O rebanho ovino brasileiro tem se intensificado, o que predispõe à maior incidência de transtornos digestivos, como a úlcera de abomaso. A ranitidina é utilizada na prevenção e tratamento desta afecção, no entanto há pouca informação sobre a indicação parenteral deste fármaco para a espécie ovina. São escassas as informações a respeito das alterações metabólicas concomitantes, assim como do comportamento do sistema digestório. Nesse estudo foram utilizados cinco ovinos, machos, hígidos, providos de cânula ruminal e abomasal em delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino 5 x 5, com arranjo fatorial de tratamentos 2 x 2 + 1. Foram testadas as doses de 1mg/kg e 2mg/kg, administradas por via intravenosa, (IV) a cada 12 (BID) e a cada 8 horas (TID) em relação ao grupo controle, tratado com 1 mL de solução fisiológica por 25 kg, IV, BID. Maiores concentrações de proteína total, cálcio, sódio e hemoglobina, maiores atividades de AST e aumento do pH abomasal por 150 minutos foram observados em todos os animais que receberam o fármaco, independentemente de dose e frequência. No grupo tratado BID houve diminuição do número de leucócitos. Na frequência TID houve aumento das concentrações de creatinina e diminuição do cortisol plasmático. Os tratamentos 1 mg/kg TID e 2 mg/kg BID aumentaram o número de hemácias, diminuíram o intervalo entre as contrações reticulares e as concentrações séricas de pepsinogênio. Não foram observadas alterações na dinâmica dos fluidos, no pH ruminal, nas funções vitais e na amplitude das contrações reticulares. A radiografia contrastada foi útil para a avaliação da motilidade abomasal e intestinal. A ultrassonografia em modo-M revelou-se de grande valia na avaliação da amplitude e duração da curva de contração reticular e do intervalo entre as contrações. / The brazilian sheep production intensified, predisposing to increased incidence of digestive disorders such as abomasal ulcers. Ranitidine is used to prevent and treat this disease, however there is little information about the use of parenteral form of the drug in sheep. Data about the concomitant metabolic changes, as well as the behavior of the digestive system is scant. In this study, we used five healthy male sheep with ruminal and abomasal cannula. A Latin Square experiment 5 x 5 with 2 x 2 + 1factorial arrangement of treatments was run. Four levels of 1mg/kg and 2mg/kg administered intravenously (IV) every 12 (BID) and every 8 hours (TID) was compared to the control group, treated with 1 mL of saline per 25 kg, IV, BID. Higher concentrations of total protein, calcium, sodium and hemoglobin, increased AST activity and increased pH abomasum for 150 min were observed in all animals receiving the drug, regardless of dose and frequency. The BID treatment groups showed decrease the number of leukocytes. Increase of creatinine concentrations and decrease of plasma cortisol were observed in the TID group. Treatments 1 mg/kg TID and 2 mg/kg BID increased the number of red blood cells, decreased the interval between reticular contractions and serum pepsinogen. No changes were observed in fluid dynamics, the ruminal pH, vital functions and amplitude of reticular contractions. Contrast administered through abomasal cannula allowed the evaluation of abomasal and intestinal motility by radiography. The M-mode ultrasonography proved valuable in characterizing reticular contraction by the interval of contractions and a contraction curve correlating amplitude and time and.

