For this work the Geo-referenced Regional Exposure Assessment Tool for European Rivers (GREAT-ER) was developed further to support river basin management and the implementation process within the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). This was achieved through predicting spatially resolved pharmaceutical exposure concentrations in whole watersheds. A major focus of this thesis has been placed on modeling challenging watersheds, whereby challenging can refer to hydrological conditions in a watershed as well as to specific emission patterns that occur within the watersheds. The adapted methodology improves the prediction accuracy in such watersheds with GREAT-ER with respect to pharmaceutical exposures, but can also lead to improved results in other application areas. The possibilities of the latest model version are demonstrated by the extensive inclusion of local and regional conditions. In watersheds with highly variable and seasonally changing hydrological situations, GREAT-ER has been applied satisfactorily for the first time, and additionally, the developed approach can be transferred to equivalent watersheds worldwide. Comparison with monitoring data confirms that some of the adjustments have resulted in significantly improved model predictions, especially when hydrological and local conditions are specifically addressed. For example, explicit consideration of local drug emissions from hospitals or private medical practices (e.g., for x-ray contrast agents) can improve predictions at the local scale without compromising regional exposure estimates. Pharmaceuticals that have low concentrations and are barely detectable with established analytical methods can be evaluated with model simulations. In addition, current management strategies implemented under the WFD has been replicated and evaluated. These management scenarios simulated with the model allow an a priori evaluation of risk reduction measures. In combination with targeted monitoring approaches, it was shown that the GREAT-ER model can serve as a valuable tool for exposure and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals even in challenging watersheds. This and the useful combination of targeted monitoring and GREAT-ER simulations and the ability of the modeling approach to predict the expected range of spatial surface water concentrations is demonstrated by three selected journal articles.

This dissertation identifies and explores the dilemma of regional governance, namely how to address political and economic challenges which occur at the meso-, as opposed to local, national, or international scale. Drawing on a large body of theoretical work on decentralization and federalism, this dissertation addresses the question, how do different institutional arrangements for political, fiscal, and administrative decentralization influence the capacity of political systems to capture regional-scale externalities? It does so by examining the responses of four different political systems, two federal and two unitary, to the problem of capturing economic externalities through River Basin Management (RBM), a quintessential regional issue. RBM outcomes are operationalized in terms of efficacy of capture of both water quality and quantity externalities which occur within inter-jurisdictional river basins. Through close historical analysis of six paired case studies across the four country cases, the dissertation argues that the capacity of political systems to capture regional-scale externalities depends on the ability of sub-national jurisdictions to pursue localized preferences, which is in this dissertation referred to as sub-national territorial politics. These politics are most prevalent in federal systems, which typically accord sub-national territorial jurisdictions with greater political power and fiscal resources. These political systems feature fewer and weaker regional governance institutions, and generally less effective regional-scale externality capture, than their counterparts. This dissertation contributes to a growing "sub-national turn" in comparative politics in two ways. First, it identifies the geographically-rooted interests which often shape sub-national actor preferences, particularly with respect to natural resource issues. Second, the dissertation discerns the lack of political incentives for central governments to resolve disputes between sub-national administrative jurisdictions, particularly in the federal systems in which these units are the basis for political representation at the national level.

Thesis title: Legal regulation of watercourse protection Abstract Watercourses are the most important form of surface water occurrence in the Czech Republic, and therefore their condition also significantly affects the overall state of all our aquatic ecosystems. Despite of it, the ecological and chemical status of watercourses is still not satisfying. This fact requires an increase in the efficiency and complexity of their legal protection, which is the subject of this thesis. The aim of the first part of this thesis is to describe the national legal regulation of watercourses protection in the context of European and international law. At present, national and international legislation is significantly influenced by European legislation provided by the Water Framework Directive. The first part pays attention to the instruments of national legislation, that are relevant to the second part of the work. The first aim of the second part of this thesis is to analyse the basic measures proposed in the two selected sub-basins in order to achieve the objectives of the Water Framework Directive, particularly the good water status. Following this analysis, the second aim is to find out what specific instruments the current legislation provides for the realization of the proposed measures and whether these...

