The dividend policy and the distribution of cash dividend can be of interest to the investors from many angles. Consequently, many theories have been built on the relevance of dividend policy and there are several theories proposing that dividends increase shareholder value. However, the most famous theory on dividend policy might be Miller and Modigliani's dividend irrelevance theory which implies that the dividend policy does not affect shareholder value. Although investors are concerned with shareholder value they are also concerned with achieving the highest possible return with the lowest volatility (risk). As many studies have focused on the dividend policy, especially dividend yield or the dividend payout ratio, and its relation with stock price movement we felt that there was a lack of information regarding the relation between return volatility and cash dividends. This resulted in the following research question: Does a change in cash dividend affect stock return volatility on NASDAQ OMX Stockholm? Answering this research question is the main purpose of the research. Additionally, the relationship between changes in cash dividend and return volatility will be compared in the different size segments that are to be found on NASDAQ OMX Stockholm. The study is quantitative with a deductive approach where historical data ranging from 2006-2012 has been gathered. Two measures of return volatility has been used, beta and standard deviation of return. Statistical tests have been conducted in an approach to answer the research question, mainly correlation tests and logistic regression analysis. No correlation between changes in cash dividend and changes in beta, nor changes in standard deviation were found. The same results were found when examining small, mid and large cap individually. In the logistic regression analysis no evidence was found that changes in dividend could explain changes in return volatility. Contrary to changes in dividend, the results indicate that the size of the company can explain changes in return volatility. Specifically, large cap companies explain increases in return volatility better than companies in the small cap segment. Therefore, the research question is concluded with no, a change in cash dividend does not affect stock return volatility. The findings could also be argued to be in support of the dividend irrelevance theory. Furthermore, the conclusion implies that investors need not regard the dividend policy when diversifying their portfolios. Additionally, managers need not be worried that a change in dividend policy should affect return volatility.

The impact of the introduction of derivatives on the underlying stock is a debatable topic among the researchers. The issue is quite controversial as contradictory results have been obtained by researchers in various stock markets. The purpose of this study is to examine the volatility and the liquidity effect on the underlying stock after the introduction of index options. We have investigated volatility and liquidity effect by collecting sample data from the stock markets of India, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore, only markets which are offering index options in Asia.   Applying the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model, we have examined the conditional volatility of intraday (high frequency) returns for each stock market, before and after the introduction of index options. We have also examined the liquidity effect through t-test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. We used t-test to determine the mean differences between the trading volume of pre-index and post-index options periods.    By comparing the estimated parameters and the coefficient of conditional volatility in pre and post period of index options introductions, we have examined that the derivatives trading dramatically increases the persistence of the conditional volatility for all the selected stock markets. We also observed mixed evidence in context to liquidity effect. In the stock exchanges of Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Thailand, we found that the respective markets become more liquid in the post index options periods in contrast to pre index options period. In these markets trading volume increased significantly after the introduction of index options.  On the other hand, India, Malaysia and Singapore stock markets show no liquidity effect in the post-index option period.   Finally, the empirical results of our study conclude that the introduction of index options on the selected Asian stock markets have increased in stock return volatility and liquidity on the underlying stocks.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 98397.pdf.jpg: 24214 bytes, checksum: 90792e5ee1e13b6da84a2d989e957018 (MD5) 98397.pdf: 400450 bytes, checksum: 0fb67fdc5e1861a8aa530eac58cc2e7e (MD5) 98397.pdf.txt: 224072 bytes, checksum: ab99c41276e2da8d41ff995a72e7de5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-11T00:00:00Z / O presente estudo teve como objetivo explicar o comportamento da volatilidade dos retornos das principais ações negociadas na Bovespa no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1995 e setembro de 2003. O trabalho buscou contribuir de diversas maneiras para o estudo da volatilidade dos retornos das ações no mercado brasileiro. Primeiro, fazendo uma exposição abrangente das diversas teorias e modelos que têm sido desenvolvidos para explorar os fatores determinantes da volatilidade dos retornos das ações. Dentre