Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1844799 bytes, checksum: c45c18425ecd99744a816e6d2e894e3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Richardia brasiliensis Gomes (Rubiaceae), a herbaceous plant known as "ervanço", "poaia" and "ipeca", is popularly used as emetic, anti-diabetic, worms and the treatment of eczema, burns, bronchitis, influenza, hemorrhoids and avian malaria. Pharmacological studies have shown antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and phytochemical previous investigations resulted in the isolation of terpenoids, flavonoids and coumarin. This study aimed to contribute to the knowledge of the Richardia genus and Rubiaceae family through the phytochemical and pharmacobotanical study of Richardia brasiliensis Gomes. For this, the plant material was collected in João Pessoa - Paraíba and deposited in the Herbarium Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB) with the code Tenorio-Souza 01. In the pharmacobotanical study, the external morphology of the plant was to the naked eye and with a stereomicroscope. The microscopical morphodiagnosis were performed paradermic and transverse sections of leaves (blade and petiole), as well as transverse sections of stems and roots, which were cleared, stained, mounted between slide and coverslip and examined under the light microscope. The macroscopic anatomy of all organs revealed aspects that are common to species belonging to the family Rubiaceae, such as simple opposite leaves, interpetiolar stipules, flowering tops, flowers bisexual and actinomorphic, aestivation valve and inferior ovary. Microscopically, the leaf presents presenting the upper and lower epidermis, stomata and simple trichomes. The main vein has collateral vascular bundle. The petiole has vascular bundle arc-shaped and four small lateral bundles. In cross section, the stem secondary growth is cylindrical and the vascular system provides continuous siphonostele ectophloic organization, already has a tap root cortical parenchyma with idioblasts containing raphides and system with vascular bundle organization protostele in lateral roots and protostele radiated in the main root. For phytochemical study, vegetable, dried and pulverized, was subjected to extraction processes, and partition chromatography to isolate the chemical constituents. The chemical structure has been assessed by spectroscopic methods such as IR, Mass and uni-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR and comparisons with literature data. The hexane phase was obtained a mixture of steroids (β-sitosterol and stigmasterol) and 151-hydroxy-(151- S)- porfirinolactone a; CHCl3 phase was isolated and identified four coumarins: cedrelopsin, norbraylin, braylin and 5,6 -dimethoxy-7,8-[2'-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-(2'-S)- 2',3'-dihydrofuran]coumarin (cumarineletefin), the latter being first reported the literature, and the AcOEt phase was obtained the flavonoid kaempferol, contributing therefore to the chemotaxonomy of the Richardia genus and Rubiaceae family. / Richardia brasiliensis Gomes (Rubiaceae), planta herbácea conhecida por ervanço , poaia e ipeca , é utilizada popularmente como emética, antidiabética, vermífuga e no tratamento de eczema, queimadura, bronquite, gripe, hemorróida e malária avícola. Estudos farmacológicos revelaram atividade antimicrobiana e antioxidante e investigações fitoquímicas anteriores resultaram no isolamento de terpenóides, flavonóide e cumarina. Este trabalho objetivou contribuir para o conhecimento do gênero Richardia e da família Rubiaceae por meio do estudo farmacobotânico e fitoquímico de Richardia brasiliensis Gomes. Para isto, o material vegetal foi coletado em João Pessoa Paraíba e depositado no Herbário Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB) com o código Tenório-Souza 01. No estudo farmacobotânico, a morfologia externa do vegetal foi analisada à vista desarmada e com auxílio de estereomicroscópio. Para as morfodiagnoses microscópicas, foram realizados secções paradérmicas e transversais das folhas (lâmina e pecíolo), bem como, secções transversais do caule e das raízes, que foram clarificadas, coradas, montadas entre lâmina e lamínula e analisadas ao microscópio óptico comum. A caracterização macroscópica de todos os órgãos evidenciou