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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par transfert d'iode en mode inverse (RITP) : Synthèse de copolymères amphiphiles / Reverse Iodine Transfer radical Polymerisation (RITP) : Synthesis of amphiphilic copolymers

Rayeroux, David 20 December 2012 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse décrit la synthèse de copolymères diblocs amphiphiles par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par transfert d'iode en mode inverse (RITP). Dans un premier temps, des homopolymères à base de monomères activés (styrène, acrylate de méthyle, méthacrylate de méthyle), non activés (acétate de vinyle) et fonctionnels (chlorométhylstyrène, acrylate de tert-butyle), ont été synthétisés par RITP. Des aspects tels que le contrôle des masses molaires ainsi que la fonctionnalité en iode du bout de chaîne ont été examinés. Afin de démontrer la compatibilité de la RITP avec d'autres techniques de polymérisation contrôlée/vivante (non radicalaires), le copolymère amphiphile non-ionique poly(styrène)-b-poly(2-méthyl-2-oxazoline) (PS-b-P(MOx)) a été élaboré par la voie toute iode en procédé « one-pot » en combinant de manière consécutive la RITP du styrène avec la polymérisation cationique par ouverture de cycle (CROP) de la 2-méthyl-2-oxazoline. Par ailleurs, des copolymères cationiques poly(styrène)-b-poly(chlorométhylstyrène) quaternisé avec la triéthylamine (PS-b-PCMS+) et anioniques poly(styrène)-b-poly(acide acrylique) (PS-b-PAA-) ont été synthétisés par RITP du styrène suivie de l'ITP du bloc hydrophile. Tous ces copolymères amphiphiles ont été obtenus à partir de polystyrène iodé (PS-I) de faibles masses molaires, allant de 1000 à 3000 g.mol-1, jouant le rôle de macro-amorceurs (CROP) ou de macro-agents de transfert (ITP). L'étude de l'auto-organisation en phase aqueuse de ces copolymères amphiphiles a révélé la formation de micelles pour des concentrations supérieures à la concentration d'agrégation critique (CAC) dont la valeur a été déterminée par diffusion dynamique de la lumière (DDL) et spectroscopie de fluorescence. Enfin, des résultats très prometteurs ont été obtenus dans l'utilisation d'un copolymère cationique amphiphile PS-b-PCMS+ comme agents structurants de matériaux siliciques mésoporeux nanostructurés élaborés par procédé sol-gel en milieu basique. La synthèse de ces copolymères amphiphiles ainsi que leur caractérisation physico-chimique ont mis en exergue que la RITP permet de couvrir la synthèse de différentes catégories de copolymères amphiphiles, tout en étant une technique simple à mettre en œuvre, peu couteuse et robuste. / This manuscript describes the synthesis of amphiphilic diblock copolymers by reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP). Firstly, homopolymers derived from activated (styrene, methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate), non-activated (vinyl acetate) and functional monomers (chloromethylstyrene, tert-butyl acrylate) synthesized by RITP, were studied. Aspects including molecular weight control as well as iodine chain-end functionality were investigated. In order to highlight the compatibility of RITP with other living/controlled (non-radical) polymerization techniques, a poly(styrene)-b-poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PS-b-P(MOx)) non-ionic copolymer was conceived through an ‘all-iodine', ‘one-pot' process by combining successively RITP of styrene with cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline. Besides, poly(styrene)-b-poly(chloromethylstyrene) quaternized with triethylamine (PS-b-PCMS+) cationic copolymers and poly(styrene)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA-) anionic copolymers were elaborated by RITP of styrene, followed by ITP of the hydrophilic moiety. All these amphiphilic copolymers were obtained from iodine-bearing chain-end poly(styrene) (PS-I) of low molecular weights, in the range of values of 1000 to 3000 g.mol-1, playing the role of macro-initiators (CROP) or macro-transfer agents (ITP). Studies of the self-assembly of these amphiphilic copolymers in aqueous phases revealed the formation of micelles for concentrations superior to the critical aggregation concentration (CAC). The latter value was determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Moreover, highly-promising results were obtained in the use of PS-b-PCMS+ cationic copolymers as structuring agents meant for the elaboration of nanostructured, mesoporous silica-based materials through the sol-gel process in basic medium. Both the synthesis of the amphiphilic copolymers and their physico-chemical characterizations have evidenced that RITP fosters the synthesis of different categories of amphiphilic copolymers, while being a simple, cheap and robust technique.
2

Preparation of polymer-clay nanocomposites via dispersion polymerization using tailor-made polymeric surface modifiers

