Availability of organized data is required for accurate prediction of structural or functional deterioration in sewer and water pipes. Toward this end, GIS provides a means for viewing, understanding, interpreting, and visualizing complex geographically referenced information to reveal data relationships, patterns, and trends. The primary objective of this research is to develop a standard GIS data model and applications of the model. In the future, these can be used to develop protocols and methods for predicting the remaining life of water and wastewater assets. The source data for this study is the utility data and other publicly available data from resources such as USGS, SSURGO etc. Field mapping files are generated from the source files and the standard data model. These are then programmed to the common Extensible markup Language (XML) file developed as a base which is then converted to the data model where the final form of utility data is stored. The data taken from the utilities is cleansed and analyzed to match the standard data model which is then uploaded through the common XML and stored in the data warehouse as a geospatial database. The geospatial database is an aggregated water and wastewater infrastructure data consisting of the utility data in standard data model format. The data warehouse is developed for utilities to store their data at a centralized server, such as the San Diego Super Computer Center. Web applications demonstrate the publishing, querying and visualization of aggregated data in a map-based browser application. This aggregation of data of multiple utilities will help in providing timely access to asset management information and resources that will lead to more efficient programs. This tool also furnishes the public with a convenient tool to learn about municipal water and wastewater infrastructure systems. This document gives an overview of how this process can be achieved using the above mentioned tools and methodologies. / Master of Science

Surgeons have been identified as one of the highest risk groups in healthcare to develop work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Especially the neck and shoulders are found to be at high musculoskeletal risk due to surgeons commonly operating in a static and awkward posture for a prolonged time. Raising ergonomic awareness has been found to favour postural improvement among healthcare professionals. This thesis therefore aimed to design and evaluate an individual ergonomic report as means for risk assessment and ergonomic education for surgeons. Hereby, two surgeons and two ergonomists were included in the design process for early user feedback. Thematic analysis was applied to analyse the user feedback and potential improvements were identified and performed. The final individual ergonomic report was evaluated as a material used in an individual educational session (i.e., the intervention group) and compared against the use of an ergonomic guideline (i.e., the control group). Each group consisted of two surgeons. Both questionnaire and semi-structured interview were used to evaluate the session. The results from the questionnaire showed similarly positive ratings on the user experience of both groups, but higher ratings were given on the perceived impact by the intervention group. The interview results also showed more positive responses by the intervention group in terms of the usability. Furthermore, facilitators and barriers for adopting ergonomic principles were collected from the surgeons. Multiple ways to improve surgical ergonomics as perceived by the surgeons were also identified, e.g., the use of ergonomic equipment, and implementation of stretch breaks in the OR. The results show the potential of an individual ergonomic assessment report as ergonomic intervention for surgeons to raise their awareness and knowledge about ergonomic principles which can contribute to decreasing their risk of developing WMSDs as well as improved surgical performance and patient safety. Future studies can regard further ergonomic risk parameters and incorporate practical instructions on ergonomic principles into educational ergonomic intervention. / Kirurger har identifierats som en av de högsta riskgrupperna inom hälso- och sjukvården att utveckla arbetsrelaterade belastningsskador. Särskilt nacke och axlar har visat sig ha hög risk för belastningsskador på grund av att kirurger ofta arbetar i en statisk och ogynnsam kroppsställning under en längre tid. Att öka den ergonomiska medvetenheten har visat sig gynna en förbättring av arbetsställning bland vårdpersonal. Denna avhandling syftade därför till att utforma och utvärdera en individuell ergonomisk rapport som ett medel för riskbedömning och ergonomisk utbildning bland kirurger. Två kirurger och två ergonomer deltog i designprocessen och tidig användarfeedback samlades. Tematisk analys användes för att analysera användarfeedback och potentiella förbättringar identifierades och genomfördes. Den slutliga individuella ergonomirapporten utvärderades som ett material som användes i en individuell utbildningssession (dvs interventionsgruppen) och jämfördes med användningen av en broschyr på kirurgergonomi (dvs kontrollgruppen). Varje grupp bestod av två kirurger. Både frågeformulär och semistrukturerad intervju användes för att utvärdera utbildningssessionen. Resultaten från frågeformuläret visade lika positiva användarupplevelse betyg från båda grupperna, men högre betyg gavs på den upplevda effekten av interventionsgruppen. Dessutom identifierades faciliteter och barriärer för att anta ergonomiska principer från kirurgerna. Flera sätt att förbättra kirurgisk ergonomi som uppfattades av kirurgerna identifierades också, till exempel användning av ergonomisk utrustning och implementering av sträcknings pausar i operationssalen. Resultaten visar att individuell ergonomisk bedömningsrapport som ergonomisk intervention för kirurger har potential för att öka medvetenhet och kunskap om ergonomiska principer. Detta kan bidra till att minska kirurgers risk att utveckla arbetsrelaterade belastningsskador samt förbättrad kirurgisk prestanda och patientsäkerhet. Framtida studier kan ta hänsyn till ytterligare ergonomiska riskparametrar och införliva praktiska instruktioner om ergonomiska principer i pedagogisk ergonomisk intervention.