aspectos que são comuns às espécies pertencentes à família Rubiaceae, tais como, folhas simples opostas, estípulas interpeciolares, inflorescência cimosa, flores bissexuadas e actinomorfas, prefloração valvar e ovário ínfero. Microscopicamente, a folha é anfiestomática apresentando nas epidermes superior e inferior, estômatos paracíticos e tricomas tectores simples. A nervura principal apresenta feixe vascular colateral. O pecíolo possui feixe vascular em forma de arco e quatro pequenos feixes vasculares laterais. Em secção transversal, o caule em crescimento secundário é cilíndrico e o sistema vascular apresenta organização sifonostélica contínua ectoflóica, já a raiz principal apresenta parênquima cortical com idioblastos contendo ráfides e sistema vascular anficrival com organização protostélica nas raízes laterais e protostélica radiada na raiz principal. Para o estudo fitoquímico, o vegetal, após secagem e pulverização, foi submetido a processos de extração, partição e cromatografia para isolamento dos constituintes químicos. A estrutura química dos mesmos foi determinada por métodos espectroscópicos, tais como: Infravermelho, Massas e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear de 1H e 13C uni e bidimensionais e comparações com modelos da literatura. Da fase hexânica obtevese uma mistura de esteróides (β-sitosterol e estigmasterol) e 151-hidroxi-(151-S)- porfirinolactona a; da fase CHCl3 foi isolado e identificado quatro cumarinas: cedrelopsina, norbraylina, braylina e 5,6-dimetoxi-7,8-[2 -(prop-1-en-2-il)-(2 -S)-2 ,3 - diidrofurano]cumarina (cumarineletefina), sendo esta última relatada pela primeira vez na literatura; e da fase AcOEt obteve-se o flavonóide canferol, contribuindo, portanto para a quimiotaxonomia do gênero Richardia e da família Rubiaceae.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 11268435 bytes, checksum: 7bd73b6e5fc0eab98e26e39c577c5b6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The genera Borreria G. Mey. and Richardia L. belong to Rubiaceae family. Borreria verticillata (vassoura-de-botão) presents indole and isoquinoline alkaloids, iridoids, sesquiterpenes and steroids. It is popularly used for diabetes, bacterial infections, eczema, rheumatism, analgesic and antipyretic. Borreria ocymoides is used to treat fungal infections and eczema and due to morphological and anatomical similarity with B. verticillata is believed that might be being used with the same purposes as B. verticillata. Although there are no reports in the chemical literature, preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, glycosides and anthraquinones. Richardia brasiliensis (ervanço and poaia) presents terpenoids, flavonoids and coumarins. Ethnopharmacological studies indicate emetic, antidiabetic, anthelmintic properties and for the treatment of eczema, burns, bronchitis, influenza and hemorrhoid. This work contributed to the phytochemical family Rubiaceae using B. verticillata, B. ocymoides and R. brasiliensis. For this, the plants were collected, identified and deposited in the Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB) herbarium. Dried and pulverized, the powder plant was subjected to extraction and partitioning. Then, the phase chromatography was subjected to chromatographic and spectroscopic methods for isolation and identification of substances, respectively. B. verticillata revealed the predominance of secondary metabolites belonging to the class of terpenoids (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, betulinic acid, alcohol betulinic, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, uvaol and 3β-hydroxyurs-11-en-28,13-β-olide) and as porphyrin derivatives (pheophytin a, pheophytin b and 151-hydroxy-(151-S)-porphyrin lactone a). B. ocymifolia showed a predominance of phenolic substances as coumarins (scopoletin, umbelliferone and cumarieletephyn), anthraquinones (2-hydroxy-3-methoxy-6-metilantracen-9,10-dione and 2-hydroxy-3-metilantracen-9,10-dione), and p-hydroxycinnamic acid and ursolic acid, showing a different chemical profile to morphologically similar Borreria. R. brasiliensis showed the presence of terpenoids: ursolic acid and uvaol. / Os gêneros Borreria G. Mey. e Richardia L. pertencem a família Rubiaceae. Borreria verticillata (vassoura-de-botão) apresenta alcaloides