Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the recent years, the concern about wines with better sensory characteristics and biological properties has motivated many studies on the phenolic compounds. The knowledge of ripening process of these substances is related to the necessity to produce high quality wines. In this study, red grape varieties VitisviniferaMalbec, Shiraz and Tannat were evaluated in relation to their phenolic ripeness. In the first two varieties, three harvest dates of a same vineyard were evaluated. In Tannat variety, one harvest date for three different vineyards was compared. All vineyards are situated in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and they were studied in the crops of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. The grape berries were evaluated in relation to the rate of skins, seeds, and pulps; and in relation to the industrial (pH, Brix and total acidity) and phenolic ripeness. For this last evaluation, 125 berries were crushed and macerated at pH 1.0 and pH 3.2 for 4 hours. Then, the following parameters were evaluated: extractability of anthocyanins (EA%), tannins in the skins (dpell%), tannins in the seeds (Mp%), total polyphenolic index (TPI 280), total anthocyanins (ApH1,0) and extractable anthocyanins (ApH3,2). Malbec and Shiraz varieties were micro-vinified by traditional method of red vinification, then the final wine was evaluated for its physic-chemical properties (pH and total acidity) and the content of phenolic compounds (IPT, total polyphenols, tannins, and anthocyanins). The analyses were performed in triplicate and statistically evaluated by the Tukey test at 5% of probability, by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and by linear correlation. For Malbec variety, the outcomes showed a bigger industrial and phenolic ripeness (more Brix, less Total Acidity, more IPT, more content of anthocyanins and low values of Mp% and dpell%) to the 2010/2011 crop and later harvests. The Shiraz variety showed higher levels of total anthocyanins, extractable anthocyanins, and IPT in the second harvest date. The phenolic ripeness in the second crop was also higher for this variety, which had a higher extractability of anthocyanins (less EA%) and a great ripeness of tannins from the seeds and skins (lower Mp% and higher dpell%, respectively). For Tannat variety, the sample of Itaqui (warmer region) showed a higher content of anthocyanins and IPT in the first crop, which is similar to the sample of Dom Pedrito (less warmer region than Itaqui) in the following crop. In PCA, the samples were amounted by the influence of crop and the harvest date. The wine of both varieties presented higher levels of total phenolic, anthocyanins, and IPT in the vinification of later harvest and the crop of 2010/2011. The total polyphenol content, IPT 280, and the content of anthocyanins in wines were highly correlated with the rate of the industrial ripeness of the grape, content of extractable anthocyanins (ApH 3.2), tannin content in skins (Mp%). It is possible to conclude that later harvest can provide a grape with a higher phenolic ripeness. However, this ripeness is closely related and dependent on appropriate weather conditions of harvest. / Nos últimos anos, a preocupação por vinhos com melhores características sensoriais e propriedades biológicas tem motivado inúmeros estudos sobre os compostos fenólicos. O conhecimento sobre o processo de maturação dessas substâncias vem ao encontro da necessidade de se produzir um vinho de maior qualidade. Neste estudo, as variedades tintas Vitis vinifera Malbec, Shiraz e Tannat foram avaliadas quanto à sua maturação fenólica. Para as duas primeiras variedades, avaliaram-se três datas de colheita de um mesmo vinhedo. Para a variedade Tannat, comparou-se uma data de colheita de três vinhedos distintos. Todos os vinhedos localizam-se no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul e foram estudados nas safras de 2009-2010 e 2010-2011. As bagas de uva foram avaliadas quanto à proporção de cascas, sementes e polpa, quanto à maturação industrial (pH, Brix e Acidez Total) e quanto à maturação fenólica. Para esta última avaliação, 125 bagas foram triturados e macerados em pH 1,0 e pH 3,2 por 4 horas; após, avaliou-se os seguintes parâmetros: extratibilidade de antocianinas (EA%), taninos nas cascas (dpell%), taninos nas sementes (Mp%), Índice Polifenólico Total (IPT 280), antocianinas totais (ApH1,0) e antocianinas extraíveis (ApH3,2). As variedades Malbec e Shiraz foram microvinificadas pelo método tradicional de vinificação em tinto, e o vinho final foi avaliado quanto às propriedades físico-químicas (pH e Acidez Total) e ao teor de compostos fenólicos (IPT280, Polifenóis Totais, Taninos e Antocianinas). As análises foram realizadas em triplicata e estatisticamente avaliadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, por