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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Assessment and Analysis of the Restriction of Retroviral Infection by the Murine APOBEC3 Protein

Aydin, Halil Ibrahim January 2011 (has links)
Human APOBEC3 proteins are host-encoded intrinsic restriction factors that can prevent the replication of a broad range of human and animal retroviruses such as HIV, SIV, FIV, MLVs and XMRV. The main pathway of the restriction is believed to occur as a result of the cytidine deaminase activity of these proteins that converts cytidines into uridines in single-stranded DNA retroviral replication intermediates. Uridines in these DNA intermediates disrupt the viral replication cycle and also alter retrovirus infectivity because of the C-to-T transition mutations generated as a result of the deaminase activity on the minus strand DNA. In addition, human APOBEC3 proteins also exhibit a deamination-independent pathway to restrict retroviruses that is not currently well understood. Although the restriction of retroviruses by human APOBEC3 proteins has been intensely studied in vitro, our understanding of how the murine APOBEC3 (mA3) protein restricts retroviruses and/or prevents zoonotic infections in vivo is very limited. In contrast to humans and primates that have 7 APOBEC3 genes, mice have but a single copy. My study of the function and structure of mA3 revealed that it has an inverted functional organization for cytidine deamination in comparison to the human A3G catalytic sites. I have also found that disruption of the integrity of either of these catalytic sites substantially impedes restriction of HIV and MLV. Interestingly, our data shows that mA3 induces a significant decrease in retroviral activity of HIV and MLVs by exploiting both deamination-dependent and -independent pathways. However, the deaminase activity of mA3 is essential to confer long-term restriction of retroviral infection. My observations suggest that mA3 has dual activities, both deamination-dependent and -independent, that work cooperatively to restrict a broad range of human and animal retroviral pathogens. In the context of the intrinsic immune system, APOBEC3 proteins provide a powerful block to the transmission of retroviral pathogens that very few have found ways to evade.
42

Expression and Characterization of Ancient Retrovirus Envelope Genes

Halm, Kate January 2018 (has links)
Thesis advisor: Welkin E. Johnson / Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) make up a significant portion of vertebrate genomes, and serve as a fossil record of past retroviral infections. Although most ERV genes acquire inactivating mutations over time, some loci retain open reading frames (ORFs) across one or more of the viral genes. The ERV-Fc family, for example, endogenized in multiple mammalian hosts 10 to 30 million years ago, yet many copies maintain intact ORFs corresponding to the env gene, including loci in humans (HERV-Fc1-env) and baboons (babERV-Fc2-env). We previously identified intact ERV-Fc-related env sequences in eight additional mammalian species: chimpanzee, bonobo, aardvark, grey mouse lemur, squirrel monkey, marmoset, dog, and panda. Here we present the results of our assays of expression of these full-length Env proteins. We found that most of the precursors were not cleaved to form the functional surface (SU) and transmembrane (TM) subunits, even when a canonical furin cleavage site was still intact. An exception was babERV-Fc2, in which reconstruction of the cleavage site led to cleavage into SU and TM subunits. Furthermore, removal of 22 residues from the C-terminus of the cytoplasmic tail of babERV-Fc2 enhanced syncytia formation and the ability of babERV-Fc2 pseudotyped virions to infect 293T cells, suggesting the presence of an R-peptide cleavage mechanism. A survey of a small panel of cells revealed that only human cell lines were infectable by babERV-Fc2 pseudotyped murine leukemia virus (MLV) particles, whereas cells of old world monkey, canine, feline and chicken origin were not susceptible to infection. Ectopic expression of native Env codon optimized babERV-Fc2 Env can also inhibit infection by reconstructed babERV-Fc2 pseudotyped virus, raising the possibility that the endogenous glycoprotein encoded in the baboon genome may function as a viral entry inhibitor. Our results suggest that exaptation of ERV Env proteins as antiviral defense genes involves a combination of selective pressures: selection to preserve the receptor-binding and receptor interference functions of Env, but also selection to eliminate the membrane fusion related functions. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Biology.
43

HTLV-1 bZIP factor protein targets the Rb/E2F-1 pathway to promote proliferation and apoptosis of primary CD4+ T cells / HTLV-1 bZIP factorタンパク質はRb/E2F-1経路を標的とし、CD4陽性T細胞の増殖とアポトーシスを促進する

Kawatsuki, Akihiro 23 March 2016 (has links)
The author’s accepted version (the unedited manuscript) may be deposited into a repository six months after print publication. In this case, authors should cite the publication reference and DOI number on any deposited version, and provide a link from it to the published article on the NPG website. / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19615号 / 医博第4122号 / 新制||医||1015(附属図書館) / 32651 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 生田 宏一, 教授 松田 道行, 教授 高田 穣 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
44

Experimental infection of Japanese macaques with simian retrovirus 5 / サルレトロウイルス5型のニホンザルへの感染実験解析