A presente proposta visa examinar a formação histórica do conceito de célula visual. Pretendemos delimitar o estudo ao caso das células fotorreceptoras (cones e bastonetes). Em meados da década de 1860 a teoria vigente sobre o processo perceptivo era a das energias específicas dos nervos proposta por Johannes Müller (1801-1858) e desenvolvida posteriormente por Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-1894). Examinaremos em nossa pesquisa a formação do conceito de tipos específicos de células nervosas associadas aos processos perceptivos (o foco do trabalho são as células do sistema visual). Esse debate envolve a formação dos conceitos de córtex visual, sistema visual, informação nervosa e célula nervosa. O período examinado será o entorno das duas últimas décadas do século XIX (décadas de 1880 e 1890), período em que Ferruccio Tartuferi (1852-1925) propõe a constituição híbrida da retina em 1887 e é marcada também pela formulação da teoria neuronal (teoria formulada principalmente pelo espanhol Santiago Ramón y Cajal) / The objective of the present study is to examine the historical formation of the visual cell concept, focussing on the the study of photoreceptor cells (cones and rods). In the mid-1860s, the current theory about the perceptual process was that of the specific energies of nerves proposed by Johannes Müller (1801-1858) and later developed by Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-1894). Our research will examine the formation of the concept of specific types of nerve cells associated with perceptual processes (the focus of the work are the cells of the visual system). This debate involves the formation of the concepts of visual cortex, visual system, nervous information and nerve cell. The period examined will be the last two decades of the nineteenth century (1880s and 1890s), a period in which Ferruccio Tartuferi (1852-1925) proposed the hybrid constitution of the retina in 1887 and also marked by the formulation of neuronal theory mainly by the Spaniard Santiago Ramón y Cajal

O propósito desta pesquisa é identificar o que ocorre na fronteira da comunicação entre a cultura corporativa e a cultura das redes digitais, com o pressuposto de que a lógica de controle das empresas cria um antagonismo com a tendência de descentralização comunicativa das redes digitais, e que esse antagonismo manifesta-se de forma mais aguda em situações de crise. Em nossa abordagem, pensamos a empresa como um fenômeno sistêmico complexo - e não mais como um ator que dialoga linear e unidirecionalmente com o consumidor - e as redes digitais como um fenômeno pós-sistêmico e \"não-controlável\" pelas empresas. As tecnologias digitais alteram nossa percepção, o sentido de conexão e nossa própria condição habitativa (o modo de estar no mundo). O social deixa de ser pensado como algo dado a priori, mas em construção (em permanente movimento) e formado por atores humanos e não humanos. As redes digitais são uma nova arquitetura da complexidade, uma hipercomplexidade. Trata-se de superar a ideia de comunicação como fluxo de informação, linear e frontal, típica da sociedade industrial, e substituí-la pela ideia de comunicação ecológica, que agrega humanos, tecnologias, dispositivos, informações, territórios, elementos inorgânicos, bancos de dados, etc. Nesse novo contexto, parece não mais fazer sentido distinguir espaços físicos e espaços informativos. Essa \"ecologia digital\" reconfigura a ação, não mais formada por um sujeito-ator interagindo com o exterior, mas organizada em rede, construída com base na complexidade das ações dos atores envolvidos. Seguindo um percurso histórico-teórico, buscamos reconstruir a formação e as influências do pensamento científico, dos impactos das descobertas das ciências naturais do início do século XX sobre as ciências humanas/sociais - com o surgimento da ideia sistêmica -, e da migração da complexidade sistêmica à complexidade reticular e suas narrativas, Teoria Ator-Rede e Atopia, fundamentos da metodologia da pesquisa empírica e da técnica de pesquisa Cartografia das Controvérsias, aplicada à controvérsia gerada nas redes pela contaminação do suco de maçã AdeS da empresa Unilever / The purpose of the research is to identify what occurs at the communication boundary between corporate culture and digital network culture with the assumption that companies\' control logic creates an antagonism to the tendency of communicative decentralization of digital networks and this antagonism is manifested most acutely in crisis situations. In our approach we think of the company as a complex systemic phenomenon - and not as an actor who dialogues linearly and unidirectionally with the consumer - and digital networks as a post-systemic phenomenon and \"non-controllable\" by companies. Digital technologies change our perception, sense of connection and our way of living or of being in the world. The social is no longer thought of as something given a priori but instead as under construction (in permanent movement) and formed by human and non-human actors. Digital networks are a new architecture of complexity; a hyper complexity. It is about to overcome the idea of communication as information flow, linear and frontal, typical of industrial society, and replace it with the idea of ecological communication, which aggregates human, technologies, devices, information, territories, databases, etc. In this new context it no longer makes sense to distinguish physical spaces and information spaces. This \"digital ecology\" reconfigures the action, no longer formed by a subject-actor interacting with the outside, but is instead organized in a network, built on the complexity of the actions of the involved actors. Following a historical-theoretical approach we seek to reconstruct the formation and the influences of scientific thought, the impact of natural science discoveries of the early twentieth century on the human and social sciences - with the emergence of systemic idea - and the migration from systemic complexity to reticular complexity and their narratives. The Theory of Actor-Network and the concept of \"Atopia\" were used in the methodological framework of the empirical research and the research technique \"Controversy Mapping\" was applied to analyze the debate generated in the networks about the contamination of the apple juice \"AdeS\", produced by the Unilever company.

