To comply with the European Union Water Framework Directive (2000), National Governments are required to achieve good chemical and ecological status of freshwater bodies. Fine sediment has been shown to be a major cause of the degradation of lakes and rivers, and as a result research in geomorphology has been directed towards the understanding of fine sediment dynamics. It was identified by a review of published literature that at present a paucity of information on sediment dynamics existed for the East Midlands, UK. The use of tracers within a sediment fingerprinting framework has recently become a heavily used technique to investigate the sources of fine sediment pressures. However, uncertainties associated with tracer behaviour have been cited as major potential limitations to sediment fingerprinting methodologies. At present few studies have quantified the uncertainties associated with tracer use, or the exact reasons why different tracers are producing different sediment provenance results. This thesis had two aims based on these gaps in published literature. First, to assess the impact of sediment sampling methodology, tracer selection, particle size corrections and organic enrichment corrections on a fine sediment fingerprinting study. Secondly, to develop a partial sediment budget for the Upper Nene river basin and its major tributaries. The results of this thesis were presented in two parts. The first part investigated Aim 1 when fingerprinting; historically deposited sediment, suspended sediment and recently deposited sediment. The second part investigated Aim 2 by constructing a fine sediment budget for the Nene river basin, consisting of; sediment yield, sediment provenance, floodplain sediment accumulation and channel bed sediment storage. A mean difference of 24.1% between the predicted contributions of sediment originating from channel banks was found when using nine different tracer groups to fingerprint the river sediment samples. When fingerprinting contributions from urban street dusts mean differences between tracer group predictions were lower, at between 8% and 11%. There was little indication that organic matter content and / or particle size caused differences between tracer group predictions. Within-source variability in tracer concentrations, and small contrasts between the tracer concentrations of the sediment source groups, were identified as probable causes of inherent uncertainty present in the fingerprinting analysis. It was determined that the ratio of the percentage difference between median tracer concentrations in the source groups and the average within-source tracer concentration coefficient of variation could indicate the likely uncertainty in model predictions prior to tracer use. When fingerprinting historically deposited sediment, a reservoir core was fingerprinted with the least uncertainty, with tracer group provenance predictions ~28% apart and with consistent down-core trends. When fingerprinting an on-line lake core and four floodplain cores, differences between tracer group predictions were as large as 100%; the down-core trends in changing sediment provenance were also different. The differences between tracer group predictions could be attributed to the organic matter content and particle size of the sediment. There was also evidence of the in-growth of bacterially derived magnetite and chemical dissolution affecting the preservation of tracer signatures. Despite the prior indications that organic matter and particle size were causing tracer non-conservatism in historical sediment cores, data corrections were found to often be ineffective at reducing the differences between tracer group predictions. The corrections were found to either have no effect on, or increase the mean differences between, tracer group predictions when fingerprinting river sediment. The sediment budget identified that the annual sediment yield of 13 - 19 t km-2 yr-1 for the Nene is low in comparison to other UK catchments. Channel banks were found to be the dominant sediment source in the Nene, typically contributing between 60% and 100% of the sediment. Rates of sediment accumulation on the Nene’s floodplain was found to be highly variable (920– 7,200 t km-2 yr-1); the presence of flood defences were likely to be a cause of this variability, and have caused a reduction in the accumulation rate since 1963. It was found that large quantities of sediment accumulated on channel beds during periods of low flows (~ 28% of the annual sediment yield), which was flushed from the bed by a series of flood events (leaving <1% of the annual sediment yield in temporary storage). An original contribution to research was made by quantifying the uncertainties associated with tracer use in a fine sediment fingerprinting investigation, as well as identifying the probable causes of the observed uncertainty. The fine sediment dynamics of the Nene basin were also investigated for the first time, and it was identified that the high contributions from channel banks in the Nene were highly a-typical for UK catchments.

For four hundred years the Red River Valley has been the battleground between contending Indian tribes and European races, and for almost three hundred of these years the river has been a disputed boundary line, either between rival nations, or between neighboring states of our country. The river has never been of much importance as a commercial route, yet very few rivers in all the United States have played so an important and persistent a part in this history of their sections as the Red River has played in the history of the Southwest.