indólicos e isoquinolínicos, iridoides, esteroides e sesquiterpenos e é utilizada popularmente para diabetes, infecções bacterianas, eczema, reumatismo, antitérmica e analgésica. Borreria ocymoides é utilizada no tratamento de micoses e eczemas e em decorrência da semelhança morfo-anatômica com B. verticillata acredita-se que possa estar sendo utilizada com as mesmas finalidades que esta última. Apesar de não haver relato na literatura do ponto de vista químico, triagens fitoquímicas preliminares revelaram presença de saponinas, taninos, glicosídios e antraquinonas. Richardia brasiliensis (ervanço e poaia) apresenta terpenóides, flavonóides e cumarinas. Estudos etnofarmacológicos indicam propriedades emética, antidiabética, vermífuga e para o tratamento de eczema, queimaduras, bronquite, gripe, hemorróida e malária avícola. Este trabalho objetivou contribuir com os estudos fitoquímicos da família Rubiaceae utilizando B. verticillata, B. ocymoides e R. brasiliensis. Para isto, as espécies vegetais foram coletadas, identificadas e depositadas no Herbário Prof. Lauro Pires Xavier (JPB). Após secagem e pulverização, o pó das plantas foi submetido a processos de extração e particionamento. Em seguida, a fase cromatográfica foi submetida a métodos cromatográficos e espectroscópicos para isolamento e identificação das substâncias, respectivamente. B. verticillata revelou o predomínio metabólitos secundários pertencentes à classe dos terpenoides (β-sitosterol, estigmasterol, ácido betulínico, ácool betulínico, ácido oleanólico, ácido ursólico, uvaol e 3β-hidroxiurs-11-en-28,13-β-olídio), bem como, derivados porfirínicos (feofitina a, feofitina b e 151-hidroxi-(151-S)-porfirinolactona a). B. ocymifolia apresentou predomínio de substâncias fenólicas uma vez que foram isoladas cumarinas (escopoletina, umbeliferona e cumarieletefina), antraquinonas (2-hidroxi-3-metoxi-6-metilantraceno-9,10-diona e 2-hidroxi-3-metilantraceno-9,10-diona), além do ácido p-hidroxicinâmico e ácido ursólico, mostrando um perfil químico diferente para essas borrérias morfologicamente semelhantes. R. brasiliensis demonstrou a presença dos terpenóides: ácido ursólico e uvaol.

Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2014-12-23T13:16:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 maxwel_coura_oliveira.pdf: 605412 bytes, checksum: 1369fcb1c80b354f7dcdd92c22226e14 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2014-12-23T13:17:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 maxwel_coura_oliveira.pdf: 605412 bytes, checksum: 1369fcb1c80b354f7dcdd92c22226e14 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2014-12-23T13:17:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 maxwel_coura_oliveira.pdf: 605412 bytes, checksum: 1369fcb1c80b354f7dcdd92c22226e14 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-23T13:17:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 maxwel_coura_oliveira.pdf: 605412 bytes, checksum: 1369fcb1c80b354f7dcdd92c22226e14 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (Capes) / Dentre os fatores que contribuem para a baixa produtividade m?dia do milho no Brasil, destaca-se a interfer?ncia das plantas daninhas, que afetam diretamente a produtividade, podendo chegar a perdas de at? 90% da produ??o, caso nenhum m?todo de manejo for adotado. Na tentativa de simplificar o manejo e reduzir os custos de controle das plantas daninhas foi lan?ado o milho resistente ao herbicida glyphosate, tecnologia que tem se mostrado bem aceita pelos agricultores. Contudo, o uso excessivo e frequente do glyphosate em ?reas de cultivo tem selecionado esp?cies de plantas daninhas resistentes e tolerantes a esse herbicida, dificultado o controle. Objetivou-se com os estudos avaliar a interfer?ncia de plantas daninhas tolerantes ao glyphosate no milho RR, bem como o efeito de diferentes formula??es comerciais de glyphosate sobre a cultura. Os trabalhos foram realizados em ambiente protegido com o h?brido AG8088 YGRR. No primeiro experimento foram testadas a influ?ncia de formula??es de glyphosate sobre o crescimento do h?brido de milho AG8088 YGRR. No segundo experimento, avaliou-se a habilidade competitiva entre milho e as plantas daninhas Commelina beghalensis L. e Richardia brasiliensis Gomes, tolerantes ao glyphosate. O milho demonstrou menor habilidade competitiva quando cultivado na presen?a de C. benghalensis em rela??o quando foi cultivado com R. brasiliensis. A aplica??o de glyphosate se mostrou eficiente no controle de R. brasiliensis. H? evid?ncias formula??es de glyphosate alteram o teor e conte?do foliar de macronutrientes e vari?veis morfol?gicas do milho RR. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Produ??o Vegetal, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2013. / ABSTRACT Among the factors that contribute to low average productivity of corn in Brazil, it is competition with weeds, which directly affect productivity, reaching losses up to 90% of production. In an attempt to simplify the management and reduce the costs of weed control was released glyphosate resistant corn, technology that has been well accepted by farmers. However, the over use of glyphosate in cultivation areas have selected weeds species resistant and tolerant to this herbicide, making it difficult to control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interference of glyphosate tolerant weeds in Glyphosate Resistant Corn as well as the effect of commercial formulations of glyphosate over the. The studies were conducted in the greenhouse with the hybrid AG8088 YGRR. In the first experiment evaluated different formulations of glyphosate on the growth of hybrid. The second experiment the competitive ability between corn and weeds Commelina beghalensis and Richardia brasiliensis. Corn has showed lower competitive ability when grown with C. benghalensis than R. brasiliensis. The application of all glyphosate formulations was effective to control the weed R. brasiliensis. There are evidences that the application of glyphosate formulations alter the percentage, and content of nutrients, also the morphological characteristics of corn.

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize antifungal compounds from the most active medicinal plant species that could be used to address secondary infection problems in immunocompromised patients. An ethnobotanical study was conducted and 45 medicinal plant species used traditionally to treat candidiasis and related infections in HIV/AIDS patients were identified and documented. The most popular plant species used included Acacia caffra, Clerodendrum glabrum, Croton gratissimus, Elaeodendron transvaalense, Faurea saligna, Hippocratea longipetiolata, Osyris lanceolata, Richardia brasiliensis, Schkuhria pinnata, Schotia brachypetala, Spilanthes acmella, Strychnos potatorum, Vangueria infausta subsp. infausta and Withania somnifera. The plant parts used in the therapeutic preparations were roots (26.7%), bark (22.2%), and a combination of roots and bark (17.7%). Decoctions (44.4%), infusions (20%) and macerations (17.7%) were used. Most of the herbal remedies were administered orally. Chemical profiles of the plant species were established by using thin layer chromatography. Leaf extracts of these plant species were tested for antimicrobial activity against two common pathogenic fungal species in humans (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans) and four nosocomial bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) using a two-fold serial microdilution method and bioautography. All plant species investigated had some degree of antimicrobial activity against the test microorganisms. The hexane and the acetone extracts of Clerodendrum glabrum, Hippocratea longipetiolata, Schkuhria pinnata and Withania somnifera were the most active with MIC values ranging from 0.06 to 0.08 mg/ml. The most susceptible pathogen to the test samples was C. neoformans while C. albicans was resistant to most of the plant extracts. The water extracts of Withania somnifera and Hippocratea longipetiolata (14%) had MIC < 1 mg/ml against C. albicans. C. neoformans was susceptible to nine water plant extracts (64%) with MIC < 1 mg/ml and the promising activity was observed in Hippocratea longipetiolata and Faurea saligna extracts with MIC values of 0.16 and 0.31 mg/ml respectively. The hexane extract of C. glabrum was the most active against C. albicans with an MIC value of 0.06 mg/ml and total activity of 550 ml/g. In the bioautography, most plant extracts tested had few active compounds, others had no active components at all and this may be attributed to the