The research portrayed in this dissertation aims to derive empirical means of predicting CBR values from index testing parameters and parameters calculated from them (e.g. shrinkage product). The project involved compiling a database of test results for a range of rock material types across moist and dry regions in southern Africa. The database was compiled in such a way that it represents natural gravels sampled (mostly) for construction or rehabilitation of road layer works. The database included a location description, material description, Weinert N-Value, Atterberg Limits, grading analysis and CBR values. In addition to this, the linear shrinkage product, shrinkage product, grading coefficient, grading modulus and dust ratio were calculated and also used in the analyses. All the samples were divided into two groups based on climate, as described by Weinert (1980). The data was then further sub-divided into compaction classes (95%, 98% and 100% Mod AASHTO) and within these compaction classes, each sample was assigned to a rock material group based on the classification proposed by Weinert (1980), but with minor alterations (e.g. further subdivision of pedogenic deposits). A total of 60 groups were created. Data processing was done using grading normalised to 100% passing the 37,5mm screen. In order to limit interdependency resulting from the cumulative grading, the sieve analysis results were converted to percentages retained on each sieve. This was necessary as statistical regressions often rejected datasets due to interdependency among input parameters (such as Atterberg Limits and cumulative grading). Based on the nature of the data, both stepwise linear regressions and Weibull regressions were performed. Though the Weibull regression is more suitable to the data (in theory) the linear regression could not be excluded, due to variable data. In addition, the existing model proposed by Kleyn (1955) which was derived empirically by Stephens (1988) was also retained for the analysis. In an attempt to refine Kleyn s model, the two parameters used by the method (i.e. grading modulus and plasticity index) were used in normal linear regressions in an attempt to adapt the model to specific material (and compaction) groups in the two climatic regions. More than 130 regressions were done for the final analysis (excluding experimental regressions, etc.), after restricting the predicted CBR ranges in an attempt to eliminate the prevailing data trend. The attempt proved futile, though, placing severe restrictions on the derived models. For each of the 60 groups all four methods were tested (i.e. stepwise linear regression, Weibull regression, Kleyn s model and a linear model adapted for each group based on Kleyn s model) and the most suitable model selected. A number of regressions were incomplete due to insufficient data, particularly in the groups associated with dry regions. Results proved poor and are ascribed to data variability rather than test methods. The data variability, in turn, is the result of test methods with poor reproducibility and repeatability. In short, the test methods (the CBR in particular) resulted in inconsistent data and subsequently poor results, making accurate predictions nearly impossible. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Geology / unrestricted

O desenvolvimento de movimentos de massa em obras rodoviárias é um grande problema a ser enfrentado tanto nas fases de implantação, como nas etapas de manutenção e conservação das mesmas. Os escorregamentos em rodovias muitas vezes são produtos de projetos mal planejados e executados, e podem provocar danos estruturais e econômicos à estrada, além de transtornos e riscos à comunidade local e ao meio ambiente. Diante desta problemática, o mapeamento geotécnico se apresenta como uma relevante ferramenta de auxílio à concepção do traçado da malha e instrumento de gestão rodoviária. A presente pesquisa buscou estudar a aplicabilidade do modelo determinístico do tipo talude infinito em ambiente SIG na análise da suscetibilidade a escorregamentos em rodovia, e ainda complementar o estudo com análises de estabilidade de taludes pelo método de Bishop Simplificado em seções geológico-geotécnicas de detalhe. O local da pesquisa é um trecho da rodovia Luís Augusto de Oliveira, entre os quilômetros 170 ao 192,5, que engloba os municípios de São Carlos, Ribeirão Bonito e Dourado, compreendendo 23 km de extensão, considerando uma faixa de 500 m para cada lado a partir do eixo da rodovia, o que resultou em uma área de 23,44 km². A modelagem foi executada utilizando-se os softwares ArcGis 10.1 para o estudo em escala 1:10.000, e o GeoStudio (SLOPE/W) nas seções de detalhe. A análise regional apontou que, em sua maioria, o trecho estudado possui muito baixa suscetibilidade a escorregamentos. Já as seções de detalhe auxiliaram na validação do modelo e no ajuste de parâmetros geomecânicos de entrada. O método do talude infinito ainda apresentou limitações relacionadas principalmente aos parâmetros geomecânicos do solo. De uma maneira geral, o modelo se mostrou satisfatório e versátil, refletindo a realidade do local e podendo ser constantemente realimentado à medida que se obtém dados mais precisos da região, tornando-se cada vez mais refinado e condizente com a realidade. / The development of mass movement on road constructions is a big problem to be faced during its implementation, maintenance and conservation stages. Road landslides oftentimes are products of poorly planned and executed projects, and can provoke structural and economic damage to the road, besides disorders and risk to the local community and the environment. Before this problem, geotechnical mapping it is presented as a relevant supporting tool in the conception of the tracing mesh and the management of the road. This research sought to study the applicability of the deterministic infinite slope model in GIS environment in the analyses of slope susceptibility on roads, and complement the study with slope stability analyses through Bishop Simplified method on geological-geotechnical sections of detail. The search location is a stretch of Luís Augusto de Oliveira highway, between kilometer 170 to 192,5, and encompasses the municipalities of São Carlos, Ribeirão Bonito and Dourado, comprising 23 km of extension, considering a 500m range from each side of the road, resulting in a 23,44 km² area. The modeling was executed using softwares ArcGis 10.0 for studies in 1:10.000 scale, and GeoStudio (SLOPE/W) on the detail analyses sections. The regional analyses pointed out that the studied stretch has very low slope susceptibility. The detail sections were helpful in the validation of the model and on the adjustment of the geomechanical parameters of entrance. The infinite slope method presented some limitations related mainly to the geomechanical parameters of the soil. Generally, the model proved satisfactory and versatile, reflecting the local reality, being constantly fed back as user obtain more accurate data of the region, becoming increasingly refined and consistent with reality.