Análise de Componente Principal (PCA) e por correlação linear. Para a variedade Malbec, os resultados evidenciaram maior maturação industrial e fenólica (maior Brix, menor Acidez Total, maior IPT280, maior teor de antocianinas e dpell%e baixos valores de Mp%) para a safra de 2010-2011 e para as colheitas mais tardias. A variedade Shiraz demonstrou maiores teores de antocianinas totais, antocianinas extraíveis e IPT na segunda data de colheita. A maturação fenólica na segunda safra também foi superior para esta variedade, observando-se maior extratibilidade de antocianinas (menor EA%) e maior maturação dos taninos das sementes e das cascas (menor Mp% e maior dpell%, respectivamente). Para a variedade Tannat, a amostra de Itaqui (região de clima mais quente) apresentou maior teor de antocianinas e IPT280 na primeira safra, equiparando-se à amostra de Dom Pedrito (região de clima menos quente que Itaqui) na safra seguinte. Na PCA, as amostras foram agrupadas pela influência da safra e data de colheita. Os vinhos de ambas as variedades apresentaram maiores teores de compostos fenólicos totais, antocianinas e IPT280 nas vinificações de colheitas mais tardias e na safra de 2010-2011. O conteúdo de polifenóis totais, IPT 280 e o conteúdo de antocianinas nos vinhos foram altamente correlacionados com os índices de maturação industrial da uva, teor de antocianinas extraíveis (ApH 3,2), teor de taninos nas cascas (dpell%) e teor de taninos nas sementes (Mp%). Conclui-se que colheitas mais tardias podem proporcionar uma uva de maior maturação fenólica. Porém, esta maturação está intimamente relacionada e dependente de adequadas condições climáticas da safra.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV13MA111.pdf: 4178123 bytes, checksum: d68fc297a429c3fa95d6b1a5707ee257 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The pear (Pyrus communis) belongs to the family Rosaceae, is native from asian continent. The cultivation of pear is established in Latin American countries like Argentina and Chile and is in expansion in regions of southern highlands in Brazil. The quantity of fruits produced on Brazilian regions does not meet the demand, being necessary the importation of 90% of pear fruits that are consumed in Brazil. The occurrence of fruit flies (Anastrepha fraterculus) has been a problem on the pear orchards and has caused an increase of the production costs. The aim of this work was to study the infestation of flies related to fruit ripeness of Packham`s and William`s cultivars, in order to characterize the damage resulting from the attack of fruit flies in different stages of fruit maturation and correlate the physical and chemical factors of the fruits with the infestation of fruit flies. Besides, evaluate in laboratory the bioactivity of natural compounds of vegetal and mineral origin in adults of fruit flies. Fruit of Packham`s and William`s cultivars were bagged when they had diameter transversal approximately equal to 20 mm. On the experiment of damage characterization, the fruits were infested by two couples of flies in reproductive age for 48 hours. In laboratory the fruits were individualized in pots with capacity to 750 mL and then were released two couples of fruit flies for 48 hours. Besides, were performed evaluations of chemical (solid soluble and pH) and physical (texture of skin and flesh, color and size) fruit parameters. Field experiments sought to evaluate the occurrence of fruit dropping, galleries and larvae in the fruit endocarp. Laboratory experiments sought to quantify the number of larvae, pupae and adults on the fruits in each stage of maturation. The fruits were immersed in each of the treatments that were: andiroba oil, azadirachtin, kaolin, methidathion and distilled water, and were offered to the fruit flies in tests of free and no-choice. In both test was evaluated the efficiency of the substances and the number of larvae, pupae and adults that remained alive. The fruits of Packham`s cultivar did not suffered early dropping when infested by the fruit fly and enable larval development from 54.9 mm of diameter. The fruits of William`s cultivar suffered early dropping by the fruit fly attack and enable the larval development from 52.8 mm of diameter. The texture of skin and flesh of both cultivars affect the onset of the attack of the fly. Andiroba oil interfered negatively on the oviposition of the fly in laboratory tests with free and no-choice. There was not response of the treatments azadirachtin and kaolin on the oviposition, adult mortality, and number of larvae, pupae and adults found on the fruits / A pereira (Pyrus communis L.) pertence a família Rosaceae, é uma espécie nativa do continente asiático. O cultivo da pereira está estabelecido em países como Argentina e Chile. Nas regiões serranas de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul o cultivo ainda e pequeno apesar da demanda pela fruta e das condições climáticas favoráveis ao seu cultivo. A quantidade de frutos de pera produzida pelas regiões produtoras brasileiras não atende a demanda, sendo necessária a importação de 90% da fruta que é consumida no território brasileiro. A ocorrência da mosca-dasfrutas (Anastrepha fraterculus) tem sido um problema nos pomares de pereira e tem causado um aumento dos custos de produção. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a infestação de moscas-das-frutas relacionada a maturação dos frutos das cultivares de pera Packham`s e William`s, visando caracterizar os danos decorrente do ataque da moscas-das-frutas em frutos com diferentes estágios de maturação e correlacionar os fatores físico químicos dos frutos com a infestação da mosca-dasfrutas. Além disso, avaliar em laboratório a bioatividade de compostos naturais de origem vegetal e mineral em adultos de moscas-das-frutas. Para os experimentos realizou-se o ensacamento de frutos de pera das cultivares Packham`s e William`s quando os mesmos possuíam diâmetro transversal de aproximadamente 20 mm. No experimento de caracterização de dano a campo, os frutos foram infestados por dois casais de moscas em idade reprodutiva por 48 horas. No laboratório os frutos foram, individualizados em potes com capacidade para 750 mL e em seguida liberados dois casais de moscas por 48 horas. Além disso, também foram realizadas avaliações dos parâmetros químicos (sólidos solúveis totais e pH) e físicos (textura da casca e da polpa, coloração e tamanho) dos frutos. No campo buscou-se avaliar a ocorrência de queda, galerias e larvas no endocarpo dos frutos. No laboratório realizou-se a quantificação de larvas pupas e adultos nos frutos de cada estádio de maturação. Os frutos foram submetidos a imersão em cada um dos tratamentos que foram: óleo de andiroba, Azamax®, caulim, metidationa e água destilada e foram oferecidos a mosca-das-frutas em testes com e sem chance de escolha. Em ambos os testes foi avaliada a eficiência das substâncias utilizadas, além do número de larvas, pupas e adultos sobreviventes. Os frutos de pera da cultivar Packham`s não sofreram queda em razão da infestação da A. fraterculus e possibilitam o desenvolvimento larval a partir de 54,9 mm de diâmetro. Os frutos da cultivar William`s sofreram queda prematura decorrente do ataque da mosca-das-frutas e possibilitam o desenvolvimento larval a partit de 52,8 mm de diâmetro. As texturas da casca e da polpa afetam o início do ataque de A. fraterculus nos frutos de ambas as cultivares de pera. O óleo de andiroba mostrou-se interferir negativamente na oviposicao da mosca das frutas nos testes de laboratório com sem chance de escolha. Não houve resposta dos tratamentos a base de Azamax® e caulim sobre a oviposição, mortalidade de adultos, número de larvas, pupas e adultos encontradas nos frutos

Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grape and wine phenols consist of flavanols which is the building blocks for tannins. These building blocks are called monomers which consist of catechins, epicatechins, epigallocatechins and epicatechin-gallate. Tannin is important in wine as it contributes to bitterness, mouth feel (astringency) and maturation potential of the wine. Futhermore it has a health benefit as an antioxidant. Anthocyanins are responsible for the colour of red wine. The anthocyanins combine with tannins to form stable polymeric pigments. Due to the importance of tannins and anthocyanins in wine, it is imperitative that different winemaking techniques are used to extract as much of these components as possible and that the analysis is done quickly and accurately. The aim of this study was to evaluate different winemaking techniques and their extraction of tannins and anthocyanins into the wine. Too much tannin extraction can have a negative effect on the sensory quality of the wine. Therefore a second aim was to evaluate the mouth feel properties of a Shiraz wine. A third aim was to compare the two tannin precipitation methods in terms of time efficiency, repeatability and the ease of practice. To investigate the amount of tannin concentration extracted by different winemaking techniques, two cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz) were used. These treatments included the addition of an enzyme during fermentation [E], cold maceration [CM], post maceration [PM] and the combination of cold and post maceration [CM+PM]. The grapes were harvested in two different climatic areas during the 2008 and 2009 vintages. The two climatic areas were classified according to the Winkler scale as a III (Morgenster) and a IV (Plaisir de Merle). The grapes were harvested at two different ripeness levels in order to evaluate the effect of the different winemaking processes on the extraction of tannins and anthocyanins. One harvest