Thesis (doctoral)--Philipps-Universität, Marburg. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 311-336) and indexes.

在實質法治國裡，法益保護是刑法正當性的起點，法益侵害是實質犯罪概念之首位且必要元素。詳言之：刑法每個罪都可以分為行為規範與制裁規範兩部分，以這區分為基礎來觀察──形式上，法益是會受行為在因果關係上侵害的、因此被以行為規範保護的客體，而行為規範本身受到制裁規範的保護；實質上，憲法定義的法益，是社會和平生活中，人格自由發展的外在、真實（即可受因果侵害的）、基本條件。這個定義的功能不在於表列出特定的法益清單，因為人格發展的條件與時俱變，它的功能是供作憲法上的審查步驟與學術批判的施力點。正確認識憲法對各種基本自由的保護意旨，是正確建構法益理論的前提，而以法益理論為基礎的犯罪理論精緻化，提供法治國一個自我檢討、深化的契機。 / In a state under the rule of law, the very beginning of legitimation of criminal law is protection of legal-good (in German: “Rechtsgut”). Infringing legally-protected-good constitutes the first and necessary element of substantial concept of crime. In detail: Every criminal article can be separated into two parts, behavior norm and sanction norm, and can be observed under this distinction. – Formally, legal-good is protected by behavior norm, because it is causal damageable by human conducts, whereas behavior norm itself is protected by sanction norm. Substantially, legal-good as a concept defined by the Constitution implicates the external, real (i.e. causally damageable) and basic requirements for personality development in a peaceful social life. The function of this conceptual definition is not aim at listing a specific catalog of legal-good, because requirements for personality development change with time. Its very function is to serve as constitutional reviewing procedures of criminal law and pivot for academic criticism. Proper comprehension of the objective of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental freedoms is the premise of proper construction of legal-good theory. On the other hand, refinement of criminal doctrines based on legal-good theory provides an opportunity for a state under the rule of law to self examine and thoughts deepen.

Aussi nommés hommes de loi, les juristes se sont naturellement passionnés pour cette source du droit au xviiie siècle, prenant part aux débats juridiques et politiques de ce siècle nomophile. S'ils reprennent la traditionnelle distinction entre loi naturelle et loi positive, c'est principalement cette dernière qu'ils développent, étant ici les témoins et les acteurs de la laïcisation et de la rationalisation de l'ordre juridique. Atteinte dans son fondement divin, la loi naturelle perd de son aura paradigmatique ; la raison humaine suffit à en percevoir le contenu et à établir la loi positive. Celle-ci s'affirme face aux autres sources du droit comme expression privilégiée de la volonté royale et comme moyen de l'unification du droit face à un pluralisme juridique de plus en plus contesté mais néanmoins persistant. Cependant, face à la peur du despotisme qui saisit le siècle, et tout particulièrement sa seconde moitié, la volonté royale, dénoncée dans ses possibilités d'arbitraire, est redoutée. Son expression, la loi, est alors mise sous tutelle, les juristes militant pour l'instauration d'un contrôle juridictionnel de la conformité de celle-ci à des normes de référence conçues extensivement. L'avènement de la nation, nouvel acteur politique vivifié par les appels aux États généraux, vient renouveler le débat. Revendiquant la souveraineté, elle se voit confier la puissance législative et la loi, désormais conçue comme l'expression de la volonté générale faisant le lien entre l'individu et la nation, trace la voie de l'émancipation du peuple. La Révolution française concrétise ces acquis théoriques, ouvrant à la loi les portes d'un long règne / Also called men of law, jurists had a natural passion for this source of law in the eighteenth century, taking part in the legal and political debate of this century. If they used the traditional distinction between natural law and positive law, they mainly developed the latter, being the witnesses and the actors of the secularization and the rationalization of the legal order. Criticized for its divine foundation, the natural law lost its paradigmatic aura ; human reason was enough to understand it and to establish the positive law. The latter asserted itself on the face of the other sources of law as the expression of the royal will and as the means of the legal system unification against a controversial legal pluralism which was nevertheless persistent. However, as despotism struck this century, and especially the second half, the royal will was feared because of possible arbitrariness. The law, as its expression, should be placed under supervision. Jurists thus campaigned for the instauration of a judicial review of law conformity with extensively considered reference standards. The emergence of the nation, new political actor invigorated by the States General being called, renewed the debate. The nation claimed sovereignty and received legislative power, and the law, from now on conceived as the expression of the general will that connected individuals and the nation, led the way to French people’s emancipation. The French Revolution carried out this theoretical progress and opened the door to a long reign for the law