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Thesis (M.A.)--The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2009. / Directed by Keith Cushman; submitted to the Dept. of English. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed May 13, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 60-62).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:05:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo577_1.pdf: 3475189 bytes, checksum: 05c1943b3c5a1d5f1e44faecc54366cd (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / No século XX, a cosmologia deixou o campo da metafísica para ser consolidada como um ramo da ciência teórica e experimental. Nos últimos anos tem sido observado um grande avanço no importante aparato observacional da cosmologia tornando possível sondar eventos físicos que ocorreram a cerca de 13 bilhões de anos, supostamente ocorridos próximos à singularidade inicial conhecida como Big Bang. Entretanto, muitos mistérios permanecem esperando para ser resolvidos neste novo e promissor século. Entre eles estão as questões da formação de estruturas cosmológicas e das flutuações de densidade na radiação cósmica de fundo (CMB). A solução mais popular parece ser a chamada inflação cosmológica, a ideia de que um período de expansão acelerada ocorrido cerca de 10��43 s após o início do Universo poderia explicar as condições iniciais do Big Bang e o espectro da CMB. Neste trabalho, analisamos a generalidade do modelo mais simples e mais usado na literatura, o modelo f-FRW, e suas propriedades no espaço de fase da teoria. A ação estudada consiste na de Einstein-Hilbert onde supomos uma métrica do tipo Robertson-Walker acoplada com um campo escalar f e um potencial arbitrário V(f). Aplicamos a equação de Wheeler-DeWitt no modelo f-FRW e, então, propomos uma medida quântica no espaço de fase modificada pelo princípio holográfico de forma a contar heuristicamente a degenerescência proveniente dos graus de liberdade quânticos da gravitação

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Thesis (MSc) -- Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: One of the main objectives of the South African Wine of Origin Scheme (SAWOS) is to guarantee the quality of wine products emerging from South Africa’s viticultural production areas by preventing the abuse of names of products originating from outstanding viticultural areas. The study of terroirs contributes to knowledge that assists in delimiting potential viticultural areas in South Africa. Terroirs are areas with homogeneous groups of natural factors that, with the aid of effective management, have the potential to produce a unique product over a recognizable period. Natural terroir units (NTU) reflect the integration of relatively homogenous environmental factors, which include topography, climate, soil and geology. This study investigates the use of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing methods in the identification of NTU in the Robertson wine district. Existing topographical, soil, geological and climatic GIS data layers were collected at various scales. In addition to this spatial data, orthorectified and radiometrically corrected SPOT 5 and ASTER satellite imagery were used to classify the land use/cover using an object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach. Eight land use/cover classes were distinguished by a sequential ruleset and an overall accuracy of 81.2% was achieved. The land use/cover layer was combined with the slope aspect and soil landscape to provide a three-component NTU description. One hundred and seventy NTU were identified, of which fifty five units exist for agriculture. These NTU can be used for site selection of agricultural produce and effective planning and management of land use. Climate was not included in the delimitation of NTU because the coarse resolution of climatic data could not be used to distinguish between different NTU. Therefore, all NTU identified in this research has similar climatic conditions. The major drawback of GIS-assisted terroir studies is the difficulty of representing a number of NTU on one GIS map. Therefore, it is recommended to associate the NTU map with a table of the classes instead. Furthermore, the accuracy, scale and resolution of available GIS data in South Africa influence the delimitation of NTU. Although remote sensing was found to provide efficient methods for land cover mapping, the use of multiseasonal satellite images would classify vineyards more efficiently because such an approach accounts for the different growth cycles of grapevines. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Een van die hoof doelwitte van die Suid-Afrikaanse Wyn van Oorsprongskema (SAWOS) is om die kwaliteit van wynbouprodukte afkomstig van Suid-Afrikaanse wingerdbougebiede te verseker. Die studie van terroirs is geïdentifiseer as ‘n metode om moontlike wingerdbougebiede in Suid-Afrika af te baken. Terroirs is gebiede met relatief homogene natuurlike faktore wat oor ‘n erkenbare tydperk en met behulp van effektiewe bestuur die vermoë het om ‘n unieke produk te lewer. Dié natuurlike faktore word, “natuurlike terroir eenhede” (NTE) genoem en sluit topografie, klimaat, grond en geologie in. Hierdie navorsing ondersoek die gebruik van geografiese inligtingstelsels (GIS) en afstandswaarnemingstegnieke om NTE in die Robertson-wyndistrik te identifiseer. Bestaande ruimtelike topografiese-, grond-, geologiese- en klimaatdata is op ‘n verskeidenheid skale versamel. Bykomend tot hierdie ruimtelike data, is ortogekorrigeerde en radiometries-gekalibreerde SPOT 5 en ASTER satellietbeelde gebruik om landgebruik/ -bedekking te klassifiseer. Objekgerigte beeldanalise (OGBA) is toegepas tydens hierdie klassifikasie en agt landgebruik/ -bedekkingsklasse is onderskei deur gebruik te maak van ‘n stapsgewyse reëlstel. OGBA het ‘n algehele akkuraatheid van 81.2% gelewer. Die landgebruik/ -bedekkingsdata is gekombineer met hellingaspek en die grondlandskap om ‘n drieledige NTE-beskrywing te lewer. Een honderd en sewentig NTE is geïdentifiseer waarvan daar vyf-en-vyftig eenhede vir landbou bestaan. Hierdie NTE kan aangewend word vir die selektering van geskikte terreine vir landbou-gewasse en effektiewe grondgebruikbeplanning en -bestuur. As gevolg van die bestaande klimaatdata se growwe resolusie, was dit ongeskik om te onderskei tussen verskillende NTE. Dus heers daar soortgelyke klimaatstoestande vir elke NTE wat in hierdie navorsing geïdentifiseer is. Die grootste stremmende faktor wat GIS-verwante terroir navorsing beïnvloed, is die uitdaging om ‘n groot getal NTE op een kaart voor te stel. Daarom is dit beter om die NTE kaart met ‘n tabel te assosieer. Verder beïnvloed die akkuraatheid, skaal en resolusie van beskikbare digitale geografiese data in Suid-Afrika die afbakening van NTE. Alhoewel bevind is dat afstandwaarneming ‘n effektiewe metode is om landbedekking te karteer, sal die gebruik van meerseisoenale satellietbeelde wingerde meer doelmatig karteer omdat dit verskeie siklusse in die groei van wingerde in ag neem. SLEUTELWOORDE EN FRASES terroir, natuurlike terroir eenhede (NTE), geografiese inligtingstelsels, afstandwaarneming, wingerdkunde

Literature indicates that events like a wine festival have many role players involved that need each other for them to be successful. The more role players there are, the more complex the event becomes, as in the case of the Wacky Wine Festival which is spread over 48 wine farms. The most important role players are the visitors and wine farmers that represent the demand and supply side of the festival. Local enterprises, wine farmers and the festival organisers put a lot of effort into the event, such as their time, money and skills. It is essential for these role players to know that they will get a return on their investment and for the host community to know that the festival will make a contribution to their local economy. Furthermore, literature indicates that the festival can improve the economic position of the role players by targeting the high spending market through intensive marketing that focuses on this particular segment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the Wacky Wine Festival to the local economy and to compile a profile of the heavy spender. To achieve the latter, a quantitative study was carried out by means of two surveys via questionnaires that were handed out to both the visitor and wine farmer. The data was then captured in Microsoft© Excel©. In Article 1 (Chapter 2) the sales multiplier effect and an analytical framework were used to determine the contribution of the festival to the host community. In Article 2 (Chapter 3) different tests and analyses were used to compile a profile of the heavy spender such as the K–means clustering, Chi–Squared, the Mann–Whitney non–parametric test and an ANOVA analysis. The results from Article 1 (Chapter 2) showed that the Wacky Wine Festival had an positive economic contribution of an estimated R29.9 million to the host community`s economy. From a demand and supply point of view, the visitors contributed R15.4 million and the wine farmers R6 million. From the results, it could be derived that the festival had low leakages in comparison with other festivals. iii The results from Article 2 (Chapter 3) indicated that the heavy and low spenders differ in terms of gender, language, age, occupation, number of people paying for in travelling group, residence and number of days spent at the festival. It was clear from the results that if the festival organisers and wine farmers focus marketing strategies on the high spending segment, this can lead to a R10 million increase in the Wacky Wine Festival’s revenue, thus improving the economic contribution of the event to the local economy of Robertson. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Literature indicates that events like a wine festival have many role players involved that need each other for them to be successful. The more role players there are, the more complex the event becomes, as in the case of the Wacky Wine Festival which is spread over 48 wine farms. The most important role players are the visitors and wine farmers that represent the demand and supply side of the festival. Local enterprises, wine farmers and the festival organisers put a lot of effort into the event, such as their time, money and skills. It is essential for these role players to know that they will get a return on their investment and for the host community to know that the festival will make a contribution to their local economy. Furthermore, literature indicates that the festival can improve the economic position of the role players by targeting the high spending market through intensive marketing that focuses on this particular segment. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the Wacky Wine Festival to the local economy and to compile a profile of the heavy spender. To achieve the latter, a quantitative study was carried out by means of two surveys via questionnaires that were handed out to both the visitor and wine farmer. The data was then captured in Microsoft© Excel©. In Article 1 (Chapter 2) the sales multiplier effect and an analytical framework were used to determine the contribution of the festival to the host community. In Article 2 (Chapter 3) different tests and analyses were used to compile a profile of the heavy spender such as the K–means clustering, Chi–Squared, the Mann–Whitney non–parametric test and an ANOVA analysis. The results from Article 1 (Chapter 2) showed that the Wacky Wine Festival had an positive economic contribution of an estimated R29.9 million to the host community`s economy. From a demand and supply point of view, the visitors contributed R15.4 million and the wine farmers R6 million. From the results, it could be derived that the festival had low leakages in comparison with other festivals. iii The results from Article 2 (Chapter 3) indicated that the heavy and low spenders differ in terms of gender, language, age, occupation, number of people paying for in travelling group, residence and number of days spent at the festival. It was clear from the results that if the festival organisers and wine farmers focus marketing strategies on the high spending segment, this can lead to a R10 million increase in the Wacky Wine Festival’s revenue, thus improving the economic contribution of the event to the local economy of Robertson. / Thesis (M.Com. (Tourism))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

William Robertson Nicoll (1851-1923) founded the British Weekly in 1886 to exploit the need for a Liberal Nonconformist newspaper. Nicoll became the most important editor of a Free Church journal in the Edwardian period. The British Weekly provided a regular focus for political Nonconformity and Nicoll was a primary raiser of the Nonconformist consciousness and shaper of the collective conscience. This thesis considers the role of newspapers as conduits of political thought. As distributors of information, newspapers had a definite role in setting the political agenda and this work considers the programme which Nicoll pressed at the British Weekly. The newspaper is also considered as a nexus of religious and financial considerations. The analysis provides an examination of the British Weekly from its foundation in 1885, placing it in political context and setting down the editorial agenda. Nonconformist concerns were threatened both by the political preponderance of Irish interests and by the extension of the franchise to working class voters more concerned with social than religious equality. This thesis therefore looks at Nicoll's alignment with the Liberal Imperialists because they would rid the party of its commitment to Home Rule and (less importantly) because they appeared to respond to the needs of the working class. In 1902 the British Weekly misplaced its national efficiency agenda and became prominent in the Passive Resistance campaign against the Education Act. The thesis examines the way in which the protest was used to energise political Nonconformity. The campaign brought Nicoll into contact with Lloyd George and this work explores the mutual benefits of this relationship and also the way in which Nicoll was compromised as a lobbyist by the association. This is the first comprehensive examination of the political nature of the British Weekly. It highlights the increasing complexity of reconciling religion and politics in the twentieth century as pressing social issues could not be repaired by Victorian moral crusades.