Nagi, Greesh 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Fully exfoliated polystyrene-clay nanocomposites were prepared via free radical polymerization in dispersion polymerization, in a mixture of ethanol and water. Sodium montomorillonite clay (MMT) was pre-modified using 3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate (MPTMS) before being used in a dispersion polymerization process. The particles obtained were not completely stable and TEM images showed that most of the clay platelets were distributed in the dispersing phase. A second objective included, the preparation of low molecular weight of polystyrene (PS) and amphiphilic block copolymers of poly(styrene-b-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PS-b-PHEA)using reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP) living/controlled free radical polymerization.The reaction kinetic profile of the RITP process for styrene and 2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) was also studied. The formation of the block copolymer PS-b-PHEA was confirmed by GPC and gradient HPLC. The resulting PS-I and (PS-b-PHEA)-I were chemically modified by dimethylethylamine and triethylamine respectively, ended with PS and PS-b-PHEA has quaternary ammonium end-chain functionality (PS-cationic and (PS-b-PHEA)-cationic). The obtained functional polymers (PS-cationic) and (PS-b-PHEA)-cationic) were then grafted onto MMT via a simple ion-exchange process to offer MMT with polymer chains on the surface (PS-MMT) and (PS-b-PHEA)-MMT). Furthermore, the ability of the interaction ofPS-b-PHEA with MMT by adsorption via several functional groups was also investigated. The third objectiveincluded the use of this new class of pre-modified clay PS-MMT in the preparation of PCNs as stabilizers, the clay particles were encapsulated into PS latexes with a partially exfoliated structure at 100% CEC, upon stoppage of the polymerization process, and the final dispersion found to be stable for up to 5 wt% of clay filler loading. The thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of PS-nanocomposites were found to be dependent on both nanocomposites morphology, and clay loading. (PS-b-PHEA)-MMT was also used as stabilizers in the preparation of PS via dispersion polymerization. PS colloidal particles obtained were found to be armoured by (PS-b-PHEA)-MMT layers, with particles sizes in the micro-size range, with fair stability were obtained for clay loadings up to 5%. Analysis of the structure and thermo-mechanical properties of the resulting PCNs revealed the efficiency of the clay surface pre-modification in stabilizing the system throughout the heterophasic polymerization process.The melt flow properties of final PCNs were found to be strongly dependent on the clay loading, with shift observed from liquid-like viscoelastic to solid-like viscoelastic behaviour as the clay content increased due to percolation of the clay network within the PS matrix taking place upon film formation above Tg. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die eerste doelwit was die voorbereiding van ten volle geëksfolieerde polistireen-klei nanosamestellings deur vrye radikaal polimerisasie in dispersie-polimerisasie, in 'n mengsel van etanol en water. Natrium montmorilloniet klei (MMT) is gemodifiseer deur gebruik te maak van 3-(trimetoksiesiliel) propiel metakrilaat (MPTMS), voordat dit gebruik is in die dispersie-polimerisasie. Die bekomde partikels was nie heeltemal stabiel nie. Transmissie elektronmikroskopie (TEM) resultate het getoon dat die meeste van die klei plaatjies in die dispersie-fase versprei is. Die tweede doelwit was die voorbereiding van polistireen (PS) met 'n lae molekulêre massa, gevolg deur die vorming van amfifiliese blok kopolimere van poli(stireen-b-2-hidroksie-etiel akrilaat) (PS-b-PHEA) met behulp van omgekeerde jodium oordrag polimerisasie (RITP) lewendige/gekontroleerde vrye radikaal polimerisasie. Die reaksie kinetiese profiel van die RITP proses was bestudeer met betrekking tot stireen en 2-hidroksie-etiel akrilaat (HEA). Die vorming van die blok kopolimeer PS-b-PHEA is bevestig deur GPC en gradiënt HPLC. Die gevolglike PS-I en (PS-b-PHEA)-I was chemies gewysig deur onderskeidelik dimetieletielamien en trietielamien, waardeur PS en PS-b-PHEA een kwaternêre ammonium ketting-endfunksionaliteit bekom het (PS-kationies en (PS-b- PHEA)-kationies). Laasgenoemde twee funksionele polimere was toe gekoppel aan MMT deur 'n eenvoudige ioon-ruilingsproses wat MMT met polimeerkettings op die oppervlak (PS-MMT) en (PS-b-PHEA)-MMT) tot gevolg het. Die interaksie van PS-b-PHEA met MMT deur middel van adsorpsie van verskeie funksionele groepe is ook ondersoek. Die derde doel was gerig op die gebruik van hierdie nuwe klas gemodifiseerde klei PS-MMT as stabiliseerders vir die voorbereiding van polimeer-klei-nanosamestellings (PCNs). Die 100% CEC gemodifiseerde klei deeltjies is ge-inkapsuleer in die PS emulsies met 'n gedeeltelik geëksfolieërde struktuur, na afloop van die polimerisasie proses. Die finale dispersie was stabiel tot en met 'n klei inhoud van 5 wt%. Daar is gevind dat die termiese en termo-meganiese eienskappevan die PS-nanosamestellings afhanklik is van beide die morfologie en die klei inhoud. (PS-b-PHEA)-MMT was ook gebruik as stabiliseerder in die voorbereiding van PS deur dispersie polimerisasie. Daar is gevind dat die PS kolloïdale partikels wat verkry is, versterk was deur (PS-b-PHEA)-MMT lae. Partikel groottes was in die mikro-grootte gebied, en voldoende stabiliteit is verkry vir 'n klei inhoud van tot 5%. Analise van die struktuur en die termo-meganiese eienskappe van die bekomde PCNs het getoon dat die vooraf modifisering van die klei oppervlak doeltreffend was in die stabilisering van die sisteem gedurende die heterofase polimerisasie proses. Daar is ook gevind dat die smelt vloei eienskappe van die finale PCNs sterk afhang van die klei inhoud; 'n verskuiwing vanaf vloeistof-agtige viskoelastiese tot vaste-agtige viskoelastiese gedrag is waargeneem soos die klei-inhoud verhoog. Hierdie verskynsel was te danke aan perkolasie van die klei netwerk binne die PS matriks wat plaasvind tydens film vorming by 'n hoër temperatuur as die glasoorgangstemperatuur (Tg).

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