O presente trabalho consiste em uma etnografia do sistema de transporte fluvial no estado do Amazonas e uma análise de habilidades e dos modos de se viver entre cidades e rios amazônicos. Foi tomado como foco de análise as viagens realizadas entre a capital do estado e as cidades de Parintins, Itacoatiara, Maués, Manacapuru e Tefé, além das estruturas portuárias e regiões de moradia sobre as águas. O estudo procura lidar com as relações entre ambientes entendidos como opostos e promover reflexões sobre esses espaços híbridos entre cidade e rios. As massas de água formam caminhos entre as cidades, percorridos diariamente por diversos tipos de embarcações e que fazem circular pessoas e mercadorias. A etnografia mostra que as cidades amazônicas se estendem sobre as superfícies líquidas, de forma a apresentar formas particulares de produção do espaço urbano e disputas sobre esses espaços. / This study presents an ethnographyc study of the river transportation system in the state of Amazonas, Brazil, and an analysis of skills and ways of living between cities and rivers. The research focus the travels between Manaus and the cities of Parintins, Itacoatiara, Maués, Manacapuru and Tefé, as well as the port infraestructure and living spaces on the water. This research deals with the relationship between two environment understood as opposites in order to promote a reflection on these hybrid spaces between city and rivers. Those bodies of water form paths between cities, traveled daily by many types of ships making goods and people circulate. The ethnography shows that Amazonian cities extend themselves on liquid surfaces, revealing specific forms of production of urban space and disputes over these spaces.

Esta pesquisa integra os estudos desenvolvidos pelo Grupo Metrópole Fluvial da FAUUSP, sobretudo o projeto do Hidroanel Metropolitano de São Paulo, iniciado em 2011. Seu objetivo é propor uma alternativa de reestruturação da metrópole de São Paulo a partir dos rios e canais que a irrigam. São apresentadas duas metrópoles que foram fundadas às margens fluviais: São Paulo e Paris. Para São Paulo, propõe-se um ensaio de projeto de arquitetura das orlas do canal Pinheiros inferior, córrego Jaguaré e córrego Água Podre. O intuito é explorar soluções através de desenhos e definir conceitos que poderiam orientar a retomada dos rios e canais como eixos fundamentais na formação urbana a partir da consideração de suas funções: abastecimento, drenagem, lazer, navegação e energia. Considera-se que somente quando os múltiplos usos da água forem plenamente desenvolvidos, de acordo com as condições e demandas de cada lugar, o espaço urbano poderá ter qualidade ambiental e social. Salienta-se que o uso do espaço fluvial para lazer não é somente aquele restrito aos limites dos leitos, mas também o que se desenvolve nas suas orlas. Articulada à infraestrutura verde, a infraestrutura azul pode ser a base da consolidação de um sistema de parques fluviais que permeiam toda a área urbanizada, de maneira abrangente e capilar, nas diversas escalas, do bairro, da cidade e da metrópole. Acompanhando os desenhos das águas, formados por lagos e canais, os parques nas orlas e a arborização das margens criam caminhos de micro-clima ameno e úmido, propício para o desenvolvimento da fauna e flora urbanas e para o lazer dos moradores. Esses espaços são necessários para prover o bem estar da população. A função de lazer deve sempre ser uma meta, pois é a função que garante a visibilidade dos rios e a demanda de sua manutenção, além da possibilidade de conexão fundamental entre o homem e a natureza do lugar em que ele habita. Paris é apresentada aqui como referência de projeto de arquitetura de infraestruturas urbanas fluviais. Como São Paulo, seus rios já foram imundos e davam vazão a esgoto, inundações eram frequentes e devastadoras, como a mais conhecida de 1810, e a falta d\'água, por outro lado, era um problema constante. Essas questões foram equacionadas e Paris vem