Aerosols are particles in the solid or liquid phase that are suspended in the atmosphere. They have an important influence on the atmospheric chemistry and physics, affect the tropospheric chemical composition, can reduce visibility and have important impacts on human health. Aerosols also influence the Earth’s radiation budget. Although a lot of research has been done to investigate the influence of aerosols on the climate, they remain key contributors to the uncertainties in current climate studies due to the lack of information concerning their temporal and spatial distribution. One of the parameters that is of importance to understand the influence of aerosols is the aerosol optical depth (AOD), an integral measurement of the combined aerosol scattering and absorption in the atmospheric column. The first part of this PhD describes an adapted and improved method for the retrieval of AOD values using sun scan measurements from a Brewer spectrophotometer at 340 nm at Uccle. The retrieved AOD values are subjected to a cloud screening technique and are compared to quasi simultaneous, collocated CIMEL AOD values. The good agreement between both instruments highlights that the Brewer is largely sensitive to AOD at 340 nm and it justifies its use in sun scan mode to expand the AOD retrieval network of instruments. The monthly and seasonal behavior of the retrieved AOD values is also studied in this work and our results agree with results found in literature.Another point of concern in scientific communities is the known adverse effect of UV radiation on human health, the biosphere and atmospheric chemistry. Apart from its obvious relation with global solar radiation and ozone, the amount of UV radiation that reaches the surface of the Earth also depends on the characteristics and quantity of aerosols in the atmosphere and accuracy in UV prediction can be improved if the influence of aerosols on surface UV radiation is clarified. For this reason, the second part of this work focuses on the relation between the erythemal UV dose, global solar radiation, total ozone column and AOD (at 320 nm) at Uccle. Simultaneous measurements of these variables are available for a time period of 25 years (1991–2015) and this time series is long enough to allow for reliable determination of significant changes. Different analysis techniques (linear trend analysis, change point analysis and multiple linear regression) are combined to allow for an extensive study of the relations between the variables. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

L'objet de cette thèse est l'étude des répartitions spatiales des abondances chimiques de la troposphère de Jupiter. Le cas du NH3 est particulièrement étudié. Deux types de données ont été utilisées : des observations au sol via l'instrument TEXES monté sur le télescope IRTF, et des observations spatiales via l'instrument JIRAM embarqué sur la sonde JUNO. Les données sont analysées par un code parallélisé développé au cours de la thèse, combinant un transfert radiatif raie-par-raie et une méthode d'inversion non-linéaire optimale. Les données TEXES ont permis d'établir une carte du NH3 troposphérique (entre 1 et 4 bar) à une précision de l'ordre de 20% sur environ trois quarts de la surface de Jupiter à une résolution spatiale d'environ 1200 km (1,4"). Cette carte met en évidence d'importantes variations latitudinales de l'abondance de NH3 troposphérique, qui peut varier de 60 ppmv dans la NEB à proximité des "hotspots", à plus de 500 ppmv dans les zones. Les résultats dans les zones souffrent toutefois d'un faible rapport signal-sur-bruit, ce qui augmente leur incertitude. La carte met également en évidence des variations longitudinale, en particulier dans la SEB. Ces résultats sont en bon accord avec ceux de JIRAM et de MWR (un autre instrument de JUNO), avec toutefois pour ce dernier une différence importante au niveau la NEZ. / The goal of this thesis is the study of the Jupiter's troposphic chemical species spatial repartition, with an emphasis on NH3. Two types of data were used: ground-based observations with the TEXES instrument mounted on the IRTF, and space-based observations with the JIRAM instrument mounted on the JUNO spacecraft. The data were analysed by a parallelised code developped during this thesis, combining a line-by-line radiative transfer and an optimal non-linear retrieval method.The TEXES data were used to draw a map of the tropospheric NH3 (between 1 and 4 bar) with an uncertainty of 20% on three quarters of Jupiter's surface with a spatial reslution of approximately 1200 km (1.4"). This map highlight important latitudinal variations of the tropospheric NH3, which can vary from 60 ppmv near the hotspots of the NEB, to more than 500 ppmv into the zones. However, the results in the zone have a low signal-to-noise ratio, increasing their uncertainties. The map also highlight longitudinal variations, particularly in the SEB. These results are in good agreement with those of JIRAM and MWR (another instrument of JUNO), albeit an important discrepancy with MWR's results in the NEZ.

La fluorescence chlorophyllienne induite par le soleil est une nouvelle façon de suivre l'évolution de la végétation et le cycle global du carbone. Grâce au modèle simulé et aux expériences sur le terrain et aéroportée, la recherche multi-échelles de méthode de détection de la fluorescence de la chlorophylle induite par le soleil est développé dans cette thèse. Les principales conclusions et innovations sont les suivantes : 1. Les expériences de contrôle en eau du maïs montrent que la fluorescence passive peut être utilisée pour détecter le stress hydrique des culture. L'analyse de la réponse de la fluorescence et de la température montre que la fluorescence est très sensible au stress hydrique précoce. 2. Après avoir analysé les effets de la température, de l'angle zénithal solaire et du rendement quantique de la fluorescence sur la détermination de la fluorescence, nous proposons une méthode d’obtention de la fluorescence qualitative basée sur l'indice de réflectance. 3. L’analyse des effets de la détermination de la fluorescence aéroportée nous a permis de montrer que l'angle zénithal solaire et la hauteur du capteur aéroporté sont les facteurs importants qui influent sur la détermination de la fluorescence induite par le soleil. / Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence is a new way to monitor the vegetation change and global carbon cycle. Through the model simulated analysis, the pot experiment and the airborne flying experiment, the research on detecting the multi-scale sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence is developed in this dissertation. The main conclusions and innovations are as follows: 1. The maize water control experiments demonstrate that the passive fluorescence can be used to detect the crop water stress, and the analysis of the different responses of the fluorescence and temperature illustrates that the fluorescence is much sensitive to the early water stress. 2. Analyze the effects of temperature, sun zenith angle and fluorescence quantum efficiency on the qualitative fluorescence retrieval, and propose a qualitative fluorescence retrieval method based on the reflectance index. 3. Analyze the effects of airborne fluorescence retrieval, and obtain that sun zenith angle and airborne sensor height are the important factors to affect the sun-induced fluorescence retrieval from the simulated analysis and airborne flying experiment.

As all genres of popular music, classical music consists of many different subgenres. The aim of this work is to recognize those subgenres from orchestral recordings. It is focused on the time period from the very end of 16th century to the beginning of 20th century, which means that Baroque era, Classical era and Romantic era are researched. The Music Information Retrieval (MIR) method was used to classify chosen subgenres. In the first phase of MIR method, parameters were extracted from musical recordings and were evaluated. Only the best parameters were used as input data for machine learning classifiers, to be specific: kNN (K-Nearest Neighbor), LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis), GMM (Gaussian Mixture Models) and SVM (Support Vector Machines). In the final chapter, all the best results are summarized. According to the results, there is significant difference between the Baroque era and the other researched eras. This significant difference led to better identification of the Baroque era recordings. On the contrary, Classical era ended up to be relatively similar to Romantic era and therefore all classifiers had less success in identification of recordings from this era. The results are in line with music theory and characteristics of chosen musical eras.