Koide, Rie 25 March 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第21693号 / 医科博第97号 / 新制||医科||7(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 一路, 教授 朝長 啓造, 教授 西渕 光昭 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
45

Eutherian-specific gene TRIML2 attenuates inflammation in the evolution of placentation

Zhang, Xuzhe January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
46

Understanding the mechanisms of entry of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

Bertrand, Pascale, 1983- January 2007 (has links)
No description available.
47

Infection of Neural Stem Cells with Murine Leukemia Viruses Inhibits Oligodendroglial Differentiation: Implications for Spongiform Neurodegeneration

Dunphy, Jaclyn Marie 16 April 2012 (has links)
No description available.
48

Role of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 p30(II) and surface envelope as determinants of in vivo pathogenesis

Silverman, Lee 02 March 2005 (has links)
No description available.
49

Effects of Two Cancer Genes, HTLV-1 Tax and E-Cadherin, on Cancer Development and Progression

Lanigan, Lisa Gooding 18 July 2012 (has links)
No description available.
50

Charakterisierung der Prototyp Foamyvirus Hüllglykoprotein Rezeptorbindungsdomäne

Duda, Anja 26 July 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Spumaretroviren, oder Foamyviren (FV), unterscheiden sich von Orthoretroviren durch mehrere Besonderheiten in ihrer Replikationsstrategie. Das Partikel-assoziierte Hüllglykoprotein (Env-Protein) des „Prototype Foamy Virus“ (PFV) ist im Vergleich zu anderen retroviralen Hüllglykoproteinen einzigartig. Die Koexpression des PFV Env-Proteins für die PFV-Partikelfreisetzung ist essenziell und die spezifische Funktion kann nicht von heterologen viralen Env-Proteinen übernommen werden. Das Env-Protein des PFV durchläuft eine für ein Membranglykoprotein ungewöhnliche Biosynthese. Das Env-Vorläuferprotein besitzt zu Beginn eine Typ-III-Membrantopologie, bei der der N- und der C-Terminus im Zytoplasma lokalisiert sind. Während des Transports zur Zelloberfläche wird es posttranslational durch bisher unbekannte zelluläre Proteasen in mindestens drei Untereinheiten gespalten. Das N-terminale Signalpeptid bzw. Leader-Peptid (LP) hat eine Typ-II-Membrantopologie, mit dem N-Terminus im Zytoplasma und dem C-Terminus im Lumen, wohingegen die Transmembran (TM)-Untereinheit eine Typ-IMembrantopologie besitzt, bei der der N-Terminus im Lumen und der C-Terminus im Zytoplasma lokalisiert sind. Die interne Oberflächen (SU)-Untereinheit assoziiert vermutlich im Lumen mit der extrazellulären Domäne der TM-Untereinheit. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der Beweis erbracht, dass Furin oder Furin-ähnliche Proteasen und nicht der Signalpeptidase-Komplex für beide proteolytischen Spaltungen verantwortlich sind. Durch die N-terminale Sequenzierung der SU- und der TM-Untereinheit eines aufgereinigten PFV Env-Immunoadhäsionsproteins wurden N-terminal von beiden Spaltstellen Furin- Konsensussequenzen identifiziert. Mutationsanalysen von zwei sich in diesem Bereich überlappenden minimalen Furin-Konsensussequenzen an der PFV LP/SU-Spaltstelle im wildtypischen PFV Env-Protein bestätigten die Ergebnisse der N-terminalen Sequenzierung und bewiesen, dass nur die erste Spaltstelle genutzt wird. Obwohl diese Mutanten aufgrund geringerer Partikelfreisetzung einen signifikanten Verlust der Infektiosität zeigten, wurde keine Korrelation zur Inhibierung der Spaltung beobachtet, da andere Mutanten mit normaler LP/SU-Spaltung einen ähnlichen Defekt besaßen. Virale Env-Proteine initiieren den Eintritt membranumhüllter Viren in die Wirtszelle durch die Bindung an zelluläre Rezeptoren. Dabei führen Konformationsänderungen in den Env- Proteinen zum Verschmelzen der Virusmembran mit der Zellmembran und weiterhin zur Aufnahme des Kapsids in das Zytoplasma der Wirtszelle. Die foamyviralen Env-Proteine sind in dieser Hinsicht keine Ausnahme und vermitteln die Anheftung an die Wirtszelle durch die Bindung an den bisher unbekannten zellulären Rezeptor. Der zelluläre foamyvirale Rezeptor ist vermutlich ein ubiquitäres Molekül, denn bisher konnte keine Zelllinie identifiziert werden, die gegen FV-Infektionen resistent ist. Bislang existieren nur sehr wenig strukturelle und funktionelle Informationen der extrazellulären Domänen des PFV Env-Proteins. Deshalb wurde im Hauptteil dieser Arbeit die PFV Env-Rezeptorbindungsdomäne (RBD) charakterisiert. Hierfür wurden rekombinante PFV Env-Immunoadhäsionsproteine verwendet und deren Bindungskapazitäten an Zielzellen in der durchflusszytometrischen Analyse bestimmt. Untersuchungen zeigten, dass sowohl die extrazelluläre Domäne der C-terminalen TM-Untereinheit als auch der Transport der Immunoadhäsionsproteine durch das spezifische PFV Env LP zum sekretorischen Weg für die Bindung an Zielzellen entbehrlich sind und ließen vermuten, dass die PFV Env-RBD innerhalb der SU-Untereinheit lokalisiert ist. N- und