Na gestão da água, o planejamento é o processo que busca definir as melhores alternativas de utilização dos recursos, orientando a tomada de decisão no alcance dos melhores resultados ambientais, sociais e econômicos Assim, o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica (PBH), que desempenha o papel de planejamento, adquire relevância crescente em função da escassez dos recursos hídricos. Entretanto, no contexto brasileiro, uma série de condições têm limitado a efetiva implementação e adoção desses planos por parte dos diversos atores e setores usuários. Por outro lado, é cada vez mais frequente em âmbito internacional a utilização da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) no processo de formulação de PBHs, com ênfase no papel que a AAE pode desempenhar na coordenação e integração entre os diferentes níveis de planejamento. Assim, por meio de revisão em literatura específica e análise documental de relatórios de AAEs desenvolvidas no contexto francês de planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos, foram avaliadas as potenciais contribuições da AAE para os PBHs do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, se utilizadas abordagens participativas, ajustadas à estrutura político-institucional existente, sem, contudo, negligenciar os procedimentos básicos que fundamentam esse instrumento de Avaliação Ambiental, a AAE pode agregar valor a todas as etapas do processo de elaboração de PBHs que, desta forma, terão seus resultados ampliados no sentido da efetiva Gestão Integrada dos Recursos Hídricos. / In water management, planning is the process that seeks to define the best alternatives use resources, guide decision-making in order to produce the best economic, social and environmental results. Therefore becomes relevant the role to be played by River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs), one of the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy (Law 9.433/1997). However, in the current context of water management of Brazil, these plans have run into a number of conditions that limit the results, imposing difficulties to the effective implementation and adoption of these plans by the various actors and user sectors. On the other hand, it is increasingly common internationally the use of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in RBMPs formulation, with emphasis on the role that SEA can play in the process of coordination and integration between the different levels of planning. Thus, through a review of the literature and document analysis of SEA reports, developed in the French context of planning and management of water resources, were evaluated the potentials SEA\'s contributions for RBMPs in Brazil. The results indicated that if used participatory approaches, adjusted to the existing political and institutional framework, without, however, neglecting the basic procedures underlying the instrument, SEA has potential contributions verified in all stages of the RBMPs formulation process that in this way, have expanded their results towards the effective Integrated Water Resources Management in the country.

Magister Legum - LLM / Water scarcity is a worldwide threat. Fresh water resources are vital to human existence and survival. The challenge faced relates to the way these water resources are being distributed and managed. As an answer to this challenge, humans responded with what is commonly known as water transfers. A water transfer refers to the importation of water where water supply is low. Water transfers are, however, not a new concept as it dates back to the ancient Mesopotamians. Today, due to the global population having drastically increased, water transfers, or inter-basin transfers (IBTs) are increasingly being used as a means to minimize current water shortages.

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der integrierten Bewirtschaftungsplanung von Flusseinzugsgebieten. Die europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL, 2000/60/EG) und die europäische Hochwasserrichtlinie (HWRL, 2007/60/EG) setzen dafür neue Maßstäbe, indem beide die Mitgliedsstaaten zur Aufstellung einzugsgebietsbezogener Planungsinstrumente verpflichten. In der Arbeit werden eingangs die wesentlichen Prozesse, theoretischen Modelle und Ansatzpunkte für ein integriertes Management von Flusseinzugsgebieten vorgestellt. Die Anforderungen an Bewirtschaftungspläne und Maßnahmenprogramme der WRRL werden den Vorgaben für die Erstellung der Hochwasserrisikomanagementpläne und ihren planerischen Grundlagen gemäß HWRL gegenübergestellt. Potenzielle Synergien und Konflikte zwischen den Zielen und Maßnahmen werden identifiziert. Der Vergleich der Planungsschritte und -methoden zeigt, dass Abstimmungsbedarf zwischen den Planungsinstrumenten des Flussgebiets- und Hochwasserrisikomanagements für sämtliche Planungsschritte besteht, von der Systemanalyse bis zur Maßnahmenumsetzung. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Konzept für eine integrierte Bewirtschaftungsplanung entwickelt. Das Konzept besteht aus einzelnen fachlich-methodischen Planungsmodulen für jeden Planungsschritt. Sie können im Zusammenhang oder für sich genommen zur Abstimmung zwischen den Plänen des Flussgebiets- und Hochwasserrisikomanagements dienen. Abschließend werden die fachlichen und organisatorischinstitutionellen Potenziale des Konzepts diskutiert und weitergehender Forschungsbedarf aufgezeigt. / The thesis addresses the integrated planning of river basins. For this, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and the Floods Directive (FD, 2007/60/EC) are setting new benchmarks by committing its member states to set up river basin-wide management plans. At the beginning of the thesis, the most important processes, theoretical models and options of intervention for integrated river basin management are introduced. The requirements for the river basin management plans and the programmes of measures of the WFD will be contrasted with the specifications for the flood risk management plans according to the FD and their fundamental planning documents. Potential synergies and conflicts between the objectives and measures are identified. The comparison of the planning steps and methods show that all planning steps, from the systems analysis to the implementation of measures, require a coordination of the planning instruments of river basin management and flood risk management. Based on these findings, a concept of integrated river basin management planning is developed. The concept is composed of planning modules for each planning step. For the reconciliation between the plans of river basin management and flood risk management, those planning modules can be used in combination or separately. Finally, the technical and institutional potentials of the concept are discussed. Need for further research is identified.