desenvolvendo e implementando projetos para que seu rio Sena e os canais Saint Martin e Saint Denis tenham suas orlas projetadas para o passeio de pedestres e ciclistas. A Bacia de la Villette é aqui registrada como exemplo para se analisar as possibilidades paisagísticas e de lazer de uma bacia, (uma dársena ou um lago), ou um canal construídos no meio urbano. Esse lugar é um dos centros atrativos da cidade, de uso diurno e noturno constantes, em todos os dias da semana e por todo tipo de gente. Assistimos desde o século passado a morte dos nossos rios, que permeiam com abundância a região metropolitana. A melhoria das cidades que compõem essa metrópole deve passar por essa constatação e apresentar soluções para recuperar o potencial das águas. Essa pesquisa se propõe a fornecer dados, alternativas e temas para se repensar e discutir o papel que os rios podem ter. / This research is part of the studies developed by Grupo Metrópole Fluvial from FAUUSP, specially the Sao Paulo Water ring project, which has begun in 2011. It proposes an alternative of restructuring São Paulo metropolis, considering its rivers and canals. Two metropolis are presented, São Paulo and Paris, both were founded along its rivers. It was developped an preliminary study of a fluvial architecture project to São Paulo, to the rive sides of Pinheiros inferior canal, stream Jaguaré and stream Água Podre. The aim is to explore solutions presented by drawings and define concepts that could guide the recovery of rivers and canals as fundamental axes in the urban formation, considering their functions: water supply, drainage, recreation, navigation and energy. Only when the multiple uses of water are entirely activated, according to the needs and conditions of each place, the urban space will be able to have environmental and social quality. It is important to highlight that the use of leisure in the fluvial space is not only limited to the river bed, but it can also happen in its sides. Articulated to the green infrastructure, the blue one could be the base for the insertion of a system of fluvial parks in the whole urbanized area, in a broad and capillary way, in its different scales: neighborhood, city and metropolis. Based on the design of the waters, formed by canals and lakes, the parks on the river side and the plantation of trees on those spaces can create a micro-climate, pleasant and wet, ideal for the urban fauna and flora developments and for the leisure of the inhabitants. Those spaces are necessary to provide the well being of people. The leisure function of the water should always be one of the goals of a hydraulic project. This leisure function is the one that guarantees the visibility of the rivers and the demand of maintenance, and also the fundamental connection between man and nature. Paris is presented here as a reference of fluvial urban infrastructures architectural projects. As São Paulo, its rivers were also polluted e carried sewage, floods were frequents and devastating, as the remarking one of 1810. The lack of water, on the other hand, was a constant problem. Those questions were mostly resolved. The city has been developing and implementing projects for its river Senna and canals, Saint Martin and Saint Denis, in order to turn its river sides into promenades for walkers and cyclers. The Bassin of la Villette is registered here as an example to be analyzed in terms of landscape possibilities and leisure by the side of the urban canal, lake or river. This place is one of the attraction centers of the city, by day and night time, every day of the week, frequented by every kind of people. We have been watching from the past century until now the death of our innumerous rivers. The improvement of the cities that are part of this metropolis should have this consciousness and present solutions to regain the potential of the waters. This research proposes to provide data\'s, alternatives and themes to discuss and rethink the role that rivers should have.

