This dissertation consists of three essays on the impact of non-market financial flows in developing countries. The first essay answers two questions. First, to what extent are remittances (as private transfers) differentiable from grants (as public transfers) in their effects on capital formation and growth? Second, how might the motivations to remit inform the nature of the relationship between remittances and growth? Using a sample of four developing countries, results suggest that remittances and grants, in fact, do behave differently. Remittances have no significant relationship with investment for all but one country (remittances are positively correlated with growth for Bangladesh). Grants’ impact on investment is negative in Egypt, positive in Pakistan and Syria and insignificant in Bangladesh. Migrants’ motivations to remit are found to be different across countries. Enlightened self-interest motivation to remit is the most likely cause of growth impacts in Egypt. A combination of self-interest and enlightened self-interest explains the growth impact in Bangladesh. Finally, a combination of migrants’ altruistic behavior and self-interest attitude explains the growth impact in Pakistan and Syria. The second essay demonstrates the allocation of foreign aid between consumption and investment with special emphasis on the importance of reverse flows in developing countries. Using a panel of 61 countries from 1980 to 2006, results indicate that, on average, 23 to 25% of any increase in foreign aid has been directed towards financing reverse flows. 78% was consumed and an insignificant amount was invested. Additional investigation suggests that almost 50% of aid is used for reverse flows in Sub-Saharan Africa, 19% in the Americas and 16 to 20% in North Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The third essay examines how remittances are allocated between consumption, investment and reverse flows in developing countries. Using a panel of 36 countries from 1980 to 2006, results suggest that almost 80% of any increase in remittances/GDP was consumed. With respect to investment, remittances had to statistically discernable effect on rate of investment. Additionally, 20% of any increase in remittances was diverted as reverse flows and contributed neither to increase consumption nor to investment.

This dissertation consists of three essays on the impact of non-market financial flows in developing countries. The first essay answers two questions. First, to what extent are remittances (as private transfers) differentiable from grants (as public transfers) in their effects on capital formation and growth? Second, how might the motivations to remit inform the nature of the relationship between remittances and growth? Using a sample of four developing countries, results suggest that remittances and grants, in fact, do behave differently. Remittances have no significant relationship with investment for all but one country (remittances are positively correlated with growth for Bangladesh). Grants’ impact on investment is negative in Egypt, positive in Pakistan and Syria and insignificant in Bangladesh. Migrants’ motivations to remit are found to be different across countries. Enlightened self-interest motivation to remit is the most likely cause of growth impacts in Egypt. A combination of self-interest and enlightened self-interest explains the growth impact in Bangladesh. Finally, a combination of migrants’ altruistic behavior and self-interest attitude explains the growth impact in Pakistan and Syria. The second essay demonstrates the allocation of foreign aid between consumption and investment with special emphasis on the importance of reverse flows in developing countries. Using a panel of 61 countries from 1980 to 2006, results indicate that, on average, 23 to 25% of any increase in foreign aid has been directed towards financing reverse flows. 78% was consumed and an insignificant amount was invested. Additional investigation suggests that almost 50% of aid is used for reverse flows in Sub-Saharan Africa, 19% in the Americas and 16 to 20% in North Africa, Asia and the Pacific. The third essay examines how remittances are allocated between consumption, investment and reverse flows in developing countries. Using a panel of 36 countries from 1980 to 2006, results suggest that almost 80% of any increase in remittances/GDP was consumed. With respect to investment, remittances had to statistically discernable effect on rate of investment. Additionally, 20% of any increase in remittances was diverted as reverse flows and contributed neither to increase consumption nor to investment.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-18T13:20:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Claudia de Oliveira.pdf: 1168409 bytes, checksum: ed41d910899c89667495744fbcd28f73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-18T13:20:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Claudia de Oliveira.pdf: 1168409 bytes, checksum: ed41d910899c89667495744fbcd28f73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-12 / This study aimed to understand and analyze the processes of reverse flows of waste generated during the service to the population by public health establishments located in the city of Recife. This study is justified by the aim of being able to contribute to a better understanding on the part of society, the structure and operation of the reverse flow of post-service to the population waste. To this end, we used an exploratory study by providing a greater familiarity with the problem, besides the improvement of ideas considering the various aspects of the studied object, and the descriptive study allowed establishing relationships between variables through the use of systematic observation. For this work, did a literature search and embarked on field research with hand observation, informal conversations, document analysis and application questionnaire when it was possible to observe the practice of professional and structures set up by the public health facilities to enable reverse flow of waste generated. At the end made it a confrontation of the results, relating them to the objective of this work allowing to conclude that the reverse logistics in public health institutions is characterized as an important component of hospital management, helping reduce incineration costs, transport and storage waste in landfills. In addition to presenting an important tool for the prevention of health and environmental preservation. Therefore, should have their cases well structured and there is cooperation from employees at all stages of reverse flow, and a chain planning, with greater involvement of suppliers and the State, which should also include investments in research and development for the treatment of waste. Otherwise, no impairment of members of the reverse chain and non-cooperation of the teams, lead managers to a lot of effort with little results, creating an even bigger problem: the contamination of the environment. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo entender e analisar os processos dos fluxos reversos dos resíduos gerados durante o atendimento à população por estabelecimentos públicos de saúde localizados na cidade do Recife. Tal estudo justifica-se pelo intuito de poder contribuir para um melhor entendimento, por parte da sociedade, da estrutura e funcionamento do fluxo reverso dos resíduos pós-atendimento à população. Com esse objetivo, utilizou-se um estudo exploratório por proporcionar uma maior familiaridade com o problema, além do aprimoramento de ideias considerando os vários aspectos do objeto estudado, e o estudo descritivo que possibilitou estabelecer relações entre variáveis através de utilização da observação sistemática. Para realização deste trabalho, fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e lançou-se mão de pesquisa de campo com observação, conversas informais, análise documental e aplicação de questionário quando foi possível observar a prática do profissional e estruturas montadas pelos estabelecimentos públicos de saúde para viabilizar fluxo reverso dos resíduos gerados. Ao final fez-se um confrontamento dos resultados, relacionando-os ao objetivo deste trabalho possibilitando concluir que: a logística reversa nos estabelecimentos públicos de saúde caracteriza-se como um componente importante da gestão hospitalar, contribuindo para minimizar custos com incineração, transporte e armazenamento dos resíduos em aterros sanitários. Além de se apresentar como importante instrumento de prevenção à saúde e preservação ambiental. Para tanto, deve ter os seus processos bem estruturados e existir colaboração por parte dos funcionários em todas as etapas de fluxo reverso, além de um planejamento da cadeia, com maior comprometimento dos fornecedores e do Estado, o que deve incluir também investimentos em pesquisa e desenvolvimento para tratamento de resíduos. Caso contrário, o não comprometimento dos integrantes da cadeia reversa e a não colaboração das equipes, levam os gestores a um grande esforço com poucos resultados, gerando um problema ainda maior: a contaminação do meio ambiente.