C-terminale Deletionsanalysen der PFV Env SU-Untereinheit enthüllten eine minimale kontinuierliche RBD von AS 225 bis 555. Interne Deletionen im PFV Env-Protein von AS 397 bis 483 wurden im Gegensatz zu deletierten Regionen von AS 262 bis 300 und AS 342 bis 396 ohne signifikanten Einfluss auf die Wirtszellbindung in Immunoadhäsionsproteinen toleriert. Die Analyse der Immunoadhäsionsproteine mit einzelnen substituierten Cysteinen in der PFV Env SU-Untereinheit zeigten, dass nur die Immunoadhäsionsproteine, die in der nicht essenziellen Region von AS 397 bis 483 lokalisierte Cysteine ersetzt hatten, eine Restbindungskapazität behielten. Interessanterweise zeigte die Analyse von verschiedenen N-Glykosylierungsmutanten eine bedeutende Rolle der Kohlenhydratkette an Position N391 im PFV Env-Protein entweder hinsichtlich der direkten Interaktion mit dem zellulären Rezeptor oder für die korrekte Faltung der PFV Env-RBD. Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass ein diskontinuierliches Sequenzmotiv von AS 225 bis 396 und AS 484 bis 555 für die Bildung der PFV Env-RBD essenziell ist und die darin lokalisierte potenzielle achte N-Glykosylierungsstelle eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Wirtszellbindung spielt. / Spumaretroviruses or foamy viruses (FVs) use a replication pathway with features distinctive from orthoretroviruses. The particle-associated envelope (Env) glycoprotein of prototype foamy virus (PFV) is unique compared to other retroviral envelope proteins since its coexpression is strictly required for the FV particle release process and its function cannot be replaced by heterologous viral glycoproteins. The PFV Env glycoprotein shows a highly unusual biosynthesis. Its precursor protein has a type III membrane topology with both the N-and C-terminus located in the cytoplasm. During its transport to the cell surface, it is posttranslationally processed by yet-unidentified cellular proteases into at least three subunits. The N-terminal signal or leader peptide (LP) has a type II membrane topology, whereas the C-terminal transmembrane (TM) subunit has a type I membrane topology. The internal surface (SU) subunit presumably associates with extracellular domains of TM on the luminal side. Here we provide strong evidence that furin itself or furin-like proteases and not the signal peptidase complex are responsible for both processing events. N-terminal protein sequencing of the SU and TM subunits of purified PFV Env-immunoglobulin immunoadhesin identified furin consensus sequences upstream of both cleavage sites. Mutagenesis analysis of two overlapping minimal furin consensus sequences at the PFV LP/SU cleavage site in the wild-type protein confirmed the sequencing data and demonstrated utilization of only the first site. Although these mutants displayed a significant loss in infectivity as a result of reduced particle release, no correlation to processing inhibition was observed, since another mutant having normal LP/SU processing had a similar defect. Viral Env proteins initiate entry of membrane enveloped viruses into cells by binding to cell surface receptors followed by conformational changes leading to membrane fusion and delivery of the genome containing viral capsid to the cytoplasm. The Env glycoproteins of FVs are no exception and mediate attachment to host cells through binding to an yet unknown ubiquitous cellular receptor molecule because no cell type is currently known that is resistant to FV entry. Little structural and functional information on the extracellular domains of PFV Env is available. In this study we characterized the PFV Env receptor-binding-domain (RBD) by flow-cytometric analysis of recombinant PFV Env immunoadhesin binding to target cells. Analysis showed that the extracellular domains of the C-terminal TM subunit as well as targeting of the recombinant immunoadhesins by the cognate LP to the secretory pathway were dispensable for target cell binding suggesting that the PFV Env RBD is contained within the SU subunit. N- and C- terminal deletion analysis of the SU domain revealed an minimal continuous RBD spanning aa 225-555, however internal deletions covering the region from aa 397-483, but not aa 262-300 or aa 342-396, were tolerated without significant influence on host cell binding. Analysis of individual cysteine point mutants in PFV Env SU revealed that only most of those located in the non-essential region from aa 397-483 retained residual binding activity. Interestingly, analysis of various N-glycosylation site mutants suggests an important role of the carbohydrate chain attached to N391 either for direct interaction with the cellular receptor or for correct folding of the PFV Env RBD. Taken together these results suggest that a bipartite sequence motif spanning aa 225-396 and aa 484-555 is essential for formation of the PFV Env RBD, with N-glycosylation site 8 playing a crucial role for host cell binding.

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