Na gestão da água, o planejamento é o processo que busca definir as melhores alternativas de utilização dos recursos, orientando a tomada de decisão no alcance dos melhores resultados ambientais, sociais e econômicos Assim, o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica (PBH), que desempenha o papel de planejamento, adquire relevância crescente em função da escassez dos recursos hídricos. Entretanto, no contexto brasileiro, uma série de condições têm limitado a efetiva implementação e adoção desses planos por parte dos diversos atores e setores usuários. Por outro lado, é cada vez mais frequente em âmbito internacional a utilização da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE) no processo de formulação de PBHs, com ênfase no papel que a AAE pode desempenhar na coordenação e integração entre os diferentes níveis de planejamento. Assim, por meio de revisão em literatura específica e análise documental de relatórios de AAEs desenvolvidas no contexto francês de planejamento e gestão de recursos hídricos, foram avaliadas as potenciais contribuições da AAE para os PBHs do Brasil. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, se utilizadas abordagens participativas, ajustadas à estrutura político-institucional existente, sem, contudo, negligenciar os procedimentos básicos que fundamentam esse instrumento de Avaliação Ambiental, a AAE pode agregar valor a todas as etapas do processo de elaboração de PBHs que, desta forma, terão seus resultados ampliados no sentido da efetiva Gestão Integrada dos Recursos Hídricos. / In water management, planning is the process that seeks to define the best alternatives use resources, guide decision-making in order to produce the best economic, social and environmental results. Therefore becomes relevant the role to be played by River Basin Management Plans (RBMPs), one of the instruments of the National Water Resources Policy (Law 9.433/1997). However, in the current context of water management of Brazil, these plans have run into a number of conditions that limit the results, imposing difficulties to the effective implementation and adoption of these plans by the various actors and user sectors. On the other hand, it is increasingly common internationally the use of Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in RBMPs formulation, with emphasis on the role that SEA can play in the process of coordination and integration between the different levels of planning. Thus, through a review of the literature and document analysis of SEA reports, developed in the French context of planning and management of water resources, were evaluated the potentials SEA\'s contributions for RBMPs in Brazil. The results indicated that if used participatory approaches, adjusted to the existing political and institutional framework, without, however, neglecting the basic procedures underlying the instrument, SEA has potential contributions verified in all stages of the RBMPs formulation process that in this way, have expanded their results towards the effective Integrated Water Resources Management in the country.