was before (LB) and the other after (HB) the commercial harvest. The results of this study showed significant differences in the phenolic composition of the wines. It was found that the warmer area showed higher tannin concentrations than the cooler area for both cultivars. In the 2008 Cabernet Sauvignon the CM extracted higher concentrations of tannin from the cooler area at both ripeness levels. In the warmer area, CM extracted the highest tannin concentration HB, but the CM+PM extracted the highest tannin concentration from Cabernet Sauvignon at the LB and CM at the HB of the warmer area. In 2009 the PM extracted the highest concentration of tannin at the lower ripeness level, while the E treatment extracted the highest concentration from the warmer area. In the cooler area the CM+PM extracted the highest concentration of tannin at a lower ripeness level, while there were no siginicant differences between the different treatments at the higher ripeness level. The highest anthocyanin concentration was found in the cooler area. The CM treatment was found to have no effect on anthocyanin extraction. Different methods are available to quantify the tannin concentration in wine. Two of the most popular tannin analytical methods are the bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the methyl cellulose precipitable tannin (MCP) methods. The BSA method is a very complex method which uses at least 3 times more reagents than the MCP method. The MCP method only analyzes tannins, while the BSA method analyzes tannins, monomeric pigments (MP), small polymeric pigments (SPP) and large polymeric pigments (LPP). In this study a good correlation was found between the two tannin precipitation methods (R2 – 0.88). There is controversy regarding the variability of these methods. Some scientists found that the two methods show a good correlation with HPLC, while others found that there was no such correlation between the precipitation methods and the HPLC. The MCP method had a practical advantage as it could be performed in half the time required for the BSA method. This has a significant impact in scenarios where a high sample throughput is required although it only measures total tannin. The phenolic composition and mouth feel of the wine was strongly influenced by the climatic area. In the warmer area the effect of tannin concentration on mouth feel was much less than in the cooler area. The wine made of riper grapes, was more grippy, bitter and numbing than the wines made from greener grapes. The E treatment was especially associated with a dry, grippy sensation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Druif en wyn fenole bestaan uit flavanole wat weer die boublokke is van tanniene. Hierdie boublokke, wat bekend staan as monomere, betsaan uit katesjiene, epikatesjiene, epigallokatesjiene an epikatesjien-gallaat. Tanniene is belangrik in wyn aangesien dit bydra tot bitterheid, mondgevoel (vrankheid) asook die verouderingspotensiaal van wyn. As antioksidante hou dit ook gesondheidsvoordele in. Antosianiene dra by tot die kleur van rooiwyn. Antosianiene kombineer met tanniene om meer stabiele polimeriese pigmente te vorm. As gevolg van die belangrikheid van tanniene en antosianiene is dit van uiterse belang dat verskillende wynmaak tegnieke gebruik word om ekstraksie in die wyn te bevoordeel en dat die analitiese metode so vinnig en akkuraat as moontlik gedoen word. Die eerste doel van hierdie studie was om die ekstraksie van tanniene en antosianiene deur middel van verskillende wynmaak tegnieke te evalueer. Te veel tanniene in die wyn kan negatiewe sensoriese kwaliteit tot gevolg het. Daarom is die tweede doel om die sensoriese kwaliteit van Shiraz wyn te evalueer. Die derde doel van hierdie studie was die twee tannien presipitasie metodes met mekaar te vergelyk in terme van die moeilikheidsgraad van die metode, tyd doeltreffendheid en herhaalbaarheid. Verskillende wynmaak tegnieke (ensiem byvoegings [E], koue maserasie [CM], verlengde dopkontak [PM] en ‘n kombinasie van koue maserasie en verlengde dopkontak [CM+PM]) is vergelyk ten opsigte van tannien en antiosianien ekstraksie. In 2008 en 2009 is twee kultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon en Shiraz) in twee verskillende klimatologiese areas gepars. Hierdie areas is geklassifiseer in die Winklerskaal as ‘n IV (Plaisir de Merle) en ‘n III (Morgenster). Om die effek van die verskillende wynmaak tegnieke op die ekstraksie van antosianiene en tanniene te vergelyk, is hierdie twee kultivars by twee verskillende rypheidsgrade geoes. Die eerste oes was net voor kommersiële oes (LB) en die tweede oes het net na kommersiële oes (HB) plaasgevind. Die 2009 Shiraz wyn is organolepties beoordeel om die effek van die verskillende wynmaak tegnieke op die wyn se mondgevoel te vergelyk. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon beduidende verskille in die fenoliese samestelling van die wyne. Dit is gevind dat die warmer area hoër tannien konsentrasies het as die koeler area. In 2008 het die CM+PM die meeste tanniene uit die Cabernet Sauvignon geëkstraheer by LB en die CM by HB in die warmer area. Die CM het in die koeler area meer tanniene geëkstraheer by beide die LB en HB rypheidsgrade. In 2009 het PM die meeste tanniene geëkstraheer by LB terwyl E die meeste tanniene geëkstraheer in die warmer area. In die koeler area het CM+PM die meeste tanniene geëkstraheer, terwyl geen van die behandelings ‘n effek gehad het by HB. Die meeste antosianien konsentrasie was in die koeler area gevind as in die warmer area. In beide 2008 (LB en HB) en 2009 (LB) het CM die meeste antosianiene geëkstraheer, terwyl geen behandeling ‘n effek gehad het by HB. Twee van die mees populêre tannien analitiese metodes is die BSA (bovine serum albumien) en die MCP (metielsellulose presipitasie) metodes. Die BSA metode is ‘n baie meer ingewikkelde metode waarvoor drie keer meer reagense gebruik word as vir die MCP metode. Maar waar die MCP net tanniene ontleed, ontleed die BSA metode tanniene, monomere (MP), klein polimeriese pigmente (SPP) en groot polimeriese pigmente (LPP). Dit help indien daar gekyk wil word na die evolusie van polimeriese pigmente. In hierdie studie is bevind dat daar ‘n redelike korrelasie (R2 – 0.88) tussen die BSA en MCP metode bestaan. Die herhaalbaarheid van die metodes het redelike kontroversie veroorsaak, waar sommige navorsers bevind het dat die BSA metode nie so herhaalbaar is soos eers bevind is nie. Die MCP metode het ’n praktiese voordeel aangesien dit in die helfde van die tyd van die BSA metode uitgevoer kan word. Dit het ‘n groot impak indien ‘n groot hoeveelheid monsters ontleed moet word. Die fenoliese samestelling en mondgevoel word sterk beïnvloed deur die klimatologiese area. In die warmer area was die effek van tannien konsentrasie op mondgevoel kleiner as in die koeler area. Die wyn van ryper druiwe het meer harder, verdowingseffek en bitter nasmaak gehad as by die wyn van groener druiwe. Die ensiem behandeling was meer geassossieerd met droë mond gevoel.

No description available.

The traditional standing in the practice of negotiation which is main concerned with the substance of the proposal for a solution has been somewhat altered by Zartman who do acknowledge the importance of the first idea but adds the dimension of the timing of the efforts for a resolution. Throughout the schools of crisis management and conflict resolution this concept has made its name as the ‘ripeness theory’. The focal point of the theory is termed as the ‘Mutually Hurting Stalemate’ (MHS), a situation where the conflicting parties sense their positions in a hurting impasse. The concept of a ripe moment does not only centre on the parties’ perception of a MHS but is optimally associated with an impending, past or recently avoided catastrophe. Even though the catastrophe is not necessary to either the definition or the existence of a MHS it provides a deadline or a lesson that pain can be sharply increased in something is not done about it now. This in linked with the idea behind the concept that, when the parties find themselves locked into a conflict from which they cannot escalate to victory and this deadlock is painful to them (although not necessarily in equal degrees or for the same reasons), they seek a way out. A unique opportunity presented itself when a earthquake struck the areas between India and Pakistan the 8th of October 2005. Did the post-quake scenario present a new opportunity to collaborate on immediate relief activity and long-term build up? Could suspicion be buried with the wreckage? Could the disaster be a push to intensify the peace process? The aim of this study is to find out if the disaster has made the conflict ripe for resolution or more advanced mediation. The empirical chapters is going down two avenues including the political elites (and their actions) as well as the internal political process which in this study is made up by a) the militancy, and b) editorials from major Pakistani and Indian newspapers. The results of the study can be summed with that the earthquake has not made the conflict ripe for resolution (as in final resolution) but definitely made it ripe for more advanced mediation. This is based on the numerous important counter building measures carried out by the elites of India and Pakistan and the fact that the Kashmiri people were involved in the process. As for the internal political process the militancy did not show any will of collaborate or changing position in the conflict. The results of the newspaper’s editorials is not entirely positive either although both Pakistan and Indian newspapers had a rather positive outlook towards the increased Indo-Pak cooperation and the prospects for the future.