O propósito desta pesquisa é identificar o que ocorre na fronteira da comunicação entre a cultura corporativa e a cultura das redes digitais, com o pressuposto de que a lógica de controle das empresas cria um antagonismo com a tendência de descentralização comunicativa das redes digitais, e que esse antagonismo manifesta-se de forma mais aguda em situações de crise. Em nossa abordagem, pensamos a empresa como um fenômeno sistêmico complexo - e não mais como um ator que dialoga linear e unidirecionalmente com o consumidor - e as redes digitais como um fenômeno pós-sistêmico e \"não-controlável\" pelas empresas. As tecnologias digitais alteram nossa percepção, o sentido de conexão e nossa própria condição habitativa (o modo de estar no mundo). O social deixa de ser pensado como algo dado a priori, mas em construção (em permanente movimento) e formado por atores humanos e não humanos. As redes digitais são uma nova arquitetura da complexidade, uma hipercomplexidade. Trata-se de superar a ideia de comunicação como fluxo de informação, linear e frontal, típica da sociedade industrial, e substituí-la pela ideia de comunicação ecológica, que agrega humanos, tecnologias, dispositivos, informações, territórios, elementos inorgânicos, bancos de dados, etc. Nesse novo contexto, parece não mais fazer sentido distinguir espaços físicos e espaços informativos. Essa \"ecologia digital\" reconfigura a ação, não mais formada por um sujeito-ator interagindo com o exterior, mas organizada em rede, construída com base na complexidade das ações dos atores envolvidos. Seguindo um percurso histórico-teórico, buscamos reconstruir a formação e as influências do pensamento científico, dos impactos das descobertas das ciências naturais do início do século XX sobre as ciências humanas/sociais - com o surgimento da ideia sistêmica -, e da migração da complexidade sistêmica à complexidade reticular e suas narrativas, Teoria Ator-Rede e Atopia, fundamentos da metodologia da pesquisa empírica e da técnica de pesquisa Cartografia das Controvérsias, aplicada à controvérsia gerada nas redes pela contaminação do suco de maçã AdeS da empresa Unilever / The purpose of the research is to identify what occurs at the communication boundary between corporate culture and digital network culture with the assumption that companies\' control logic creates an antagonism to the tendency of communicative decentralization of digital networks and this antagonism is manifested most acutely in crisis situations. In our approach we think of the company as a complex systemic phenomenon - and not as an actor who dialogues linearly and unidirectionally with the consumer - and digital networks as a post-systemic phenomenon and \"non-controllable\" by companies. Digital technologies change our perception, sense of connection and our way of living or of being in the world. The social is no longer thought of as something given a priori but instead as under construction (in permanent movement) and formed by human and non-human actors. Digital networks are a new architecture of complexity; a hyper complexity. It is about to overcome the idea of communication as information flow, linear and frontal, typical of industrial society, and replace it with the idea of ecological communication, which aggregates human, technologies, devices, information, territories, databases, etc. In this new context it no longer makes sense to distinguish physical spaces and information spaces. This \"digital ecology\" reconfigures the action, no longer formed by a subject-actor interacting with the outside, but is instead organized in a network, built on the complexity of the actions of the involved actors. Following a historical-theoretical approach we seek to reconstruct the formation and the influences of scientific thought, the impact of natural science discoveries of the early twentieth century on the human and social sciences - with the emergence of systemic idea - and the migration from systemic complexity to reticular complexity and their narratives. The Theory of Actor-Network and the concept of \"Atopia\" were used in the methodological framework of the empirical research and the research technique \"Controversy Mapping\" was applied to analyze the debate generated in the networks about the contamination of the apple juice \"AdeS\", produced by the Unilever company.