disruption of synergism by the thin layer chromatography. C. glabrum had eight active antifungal compounds on bioautograms and most of these components were observed in the EMW solvent system. Based on this and its wide distribution in rural areas, C. glabrum was chosen for further study. The antioxidant activity and possible immune boosting potential of the species were determined using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2, 2’ azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. In the DPPH qualitative assay, the aqueous plant extracts had several prominent antioxidant components than the organic plant extracts. The aqueous plant extracts which had the most prominent antioxidant activity were F. saligna with 8 compounds, followed by E. transvaalense, H. longipetiolata O. lanceolata, R. brasiliensis and S.brachypetala, with five compounds each and their Rf values ranged from 0;06 to 0.94. This appears to validate the ethnomedicinal use of the plant species to some extent because decoction is the most common method used in the preparation of the remedy by the traditional healers. With regard to the organic plant extracts, only one plant extract, F. saligna had two prominent antioxidant components at Rf values 0.81 and 0.88. A third of the plant species had a high level of free radical scavenging activities in the DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. However, all plant extracts had lower antioxidant activity than the positive control (Trolox) used. The selected plant species were also evaluated for their in vitro toxicity against the Vero monkey kidney cell line using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The acetone plant extracts of O. lanceolata, S. acmella, S. pinnata and S. brachypetala had high cytotoxic activity against Vero cells with IC50 values of 13.7±0, 19.9±0.001, 21.6±0.001 and 28.34±0.001 μg/ml respectively. However, their IC50 values were higher than that of the positive control, doxorubicin (IC50 = 9.9±0 μg/ml). The rest of the acetone plant extracts (64%) had moderate cytotoxic activity (30 < IC50<100 μg/ml). The aqueous plant extracts were relatively non-toxic to the Vero cells with IC50 values ranging from 137 to > 500 µg/ml. This supports the use of aqueous extracts in the traditional medicine. However, their low selectivity index values ranging from 0.26 to 1.68 suggest that the plant extracts are probably suitable for external use only. Fractionation of the hexane extract of the leaves of C. glabrum by chromatographic techniques yielded six fractions of which fractions C and D had significant antifungal activity (average MIC value = 0.1 mg/ml) against C. albicans and C. neoformans. From these fractions, one new triterpenoid, 3-(1-oxobutyl)-11α-hydroxytaraxast-20(30)-ene-24,28-dioic acid (clerodendrumic acid) (1) was isolated along with known heptadecanoic acid (2). C. albicans was relatively insensitive to clerodendrumic acid (1) (MIC value = 125 µg/mL) and was resistant to heptadecanoic acid (2) (MIC value = 188 µg/ml). Compounds 1 and 2 were non-toxic against monkey kidney Vero cells in vitro with IC50 values of 202.6 and 108.4 µg/ml respectively. Due to its low antifungal activity, the novel compound clerodendrumic acid (1) is not a viable candidate for drug development which could be used to combat candidiasis and related fungal infections. However, due to its relative safety, it may possibly be used as a lead compound to produce new chemically modified active derivatives or could be used together with known antibiotics to mitigate their undesirable side effects. To the best of our knowledge, the isolation of a novel, clerodendrumic acid (1) and a known heptadecanoic acid (2) compounds from leaf extracts of C. glabrum is reported herein for the first time. The results obtained from this study generally substantiate the rationale behind the use of the selected plant species in the traditional medicine to treat candidiasis and related infections to some extent. This study showed the potential of studying traditional medicine in the search for effective plant extracts or new lead compounds that could be developed into drugs for combating microbial infections among the rural poor people. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2013 / Paraclinical Sciences / Unrestricted