Esta pesquisa apresenta um sistema de suporte a decisão (SSD) para o planejamento e gerenciamento integrado de bacias hidrográficas, denominado Riverhelp!, e também sugere nova metodologia para o uso desse tipo de ferramenta de análise. O objetivo geral é desenvolver um SSD que possa auxiliar a gestão de recursos hídricos. Para isso o SSD utiliza e integra tecnologias avançadas em um só sistema computacional flexível e que pode ser utilizado e entendido por especialistas e outros participantes do processo decisório. O programa é composto por quatro módulos principais e tem código aberto baseado na tecnologia OpenMI o que permite aos usuários alterar e incluir funções. Outra propriedade que merece destaque é sua completa integração com um sistema de informações geográficas permitindo a análise temporal e espacial da bacia hidrográfica. Essa ferramenta pode, por exemplo, ser usada para análises de disponibilidade de água em quantidade e qualidade, para o estudo de ecossistemas, para a otimização e operação de reservatórios e para auxiliar no processo de outorga de direito de uso da água. Uma aplicação do Riverhelp! para as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí ilustra as diversas possibilidades de uso do sistema. Os resultados dessa investigação reforçam a importância e a necessidade de uma nova geração de SSD que considerem e analisem de maneira integrada os complexos assuntos relacionados à gestão da bacia hidrográfica. O desenvolvimento do Riverhelp! contribui significativamente para o avanço das pesquisas relacionadas ao tema de planejamento e gerenciamento integrado de recursos hídricos fornecendo um SSD com características únicas, que associa ferramentas para avaliação ambiental, modelos de simulação e otimização de qualidade e quantidade de água superficial e subterrânea, sistema de informações geográficas, diferentes bancos de dados, funções para análises estatísticas e técnicas multiobjetivo para análise de cenários. / This research presents a decision support system (DSS) for integrated water resources planning and management (IWRM) named Riverhelp! and suggests new methodology for the use of this kind of analysis tool as well. The general goal is to develop an appropriate DSS that can help IWRM process. In order to do so, the DSS uses and combines advanced technologies and techniques currently available. It integrates different methodologies in just one computational system, which is flexible and can be used and understood not only by specialists but also by general users who are not familiar with modelling. The DSS Riverhelp! has four main building blocks and an open computational core based on the OpenMI technology which allows users to access it programmatically and to add new tools or to change computations in almost any way they want. Another important characteristic is that the DSS Riverhelp! is fully integrated with a geographic information system (GIS). Most of all, it puts time and spatial information together and is therefore a great package for data management of river basins. This system can be used for hydrological analyses, assessment of water availability, water resources planning, water quality and quantity studies, reservoir systems nonlinear optimization and so on. In this research a Riverhelp! application for the Piraciaba, Capivari and Jundiaí river basins shows several possibilities for its use. The results of this study emphasize the importance and necessity of a new generation of decision support systems that are able to analyze and take into account the complex issues associated to river basin management in an integrated approach. The Riverhelp! development makes significant contributions for research advance in the integrated water resources planning and management field providing a DDS with unique characteristics that combines environmental assessment tools, water quality and quantity simulation and optimization models for surface water and groundwater, geographic information system, sophisticated databases, statistical tools and multicriteria techniques for scenario analyses.

Esta pesquisa apresenta um sistema de suporte a decisão (SSD) para o planejamento e gerenciamento integrado de bacias hidrográficas, denominado Riverhelp!, e também sugere nova metodologia para o uso desse tipo de ferramenta de análise. O objetivo geral é desenvolver um SSD que possa auxiliar a gestão de recursos hídricos. Para isso o SSD utiliza e integra tecnologias avançadas em um só sistema computacional flexível e que pode ser utilizado e entendido por especialistas e outros participantes do processo decisório. O programa é composto por quatro módulos principais e tem código aberto baseado na tecnologia OpenMI o que permite aos usuários alterar e incluir funções. Outra propriedade que merece destaque é sua completa integração com um sistema de informações geográficas permitindo a análise temporal e espacial da bacia hidrográfica. Essa ferramenta pode, por exemplo, ser usada para análises de disponibilidade de água em quantidade e qualidade, para o estudo de ecossistemas, para a otimização e operação de reservatórios e para auxiliar no processo de outorga de direito de uso da água. Uma aplicação do Riverhelp! para as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí ilustra as diversas possibilidades de uso do sistema. Os resultados dessa investigação reforçam a importância e a necessidade de uma nova geração de SSD que considerem e analisem de maneira integrada os complexos assuntos relacionados à gestão da bacia hidrográfica. O desenvolvimento do Riverhelp! contribui significativamente para o avanço das pesquisas relacionadas ao tema de planejamento e gerenciamento integrado de recursos hídricos fornecendo um SSD com características únicas, que associa ferramentas para avaliação ambiental, modelos de simulação e otimização de qualidade e quantidade de água superficial e subterrânea, sistema de informações geográficas, diferentes bancos de dados, funções para análises estatísticas e técnicas multiobjetivo para análise de cenários. / This research presents a decision support system (DSS) for integrated water resources planning and management (IWRM) named Riverhelp! and suggests new methodology for the use of this kind of analysis tool as well. The general goal is to develop an appropriate DSS that can help IWRM process. In order to do so, the DSS uses and combines advanced technologies and techniques currently available. It integrates different methodologies in just one computational system, which is flexible and can be used and understood not only by specialists but also by general users who are not familiar with modelling. The DSS Riverhelp! has four main building blocks and an open computational core based on the OpenMI technology which allows users to access it programmatically and to add new tools or to change computations in almost any way they want. Another important characteristic is that the DSS Riverhelp! is fully integrated with a geographic information system (GIS). Most of all, it puts time and spatial information together and is therefore a great package for data management of river basins. This system can be used for hydrological analyses, assessment of water availability, water resources planning, water quality and quantity studies, reservoir systems nonlinear optimization and so on. In this research a Riverhelp! application for the Piraciaba, Capivari and Jundiaí river basins shows several possibilities for its use. The results of this study emphasize the importance and necessity of a new generation of decision support systems that are able to analyze and take into account the complex issues associated to river basin management in an integrated approach. The Riverhelp! development makes significant contributions for research advance in the integrated water resources planning and management field providing a DDS with unique characteristics that combines environmental assessment tools, water quality and quantity simulation and optimization models for surface water and groundwater, geographic information system, sophisticated databases, statistical tools and multicriteria techniques for scenario analyses.