A presente proposta visa examinar a formação histórica do conceito de célula visual. Pretendemos delimitar o estudo ao caso das células fotorreceptoras (cones e bastonetes). Em meados da década de 1860 a teoria vigente sobre o processo perceptivo era a das energias específicas dos nervos proposta por Johannes Müller (1801-1858) e desenvolvida posteriormente por Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-1894). Examinaremos em nossa pesquisa a formação do conceito de tipos específicos de células nervosas associadas aos processos perceptivos (o foco do trabalho são as células do sistema visual). Esse debate envolve a formação dos conceitos de córtex visual, sistema visual, informação nervosa e célula nervosa. O período examinado será o entorno das duas últimas décadas do século XIX (décadas de 1880 e 1890), período em que Ferruccio Tartuferi (1852-1925) propõe a constituição híbrida da retina em 1887 e é marcada também pela formulação da teoria neuronal (teoria formulada principalmente pelo espanhol Santiago Ramón y Cajal) / The objective of the present study is to examine the historical formation of the visual cell concept, focussing on the the study of photoreceptor cells (cones and rods). In the mid-1860s, the current theory about the perceptual process was that of the specific energies of nerves proposed by Johannes Müller (1801-1858) and later developed by Hermann Von Helmholtz (1821-1894). Our research will examine the formation of the concept of specific types of nerve cells associated with perceptual processes (the focus of the work are the cells of the visual system). This debate involves the formation of the concepts of visual cortex, visual system, nervous information and nerve cell. The period examined will be the last two decades of the nineteenth century (1880s and 1890s), a period in which Ferruccio Tartuferi (1852-1925) proposed the hybrid constitution of the retina in 1887 and also marked by the formulation of neuronal theory mainly by the Spaniard Santiago Ramón y Cajal

The ability to selectively attend to aspects of the environment which signal opportunity or danger, while marginalising irrelevant stimuli is critical to an animal's survival. With finite cognitive resources, the brain must dedicate resources to only those stimuli that are biologically significant. Incoming thalamic information must therefore be filtered. The thalamic reticular nucleus has long been considered critically involved in modulating thalamic sensory processing. Sharing connections with both the thalamus and cortex, it is ideally located to modulate the transfer of pertinent incoming sensory information. This thesis sought to determine the functional role of the thalamic reticular nucleus in attentional processes by combining lesion techniques and well established behavioural paradigms. Chapter 3 examined the role of visual thalamic reticular nucleus lesions on performance in a two-alternative forced choice reaction time task when auditory distractors were presented. No effect of the lesion was found. Chapter 4 examined excitotoxic lesions of thalamic retlcular nucleus on performance in the 7-stage attentional set shifting task. No effect of lesion on performance was found. Chapter 5 examined mediodorsal thalamus and rostral thalamic reticular nucleus lesions on performance in the attentional set shifting task. Despite strong connectivity with prefrontal regions known to be involved in this task, there was no effect of either lesion. Finally, chapter 6 examined the effects of reducing dopamine input into the thalamic reticular nucleus on a two alternative forced choice reaction time task. Following bilateral lesions the animals were impaired in the re-orientation of attention – suggesting a critical role for both the thalamic reticular nucleus and dopamine in attentional processes. Taken together, these results suggest that while the thalamic reticular nucleus is involved in attention, it is not involved in every aspect.

Developing animals primarily receive two kinds of somatosensory input. One arises from stimulation in the external environment (“exafference”) and the other arises from self-produced movements (“reafference”), especially those associated with the myoclonic twitches during active sleep. Neural recordings have shown that exafferent and reafferent neural signals activate sensorimotor structures throughout the brain, but it is not known whether twitches are accompanied by corollary discharge that inform the nervous system that twitches are self-generated. Recordings from the cerebellum in infant rats suggested that motor structures could be conveying twitch-related corollary discharge signals to the cerebellum. If true, one would expect to see evidence of corollary discharge in the precerebellar nuclei. We hypothesized that two precerebellar nuclei: the inferior olive (IO) and the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), receive corollary discharge associated with the production of twitches. We tested the hypothesis by recording spontaneous activity of the IO and LRN during sleep and wake in infant rats. In the majority of IO units, and in a subset of LRN units, neural activity was particularly pronounced at the time of twitch onset. This activity was remarkably precise, reaching a peak in firing within ±10 ms of a twitch. This unique pattern suggested that, unlike sensory areas that receive reafference from twitches, these two structures receive corollary discharge associated with the production of twitches. Next, using anatomical tracing, immunohistochemistry, and neurophysiology, we identified non-overlapping premotor areas in the midbrain that send corollary discharge to the IO and LRN. Finally, using pharmacological inhibition, we identified that slow potassium channels are responsible for the sharp peak of twitch-related corollary discharge in the IO. Altogether, the current findings suggest that the infant brain has the capacity to distinguish between exafferent stimulation and twitch-related reafference. This capacity may underlie the developing infant’s burgeoning ability to distinguish between self- and other-generated movements.