Orientador: Paulo Cesar Lodi / Banca: Sandra Regina Rissato / Banca: Liliane Lazzari Albertin / Resumo: O rio Dourado é um afluente do rio Tietê, pertencente a Bacia Hidrográfica do Tietê-Batalha. Está localizado no Centro Oeste Paulista e sua região possui vocação agrícola, além de atividades pecuárias e turísticas. Tais atividades podem vir a comprometer a qualidade do rio ao longo do tempo. Diante disso, este trabalho verificou a qualidade da água superficial do rio Dourado utilizando a a Resolução CONAMA e CETESB como referência dos parâmetros avaliados. Os principais elementos avaliados foram os metais alumínio, bário, arsênio e cádmio além de outros fatores físico-químicos como condutividade elétrica, nitrito, nitrato, DBO, DQO, PH, Fósforo, temperatura da água, transparência e turbidez. Para tanto, foram demarcados 6 pontos de amostragem ao longo do rio com coletas a cerca de 30 cm de profundidade. Diante dos resultados obtidos, podem-se elencar as principais conclusões a seguir: dentre todos os metais, o alumínio e o cádmio apresentaram valores acima do permitido pelo CONAMA (357 e 274). O maior problema encontrado foi em relação a condutividade elétrica, pois os pontos 4, 5 e 6 ficaram acima do limite permitido pela CETESB. Os valores foram crescendo sentido a jusante do rio. Isso, devido principalmente à falta do emprego de técnicas conservacionistas nas margens do rio, no qual os sais tendem a acumularem-se a caminho da foz. Porém notou-se que o rio Dourado encontra-se com seu padrão de qualidade conforme a resolução CONAMA para rios de classe 2. / Abstract: The Dourado River is a tributary of the Tietê river, belonging to the Tietê-Batalha Basin. It is located in the Center West Paulista and its region has an agricultural vocation, besides livestock and tourist activities. Such activities may compromise the quality of the river over time. In this sense, this work verified the quality of the surface water of the Dourado River using the CONAMA Resolution as a reference of the evaluated parameters. The main elements evaluated were metals cadmium, lead, chromium and aluminum, as well as other physico-chemical factors such as electrical conductivity, nitrite, nitrate and others. Six sampling points were demarcated along the river with collections at about 30 cm depth. Considering the results obtained, the following main conclusions can be drawn: among all metals, aluminum and cadmium presented values above that allowed by CONAMA (357 and 274). The main problem was in relation to electrical conductivity, since points 4, 5 and 6 were above the limit allowed by CETESB. The values grew exponentially downstream. This is mainly due to the lack of conservationist techniques on the banks of the river, where salts tend to accumulate on the way to the end of the river. However, it was noted that the Dourado River remains its quality standard according to the CONAMA resolution considering rivers of class 2. / Mestre

The turbulent properties of flow in rivers are of fundamental importance to aquatic organisms yet are rarely quantified during routine river habitat assessment surveys or the design of restoration schemes due to their complex nature. This thesis uses a detailed review of the literature to highlight the various ways in which plants and animals modify the flow field, how this can deliver beneficial effects; and how turbulence can also generate threats to growth and survival. The thesis then presents the results from detailed field assessments of turbulence properties undertaken on low, intermediate and high gradient rivers to advance scientific understanding of the hydrodynamics of rivers and inform effective habitat assessment and restoration. A reach-scale comparison across sites reveals spatial variations in the relationships between turbulent parameters, emphasising the need for direct measurement of turbulence properties, while a geomorphic unit scale assessment suggests that variations in turbulence at the scale of individual roughness elements, and/or within the same broad groupings of geomorphic units (e.g. different types of pools) can have an important influence on hydraulic habitat. The importance of small-scale flow obstructions is further emphasised through analysis of the temporal dynamics of turbulence properties with changes in flow stage and vegetation growth. The highest magnitude temporal changes in turbulence properties were associated with individual boulders and vegetation patches respectively, indicating flow intensification around these sub-geomorphic unit scale features. Experimental research combining flow measurement with underwater videography reveals that more sophisticated turbulence parameters provide a better explanation of fish behaviour and habitat use under field conditions, further supporting direct measurement of turbulent properties where possible. The new insights into interactions between geomorphology, hydraulics and aquatic organisms generated by this work offer opportunities for refining habitat assessment and restoration design protocols to better integrate the important role of turbulence in generating suitable physical habitat for aquatic organisms.

O adequado projeto de obras fluviais requer o conhecimento das condições sob as quais um curso d\'água natural atinge seu estado de equilíbrio. Para que este estado de equilíbrio seja determinado analiticamente é necessário utilizar um número de equações compatível com a quantidade de incógnitas do sistema, denominadas de graus de liberdade. Em um curso d\'água escoando sobre leito aluvionar não coesivo é possível admitir até quatro graus de liberdade, que são: a largura, a profundidade, a declividade e o traçado em planta do canal. Neste trabalho são apresentados alguns métodos que permitem avaliar as condições de estabilidade de um canal através do uso de relações puramente empíricas, ou através da aplicação de equações derivadas dos princípios físicos que regem a Hidráulica Fluvial, sendo possível ainda combinar o uso das duas abordagens no mesmo método. / The properly design of river improvements depends on the knowledge of the conditions under which a natural river becomes stable. This state of equilibrium is determined analytically if the number of equations is enough to describe the unknown system factors, called degrees of freedom. In an alluvial stream, it\'s possible to consider four degrees of freedom, they are: width, depth, channel slope and the variations in plan-form stream. This text presents some methods to evaluate the stability condition of a channel using empirical relationships, equations based on theoretical principles of Fluvial Hydraulics or both of these approaches in the same method.