O desenvolvimento de movimentos de massa em obras rodoviárias é um grande problema a ser enfrentado tanto nas fases de implantação, como nas etapas de manutenção e conservação das mesmas. Os escorregamentos em rodovias muitas vezes são produtos de projetos mal planejados e executados, e podem provocar danos estruturais e econômicos à estrada, além de transtornos e riscos à comunidade local e ao meio ambiente. Diante desta problemática, o mapeamento geotécnico se apresenta como uma relevante ferramenta de auxílio à concepção do traçado da malha e instrumento de gestão rodoviária. A presente pesquisa buscou estudar a aplicabilidade do modelo determinístico do tipo talude infinito em ambiente SIG na análise da suscetibilidade a escorregamentos em rodovia, e ainda complementar o estudo com análises de estabilidade de taludes pelo método de Bishop Simplificado em seções geológico-geotécnicas de detalhe. O local da pesquisa é um trecho da rodovia Luís Augusto de Oliveira, entre os quilômetros 170 ao 192,5, que engloba os municípios de São Carlos, Ribeirão Bonito e Dourado, compreendendo 23 km de extensão, considerando uma faixa de 500 m para cada lado a partir do eixo da rodovia, o que resultou em uma área de 23,44 km². A modelagem foi executada utilizando-se os softwares ArcGis 10.1 para o estudo em escala 1:10.000, e o GeoStudio (SLOPE/W) nas seções de detalhe. A análise regional apontou que, em sua maioria, o trecho estudado possui muito baixa suscetibilidade a escorregamentos. Já as seções de detalhe auxiliaram na validação do modelo e no ajuste de parâmetros geomecânicos de entrada. O método do talude infinito ainda apresentou limitações relacionadas principalmente aos parâmetros geomecânicos do solo. De uma maneira geral, o modelo se mostrou satisfatório e versátil, refletindo a realidade do local e podendo ser constantemente realimentado à medida que se obtém dados mais precisos da região, tornando-se cada vez mais refinado e condizente com a realidade. / The development of mass movement on road constructions is a big problem to be faced during its implementation, maintenance and conservation stages. Road landslides oftentimes are products of poorly planned and executed projects, and can provoke structural and economic damage to the road, besides disorders and risk to the local community and the environment. Before this problem, geotechnical mapping it is presented as a relevant supporting tool in the conception of the tracing mesh and the management of the road. This research sought to study the applicability of the deterministic infinite slope model in GIS environment in the analyses of slope susceptibility on roads, and complement the study with slope stability analyses through Bishop Simplified method on geological-geotechnical sections of detail. The search location is a stretch of Luís Augusto de Oliveira highway, between kilometer 170 to 192,5, and encompasses the municipalities of São Carlos, Ribeirão Bonito and Dourado, comprising 23 km of extension, considering a 500m range from each side of the road, resulting in a 23,44 km² area. The modeling was executed using softwares ArcGis 10.0 for studies in 1:10.000 scale, and GeoStudio (SLOPE/W) on the detail analyses sections. The regional analyses pointed out that the studied stretch has very low slope susceptibility. The detail sections were helpful in the validation of the model and on the adjustment of the geomechanical parameters of entrance. The infinite slope method presented some limitations related mainly to the geomechanical parameters of the soil. Generally, the model proved satisfactory and versatile, reflecting the local reality, being constantly fed back as user obtain more accurate data of the region, becoming increasingly refined and consistent with reality.

This thesis considers some issues regarding geotechnical monitoring of settlement of subsoils on roads, highways in the Czech Republic. The first part try to explain process of construction embankments with following standards and prescriptions. Second part belongs to geotechnical monitoring of settlement of subsoils, where author had selected 7 measuring profiles for further work on archive exploration. From these exploration were excluded information about exact location. Third part is creation of 9 geotechnical models in 2D - Plaxis software, comparison with real data and short part about using this kind of work for practice use.