available, nonetheless, in support of such a functional attribution. In this thesis we carried out a series of investigations, combining immunocytochemical and lesion techniques with tests of behaviour, in order to examine the potential role of cTRN in attention and identify the attentional processes, if any, that it is more likely to contribute to. In chapter II, we looked at the Fos activation levels within modality-specific sectors of cTRN following attentive behaviours to stimulation of different modalities. We observed a selective activation of the visual sector of cTRN in visually attentive animals but not in tactilely attentive, yet visually stimulated, animals, thus demonstrating an involvement of that area in processes of visual attention. In chapter III we looked at the role of cTRN in cross-modal expressions of divided attention. We found that its removal, through neurotoxic lesioning, did not result in any behavioural costs with regard to the division of attention. Detriments in response accuracy, however, suggested that cTRN may be involved in stimulus processing enhancement operations, unrelated with the division of attention. Finally, in chapters IV and V, we looked at the effects of lesions of the visual sector of cTRN (TRNvis) on the ability to orient attention covertly within visual space. We found that the removal of TRNvis did not affect visual covert orienting behaviour, both when this is triggered by exogenous and endogenous means. Overall our results suggest that even though cTRN appears to be involved in some aspects of attention, it does not represent a necessary structure for the generation and operation of certain other forms of attention.

In addition to leukocytes, secondary lymphoid organs are populated by non-hematopoietic stromal cells. This diverse group of cells supports lymphocyte migration and homing, facilitates antigen delivery, and promotes T cell survival. However, there is relatively little known about the specific molecules governing the roles that these cells play in regulating dendritic cell (DC) motility and lymph node architecture. Here, we examine the interaction between two molecules, CLEC-2 and podoplanin (PDPN), that are critical for DC migration and maintaining structural integrity of lymph nodes. Together, these studies identify novel functions of lymph node stromal cells and a unique function for PDPN in the immune system. In response detecting an potentially harmful antigen, DCs in peripheral tissues mature and travel to downstream lymph nodes by following chemokine gradients secreted by lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) present in the lymph node paracortex. We discovered that, in addition to chemokines, DC migration requires CLEC-2 on DCs, as engagement of CLEC-2 with PDPN, which is expressed by LECs and FRCs, incites DC motility and is required for DC entry into the lymphatics, efficient arrival in the lymph node, and migration along the FRC network within the lymph node. Next, we examined the effect of this interaction with respect to the stromal cell. Through a combination approaches, we discovered that PDPN is a master regulator of contractility in FRCs. The fact that FRCs are contractile cells was previously reported, but our study is the first to identify a function for this contractility: upon blockade of PDPN-mediated contractility, lymph nodes became enlarged, the FRC network became more sparse, and there were increased numbers of lymphocytes in the lymph node. Importantly, during an immune response, these changes resulted in more proliferation of antigen-specific T cells and impaired contraction of the lymph node upon resolution of inflammation. Finally, we found that CLEC-2 binding PDPN recapitulated the effect of PDPN deletion. Thus, during an immune response, CLEC-2+ DCs would use PDPN to efficiently migrate to the lymph node and simultaneously cause FRCs to relax and prepare the lymph node for expansion.