<p>Doktorska disertacija razrađuje metodologiju izrade modela upravljanja poplavama na velikim ravničarskim rekama korišćenjem preciznih digitalnih modela terena (DTM) i kombinacije 1D/2D hidrauličkih modela nestacionarnog tečenja. Za razradu modela korišćena je reka Dunav na teritoriji Srbije sa svojim pritokama. Dužina hidrauličkog modela je 715 km i postignuta tačnost modela, poređenjem izračunatih i izmerenih nivoa na devet vodomernih stanica, je ispod 10 cm. Dosadašnja strategija odbrane od poplava na velikim rekama, kao što je Dunav, bazirala se na &quot;pasivnim merama&quot; izgradnje nasipa i kejskih zidova. U radu je prikazana mogućnost primene nove strategije upravljanjem poplavnog talasa preko uređenih retenzija. Rezultati disertacije su omogućili i rekonstrukciju poplavnog talasa iz 1965. g.</p> / <p>The dissertation elaborates a methodology for flood management model on<br />large lowland rivers using precision digital terrain models (DTM) and<br />combined 1D/2D unsteady flow model. For the development of the model,<br />the river Danube on the territory of Serbia was used with its tributaries. The<br />length of the hydraulic model is 715 km and the achieved accuracy of the<br />model, by comparing the calculated and observed levels on 10 water<br />stations, is below 10 cm. Оur current defense against floods in big lowland<br />rivers is relied on passive defence with building and overhanging existing<br />levees and walls. In dissertation is shown the possibility of applying a new<br />strategies of flood management with retentions. The results of the<br />dissertation also enabled the reconstruction of the 1965. flood wave.</p>

Esta pesquisa integra os estudos desenvolvidos pelo Grupo Metrópole Fluvial da FAUUSP, sobretudo o projeto do Hidroanel Metropolitano de São Paulo, iniciado em 2011. Seu objetivo é propor uma alternativa de reestruturação da metrópole de São Paulo a partir dos rios e canais que a irrigam. São apresentadas duas metrópoles que foram fundadas às margens fluviais: São Paulo e Paris. Para São Paulo, propõe-se um ensaio de projeto de arquitetura das orlas do canal Pinheiros inferior, córrego Jaguaré e córrego Água Podre. O intuito é explorar soluções através de desenhos e definir conceitos que poderiam orientar a retomada dos rios e canais como eixos fundamentais na formação urbana a partir da consideração de suas funções: abastecimento, drenagem, lazer, navegação e energia. Considera-se que somente quando os múltiplos usos da água forem plenamente desenvolvidos, de acordo com as condições e demandas de cada lugar, o espaço urbano poderá ter qualidade ambiental e social. Salienta-se que o uso do espaço fluvial para lazer não é somente aquele restrito aos limites dos leitos, mas também o que se desenvolve nas suas orlas. Articulada à infraestrutura verde, a infraestrutura azul pode ser a base da consolidação de um sistema de parques fluviais que permeiam toda a área urbanizada, de maneira abrangente e capilar, nas diversas escalas, do bairro, da cidade e da metrópole. Acompanhando os desenhos das águas, formados por lagos e canais, os parques nas orlas e a arborização das margens criam caminhos de micro-clima ameno e úmido, propício para o desenvolvimento da fauna e flora urbanas e para o lazer dos moradores. Esses espaços são necessários para prover o bem estar da população. A função de lazer deve sempre ser uma meta, pois é a função que garante a visibilidade dos rios e a demanda de sua manutenção, além da possibilidade de conexão fundamental entre o homem e a natureza do lugar em que ele habita. Paris é apresentada aqui como referência de projeto de arquitetura de infraestruturas urbanas fluviais. Como São Paulo, seus rios já foram imundos e davam vazão a esgoto, inundações eram frequentes e devastadoras, como a mais conhecida de 1810, e a falta d\'água, por outro lado, era um problema constante. Essas questões foram equacionadas e Paris vem desenvolvendo e implementando projetos para que seu rio Sena e os canais Saint Martin e Saint Denis tenham suas orlas projetadas para o passeio de pedestres e ciclistas. A Bacia de la Villette é aqui registrada como exemplo para se analisar as possibilidades paisagísticas e de lazer de uma bacia, (uma dársena ou um lago), ou um canal construídos no meio urbano. Esse