O setor público de planejamento de uso e ocupação do solo dispõe de instrumentos para regular o desenvolvimento, como o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica - PBH, que atua em âmbito regional e os Planos Diretores Municipais - PD, em âmbito municipal, os quais possuem sobreposição de interesses e áreas de gerenciamento. Contudo, o Estado de São Paulo ainda encontra dificuldades em estabelecer conexões entre PBHs e PDs. Apesar de serem peças importantes para o disciplinamento do uso e ocupação do solo, não apresentam interação, ocasionando um descompasso e desarticulação de agentes institucionais com poderes de decisão na área ambiental e, consequentemente, na implementação das decisões tomadas. Assim, a presente tese investiga a possibilidade de integração do Plano Diretor Municipal com o Plano de Bacia Hidrográfica, pertencentes à mesma Unidade de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos a partir da aplicação da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica. A metodologia do trabalho parte das experiências internacionais de planejamento territorial por planos diretores municipais ou regionais e de aplicação de AAE neste campo do conhecimento, tendo como referência o sistema adotado na Escócia. O arcabouço concebido foi aplicado para desenvolver diretrizes para ser utilizado na Bacia Hidrográfica do Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo. Na análise foram contempladas as etapas de elaboração dos distintos instrumentos, os dados utilizados, os momentos de interlocução entre os setores responsáveis e partes interessadas, os mecanismos de verificação de implementação e monitoramento, e os direcionamentos finais dados por todos os instrumentos. Foram identificadas as compatibilidades e incongruências caracterizadas pela aplicação dos instrumentos de planejamento, tendo como resultados positivos do caso escocês o estabelecimento de autoridades consultivas, a aprovação do processo por órgãos externos, e as diretrizes do plano local vinculadas ao planejamento regional, sinalizando para possíveis melhorias dos procedimentos adotados no Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo. / The land use planning has different tools to guide the spatial development, as River Basin Management Plan in the regional scale and Local Development Plan in the municipal scale, which overlaps in area and issues of management. However, the São Paulo State has troubles to connect them. Both River Basin Management Plan and Local Development Plan are important to regulate the land use, but they are not integrated accurately by public government with consequences in the planning implementation. This thesis looks for Strategic Environmental Assessment\'s efficiency applied to connect the Local Development Plan with River Basin Management Plan in the same management area. The methodology analyses the international experience in spatial planning by the Strategic Environmental Assessment expertise, and puts the Scottish Management as reference to North Coast of São Paulo State. The analysis contemplates planning procedures, baselines, public participation, monitoring, implementation strategies and planning results. There are compatibilities and divergences of both planning tools and among the positive results of Scottish planning are the adoptions of consult authorities during the planning elaboration, the planning processs external approbation, and the local planning decisions linked by regional planning results. The Scottish expertise could be useful to improve the planning practice in the North Coast of the São Paulo.