Els sistemes objecte d'estudi en aquest treball són aliatges metàl·lics d'estructura reticular b.c.c. els quals, a baixes temperatures, experimenten una transició de fase estructural de tipus martensític (bàsicament descrita per una deformació de cisallament). Particularment interessants, entre d'altres, són els aliatges: Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Al, Ag-Zn, Cu-AI-Ni, ... , a causa de les propietats termomecàniques que posen de manifest i que els fan de gran utilitat en aplicacions tecnològiques (robòtica, aplicacions mèdiques... ) [1]: efecte de memòria de forma i pseudoelasticitat.Aquestes propietats tenen el seu origen en la pròpia transformació martensítica (TM) termoelàstica que experimenten aquests aliatges per sota de la temperatura M(s). A més a més, aquests sistemes (aliatges amb efecte de memòria de forma) experimenten una transició ordre-desordre a una temperatura (Tc) normalment molt més alta que M(s). Per sota de Tc presenten estructures d'ordenació B(2), D0(3) o Heusler.Partint de l'evidència experimental que posa de manifest la forta influència que l'estat d'ordre atòmic de la fase d'alta temperatura [(T)Ms, o fase-beta] té sobre les característiques de la TM [2,3], en aquest treball ens proposem desenvolupar els models pertinents quc permetin de quantificar aquest problema. així com l'associat als efectes d'envelliment observats i que es relacionen amb canvis d'ordre.En el desenvolupament del treball, primerament es fa una revisió de les característiques generals bàsiques de les TM, així com dels principals models utilitzats en l'estudi de transicions de fase i que són emprats al llarg del treball.A fi de dur a terme la quantificació esmentada, es fa indispensable una caractcrització prèvia de l'estat d'ordenació atòmic de la fase-beta. Per fer-ho hem desenvolupat un model termodinàmic en l'aproximació de Bragg-Williams per al cas d'aliatges ternaris que presenten estructures d'ordenació DO(3) (a baixes temperatures) i B(2) (a temperatures intermitges). La seva aplicació al sistema Cu-Zn-Al ens permet avaluar les energies d'ordenació tant per a parelles de primers com de segons veïns.A continuació introduïm un model termodinàmic per a l'estudi concret del nostre problema que ens permet tractar sistemes que experimenten transicions de fase de primer i de segon ordre, amb interacció entre les corresponents formes d'ordenació. Aquesta interacció s'ha introduït a través d'un terme d'acoblament biquadràtic entre els paràmetres d'ordre que descriuen respectivamente les dues transicions de fase. Quan l'apliquem a l'estudi de l'efecte del grau d'ordre atòmic en sistemes que experimenten TM termoelàstiques (aliatges amb efecte de memòria de forma) i transicions ordre-desordre, el model prediu una variació lineal de la constant elàstica C' =(C(11) - C(12))/2 (rellevant del nostre problema) de la fase-beta i el quadrat del paràmetre d'ordre de llarg abast del sistema. Aquest canvi en C' determina els canvis en les característiques termodinàmiques de la TM (T(0), - Delta - H(B->H)). Aquest comportament ha estat justificat comparant els resultats teòrics amb les dades experimentals disponibles per a l'aliatge Cu-Zn-Al.Posteriorment, hem generalitzat el model anterior per poder tractar sistemes no homogenis i s'ha estudiat, a partir d'un formalisme de Fokker-Planck, com evoluciona, a temperatura constant Tf en fase-beta, la constant elàstica C' durant un procés d'ordenació atòmic que segueix un refredament ràpid des de Ti < Tc. Dins de l'aproximació lineal, el resultat és coherent amb les dades experimentals [4].Atès el caràcter fenomenològic de l'aproximació utilitzada, que no permet d'extreure una conclusió definitiva en termes físics, pensem que fóra interessant de dur a terme un estudi a nivell microscòpic per assegurar la validesa de la funcionalitat proposada. Per fer-ho s'ha posat a punt un programa de simulació numèrica pel mètode de Monte CarIo per calcular constants elàstiques en sistemes binaris AB que presenten una estructura reticular de tipus b.c.c. Els paràmetres del potencial per a les diferentes interaccions que s'han de considerar AA, BB i AB s'han obtingut mitjançant ajustos