There is a great diversity of vines in the world, generating high variability characteristics of the wines produced. With the increased interest motivated by health benefits, making room for the growth of consumption and the grape and wine market potential, the search for varieties able to adapt to different climatic conditions and the growing consumer demand for wine quality, introduces the 'Marselan' piecemeal viticulture scenario. 'Marselan' is a red grape vinifera, obtained by crossing the 'Grenache' and 'Cabernet Sauvignon'. The Rio Grande do Sul has the largest percentage of cultivated area with grape in Brazil, and is the largest producer of wine. The quality of products derived from the grape is dependent on its physicochemical properties and phenolic composition characteristics of cultivars. This study aims to characterize physicochemical the cultivate and the varietal wine, and also describe the sensory profile of the varietal wine Marselan obtained from grapes produced in the regions of the Campanha Gaúcha, Serra Gaúcha and Serra do Sudeste of Rio Grande do Sul. Six samples of grapes produced different regions were collected. Part of berries was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored in a freezer for further analysis and preparation of extracts, the remainder was used for the microvinification. Analysis of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, procyanidins, tannins, anthocyanins, polymeric pigments, intensity and color tone, color characteristics by the CIE L* a* b* space, acidity, pH, total soluble solids, total sugars (reducing and non-reducing) and antioxidant capacity were performed. The sensory characteristics of the wines were determined by quantitative descriptive analysis with a team of 10 trained panelists. The grape and wine samples Marselan differ in physicochemical parameters evaluated and sensory analysis. Industrial maturation, phenolic ripeness, phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity data of 'Marselan' demonstrated their adaptability to all regions of Rio Grande do Sul, but are highly dependent on the weather, which provide different features. All red wines are in accordance with the standards established by Brazilian law. The total polyphenol content (2047.07 to 4777.98 mg L-1) and anthocyanins (645.20 874,67mg the L-1) found in a young wine, Marselan presents a good potential for development of guard wines. The antioxidant capacity follows the trend of phenolic compounds. Regarding the color parameters of the wine samples are somewhat different, but it is not possible to characterize differences in the area and its color is characteristic of young wines. The method of quantitative descriptive analysis revealed that the studied samples have distinct sensory profiles, except in the aroma, which indicates the typical characteristics of the cultivar studied for the aromas of red fruits, dried fruits, woody and sweet. The attributes violet color, translucent, fruity flavor, astringency and persistence are the most important to discriminate samples of red wine, however the other attributes as herbaceous aromas, alcohol and floral, bitter flavors, acid and woody, pungency and body help to describe sensorily the cv. Marselan. It is possible to discriminate sensory samples of red wine based on the production region. / Existe uma diversidade muito grande de videiras no mundo, gerando elevada variabilidade de características dos vinhos produzidos. Com o aumento de interesse motivado pelos benefícios à saúde, abrindo espaço para o crescimento do consumo e do potencial do mercado da uva e do vinho, a busca de variedades capazes de se adaptar as condições climáticas diferenciadas e a procura crescente do consumidor por vinhos de qualidade, introduz a Marselan aos poucos ao cenário da viticultura. Marselan é uma uva tinta vinífera, obtida pelo cruzamento da Grenache e Cabernet Sauvignon . O Rio Grande do Sul detém a maior percentagem de área cultivada com uva no Brasil, além de ser o maior produtor de vinho. A qualidade dos produtos derivados da uva é dependente das suas propriedades físico-químicas e da composição fenólica características das cultivares. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar físico-quimicamente a cultivar e o vinho varietal, e também descrever o perfil sensorial do vinho varietal Marselan obtido de uvas produzidas nas regiões da Campanha Gaúcha, Serra Gaúcha e Serra do Sudeste, do Rio Grande do Sul. Seis amostras de uvas produzidas diferentes regiões foram coletadas. Parte das bagas foi congelada em nitrogênio líquido e armazenada em freezer para posterior elaboração de extratos e análise, o restante foi destinado à microvinificação. Foram realizadas análises de polifenóis totais, flavonóides totais, procianidinas, taninos, antocianinas, pigmentos poliméricos, intensidade e tonalidade de cor, características cromáticas pelo espaço CIE L*a*b*, acidez, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, açúcares totais (redutores e não redutores) e capacidade antioxidante. As características sensoriais dos vinhos foram determinadas por Análise Descritiva Quantitativa com uma equipe de 10 provadores treinados. As amostras de uva e vinho Marselan apresentam diferenças nos parâmetros físico-químicos avaliados e na análise sensorial. Os dados de maturação industrial, maturação fenólica, compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante da Marselan demonstraram a sua adaptação a todas as regiões do Rio Grande do Sul, porém é altamente dependente das condições climáticas, as quais conferem características bem diferenciadas. Todas as amostras de vinho tinto encontram-se de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos na legislação brasileira. Pelo teor de polifenóis totais (2047,07 a 4777,98 mg L-1) e antocianinas (645,20 a 874,67mg L-1) encontrados no vinho ainda jovem, a Marselan apresenta um ótimo potencial para elaboração de vinhos de guarda. A capacidade antioxidante acompanha a tendência dos compostos fenólicos. Em relação aos parâmetros de cor dos vinhos as amostras apresentam diferenças entre si, mas não é possível caracterizar diferenças quanto à região e sua cor é característica de vinhos jovens. O método da Análise Descritiva Quantitativa revelou que as amostras estudadas apresentam perfis sensoriais distintos, exceto no aroma, o que indica a tipicidade da cultivar estudada para os aromas de frutas vermelhas, frutas secas, madeirizado e doce. Os atributos cor violeta, translúcido, sabor frutado, adstringência e persistência são os mais importantes para discriminar as amostras de vinho tinto, no entanto os outros atributos como aromas herbáceo, alcoólico e floral, sabores amargo, ácido e madeirizado, pungência e corpo auxiliam a descrever sensorialmente a cv. Marselan. É possível discriminar sensorialmente as amostras de vinho tinto com base na região de produção.

La famille aromatique du végétal dans les vins rouges recouvre une large diversité de nuances. Nos travaux révèlent que celles-ci n’ont pas toujours de lien direct avec les composés connus (2-méthoxy-3-alkylpyrazines, alcools en C6). Aussi, après avoir été définis sensoriellement, les déterminants moléculaires de cette famille d’odeurs ont été recherchés en s’appuyant, à partir de vins représentatifs, sur différentes techniques de fractionnement (CLHP, distillation sous vide) puis MDCPG-O-SM. Une première origine de ces nuances a été développée, celle associée à la maturité des raisins. La présence du 1,8-cinéole (eucalyptol), avec des notes « vertes », selon une origine variétale en lien avec la maturité des raisins a pu être attestée dans les vins de Cabernet Sauvignon. La capacité d’un cépage à en produire des quantités significatives (Fer Servadou) ainsi qu’une origine exogène associée à la présence d’une espèce d’armoise au vignoble (Artemisia verlotiorum) sont aussi établis. Une autre origine d’apparition des nuances végétales a été considérée : le pressurage des marcs. Cette étude montre le lien étroit entre la catégorie aromatique des vins de presse et la famille du végétal. En outre, elle révèle la présence de divers marqueurs odoriférants, en particulier le (Z)-4-heptenol dont l’évolution est corrélée au niveau de pression et la contribution sensorielle établie, à l’inverse de la plupart des alcools en C6 ; de même qu’elle suggère l’implication de plusieurs composés carbonylés à l’odeur caractéristique des vins de presse. L’influence des paramètres technologiques (inertage, pression, SO2, FML) est aussi précisée. La présence du salicylate de méthyle comme marqueur de défense de la plante contre plusieurs maladies cryptogamiques (mildiou, black rot, esca) et comme contributeur à l’odeur végétale de certains vins rouges a enfin pu être démontrée. / The green aromas family includes in red wines a large diversity of nuances. First, this study revealed that these nuances are not directly related to known compounds (e.g. 2-méthoxy-3-alkylpyrazines, C6 alcohols). After a sensory definition, the molecular determinants of these aroma nuances were investigated based on fractionation strategies including HPLC and vacuum distillation then MDGC-O-MS. A first source