as teorias exploradas, o estudo trabalhou com a teoria da alavancagem, a teoria da retroalimentação da volatilidade, o modelo das diferenças de opinião entre os agentes econômicos e os modelos de preço–volume. Outra contribuição importante do trabalho foi utilizar uma amostra ampla de 35 ações com níveis aceitáveis de liquidez, utilizando a metodologia própria do estudo. Além disso, o estudo buscou agregar aos modelos econométricos não apenas variáveis microeconômicas mas também as macroeconômicas (conjunturais). Finalmente, o trabalho discutiu os resultados dos modelos à luz das especificidades do mercado acionário brasileiro. Dentre os resultados encontrados, foi possível observar que a volatilidade dos retornos das ações é impulsionada pelo grau de alavancagem financeira das companhias. No Brasil, a volatilidade dos retornos das ações segue o mesmo caráter persistente encontrado em mercados desenvolvidos, como o dos Estados Unidos. O giro dos negócios com as ações tende a alimentar a volatilidade dos papéis. Um giro maior de negócios pode ser resultante de um incremento na quantidade de informações que chegam ao mercado, o que provoca revisões nos preços das ações e estimula um aumento na volatilidade dos retornos. Quando aliado às divergências de opinião entre os investidores, um giro maior também pode alimentar a volatilidade dos retornos. Diferentemente do previsto pelas teorias, os resultados do presente estudo não corroboraram o argumento de que existe maior volatilidade dos retornos das ações em momentos de retornos negativos. Os resultados indicaram ainda clara influência de algumas variáveis macroeconômicas sobre a volatilidade dos retornos das ações. Uma redução no Produto Interno Bruto do Brasil tende a incrementar a volatilidade dos retornos das ações, possivelmente fruto de uma perspectiva de instabilidade econômica ou recessão. A volatilidade dos retornos no mercado acionário também aumentou quando da alteração do regime cambial implementada no início de 1999. O estudo mostrou que não parece haver uma dependência significante entre os mercados de ações do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos. Finalmente, a inclusão de variáveis relacionadas com características específicas do mercado acionário brasileiro mostrou resultados interessantes. Parece existir uma relação direta entre volatilidade dos retornos e ações preferenciais, oriunda possivelmente do alto giro dos negócios com esse tipo de ação ou da ausência do direito de voto por parte dos investidores, aumentando o risco do ativo. Contudo, testes adicionais são necessários para confirmar tal associação. No que diz respeito à adoção de melhores práticas de governança por parte das companhias, os resultados parecem corroborar o argumento de que a preocupação com a boa governança tende a reduzir o risco percebido pelos investidores com relação às ações. / This study aimed to explain the behavior of stock return volatility concerning the main stocks negotiated in São Paulo Stock Exchange (Bovespa) from January, 1995 through September, 2003. The study wanted to contribute in several ways for the understanding of stock return volatility in Brazilian market. First, it shows the theories and models developed to explain the determining factors of stock return volatility. Among those theories, this work explored leverage theory, volatility feedback theory, differences of opinion models and price– volume models. Another important contribution of this study was to use a sample of 35 stocks with minimum levels of liquidity using the study own methodology. Additionally, microeconomic and macroeconomic variables were added to the econometric models. Finally, this study discussed the results and their relation with the idiosyncrasies of Brazilian stock market. Among the results, it was observed that stock return volatility is influenced by the company leverage. In Brazil, stock return volatility follows the persistent behavior found in developed capital markets. The stock turnover tends to increase stock volatility. Maybe the high stock turnover is caused by new information increasing and revisions in stock prices. Those revisions stimulate stock return volatility. When the stock turnover occurs jointly with differences of opinion among investors, a higher turnover may produce stock return volatility. Contrary to the theory, the results didn’t corroborate the argument that stock return volatility is bigger when the return is negative. Additionally, results indicated influence of macroeconomic variables over the stock return volatility. A reduction in Brazilian GNP is associated with the increment in return volatility, possibly because it signalizes the perspective of recession. Also, stock return volatility increased in 1999 after the implementation of new exchange regime in Brazil. The study results showed that Brazilian stock market is not dependent of U.S. stock market. Finally, the inclusion of variables concerning the idiosyncrasies of Brazilian stock market showed interesting results. It seems that there is a positive association between stock return volatility and preferred stocks, maybe because Brazilian preferred stocks have higher turnover than common stocks and the lack of voting rights concerning preferred stocks increases the risk for investors. However, additional tests are necessary to confirm that association. Concerning the adoption of good corporate governance practices, the results of this study corroborate the argument that better corporate governance reduces stock risk.