a T =OK, de dades conegudes de la constant elàstica C' a T =T(amb) en funció de la composició [5]. No obstant, posteriorment comprovem que aquest comportament es conserva a temperatura finita, quan C' es calcula numèricament pel mètode de Monte Carlo. Finalment, hem calculat a Tf= OK, C' en sistemes parcials o totalment desordenats (després d'un refredament ràpid des de Ti a Tf = OK). Les configuracions corresponents a diferents graus d'ordenació s'han obtingut per la simulació numèrica d'un model d'lsing utilitzant el mètode de Monte Cario. Els resultats que obtenim justifiquen en forma molt satisfactòria la funcionalitat lineal entre C' i el quadrat del paràmetre d'ordre de llarg abast [6] proposada en el marc d'una aproximación de camp mig [7].REFERÈNCIES1. L. Delaey, R. V. Krishnam, H. Tas i H. Warlimont, J. Mater. Sci. 9 (1974) 1521.2. R. Rapacioli i M. Ahlers, Acta Met. 27 (1979) 777.3. A. Planes, J.L. Macqueron, M. Morin i G. Guénin, Mater. Sci. Engng. 50 (1981) 53.4. T. Castan i A. Planes, Phil. Mag. A (en premsa).5. T. Castan i A. Planes, enviat a J. Phys. F.6. T. Castan i A. Planes, Phase Transformations-87, TheInstitut of Metals (1987). En premsa.7. A. Planes, J. Viñals i V. Torra, Phil. Mag. A48 (1983) 501.

Non-hematopoietic stromal cells (SCs) promote and regulate adaptive immunity through numerous direct and indirect mechanisms. SCs construct and support the secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) in which lymphocytes crawl on stromal networks and inspect antigen-presenting cells for surface-display of cognate antigens. SCs also secrete survival factors and chemotactic cues that recruit, organize, and facilitate interactions among these leukocytes. They influence antigen access by secreting and ensheathing extracellular matrix-based conduit networks that rapidly convey small, soluble lymph-borne molecules to the SLO core. Furthermore, lymph node stromal cells (LNSCs) directly induce \(CD8^+\) T cell tolerance to peripheral tissue restricted antigens and constrain the proliferation of newly activated T cells in these sites. Thus, stromal-hematopoietic interactions are crucial for the normal functioning of the immune system. LNSCs are extremely rare and difficult to isolate, hampering the thorough study of their biology. In order to better understand these stromal subsets, we sorted fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), lymphatic endothelial cells, blood endothelial cells, and podoplanin \(^−CD31^−\) cells (double negative stromal cells; DNCs) to high purity from resting and inflamed murine lymph nodes. We meticulously analyzed the transcriptional profiles of these freshly isolated LNSCs as part of the Immunological Genome Project Consortium. Analysis of the transcriptional profiles of these LNSC subsets indicated that SCs express key immune mediators and growth factors, and provided important insights into the lymph node conduit network, FRC-specialization, and the DNC identity. Examination of hematopoietic and stromal transcription of ligands and cognate receptors suggested complex crosstalk among these populations. Interestingly, FRCs dominated cytokine and chemokine transcription among LNSCs, and were also enriched for higher expression of these genes when compared with skin and thymic fibroblasts, consistent with FRC-specialization. LNSCs that were isolated from inflamed lymph nodes robustly upregulated expression of genes encoding cytokines, chemokines, antigen-processing and presentation machinery, and acute-phase response molecules. Little-explored DNCs showed many transcriptional similarities to FRCs, but importantly did not transcribe interleukin-7. We identified DNCs as consisting largely of myofibroblastic pericytes that express integrin \(\alpha 7\). Together these data comprehensively describe the transcriptional characteristics of four major LNSC subsets isolated from resting and inflamed SLOs, offering many avenues for future study.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Physiology))--Mahidol University, 1978. / Financial support by the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Reasearch Counicl and the World Health Organization.