of nuances associated with grapes ripeness was developed. The presence of 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) with a varietal origin was evidenced in Cabernet Sauvignon wines. The ability of a grape variety to produce significant amounts (Fer Servadou) and an exogenous origin associated with the presence of Artemisia species in vineyards (Artemisia verlotiorum) were also highlighted. Another origin, related to the pressing of grape marc was then considered. This study shown the connection between the aromatic category of press wines and the green aromas. Furthermore, it revealed the presence of odoriferous molecules including (Z)-4-heptenol, with a sensory contribution, associated to the increase of pressure in the press tank, but not for the majority of C6 alcohols. It also suggested the involvement of several carbonyl compounds in the characteristic odor of press wines. The influence of technological parameters (without oxygen, pressure, SO2, malolactic fermentation) was also specified. Finally, this study revealed the presence of methyl salicylate as a plant defense marker against several fungal diseases (downy mildew, black rot, esca) and as a contributor to fresh green aromas of certain red wines.

This thesis analyses the conflict resolution process between Israel and Egypt and provides a new angle for explaining the signing of the first Arab-Israeli peace treaty. Author uses a case study research method that facilitates an in-depth analysis of the topic and answers to three selected research questions: Why did long-lasting hostile countries engage in the negotiations to resolve their conflict?, How did Jimmy Carter mediate the Camp David Summit? and What persuaded Israel and Egypt to finalize the peace treaty?. The thesis is divided into two main analytical parts, according to the theoretical model used for its examination of the research questions. The first part makes use of William I. Zartman's theory of ripeness and its concept of a "mutually hurting stalemate" to explain why two opposing parties might become gradually open towards finding a "way out" from their protracted conflict. By analysing these conditions to reach a "ripe moment", the third-party may produce substantial proposals to resolve their dispute. The second part of this thesis focuses on the mediation process of the U.S. President Jimmy Carter between September 1978 and March 1979. The umbrella theory of third-party mediation is employed to elucidate the mediation strategies, potential biases and leverage of Jimmy...

Annotation: Thesis characterizes contemporary nursery and basic school, direct basic methods and forms mutual cooperation these institutions and points out how to facilitate children the transition from pre-school to primary education. The methods which have used are method of observation and the structured interview. Observation was carried out on the selected nursery and basic schools. Interviews were realized with directors or executives these institutions and with experts from pedagogical- psychological counseling. The aim of the thesis was to find out how take place school enrollment in the current elementary schools, how the students are successful/unsuccessful, what are the most common reasons for postponements schooling. Thesis also shows that preschool children are able in a relatively short period of time of great expansion capability. Another aim was to determine the forms and methods of cooperation of individual nursery and primary schools. Work also points to the possible difficulties of children in nursery or later difficulties at the beginning of schooling. Work also points to the possible difficulties of children in nursery or later difficulties at the beginning of schooling. The work also highlights the awareness of parents and children regarding suspension of school attendance.

Thesis, "Analysis of reasons for delays in the school attendance within the regional investigation" deals in the theoretical level with the concept of school maturity and school readiness, and reasons leading to the postponement of school attendance. Most major theme of the thesis is to identify reasons for the school attendance delay in the Náchod region. It gives examples of test methods and remedial methods used in the educational-psychology counselling centre in Náchod and the kindergarten in Hronov. There are set the goal and hypotheses in the empirical part of the thesis, leading to the processing of the data obtained through questionnaires and interview. The resulting analysis is treated in the conclusion of the thesis.