lugar é um dos centros atrativos da cidade, de uso diurno e noturno constantes, em todos os dias da semana e por todo tipo de gente. Assistimos desde o século passado a morte dos nossos rios, que permeiam com abundância a região metropolitana. A melhoria das cidades que compõem essa metrópole deve passar por essa constatação e apresentar soluções para recuperar o potencial das águas. Essa pesquisa se propõe a fornecer dados, alternativas e temas para se repensar e discutir o papel que os rios podem ter. / This research is part of the studies developed by Grupo Metrópole Fluvial from FAUUSP, specially the Sao Paulo Water ring project, which has begun in 2011. It proposes an alternative of restructuring São Paulo metropolis, considering its rivers and canals. Two metropolis are presented, São Paulo and Paris, both were founded along its rivers. It was developped an preliminary study of a fluvial architecture project to São Paulo, to the rive sides of Pinheiros inferior canal, stream Jaguaré and stream Água Podre. The aim is to explore solutions presented by drawings and define concepts that could guide the recovery of rivers and canals as fundamental axes in the urban formation, considering their functions: water supply, drainage, recreation, navigation and energy. Only when the multiple uses of water are entirely activated, according to the needs and conditions of each place, the urban space will be able to have environmental and social quality. It is important to highlight that the use of leisure in the fluvial space is not only limited to the river bed, but it can also happen in its sides. Articulated to the green infrastructure, the blue one could be the base for the insertion of a system of fluvial parks in the whole urbanized area, in a broad and capillary way, in its different scales: neighborhood, city and metropolis. Based on the design of the waters, formed by canals and lakes, the parks on the river side and the plantation of trees on those spaces can create a micro-climate, pleasant and wet, ideal for the urban fauna and flora developments and for the leisure of the inhabitants. Those spaces are necessary to provide the well being of people. The leisure function of the water should always be one of the goals of a hydraulic project. This leisure function is the one that guarantees the visibility of the rivers and the demand of maintenance, and also the fundamental connection between man and nature. Paris is presented here as a reference of fluvial urban infrastructures architectural projects. As São Paulo, its rivers were also polluted e carried sewage, floods were frequents and devastating, as the remarking one of 1810. The lack of water, on the other hand, was a constant problem. Those questions were mostly resolved. The city has been developing and implementing projects for its river Senna and canals, Saint Martin and Saint Denis, in order to turn its river sides into promenades for walkers and cyclers. The Bassin of la Villette is registered here as an example to be analyzed in terms of landscape possibilities and leisure by the side of the urban canal, lake or river. This place is one of the attraction centers of the city, by day and night time, every day of the week, frequented by every kind of people. We have been watching from the past century until now the death of our innumerous rivers. The improvement of the cities that are part of this metropolis should have this consciousness and present solutions to regain the potential of the waters. This research proposes to provide data\'s, alternatives and themes to discuss and rethink the role that rivers should have.

The Wild and Scenic Rivers Act is the nation's principal tool for accomplishing river conservation. Congress intended for the Act to apply to rivers regardless of ownership of adjacent lands, but efforts to implement the Act on rivers bordered by private property have met with limited success. This paper presents the underlying issues related to private land applications, explores the range of ideas and opinions existing among river conservation experts, agency river planners and others regarding how to work with these issues, identifies areas of general concurrence and least agreement, and makes recommendations for future private land applications of the Act.