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This study explores the interactive effects of stereotypical masculine and feminine personality traits and attitudes upon individual and dyadic sexual satisfaction. It was hypothesized that (a) sexual satisfaction would be positively related to masculinity and femininity, as defined by the presence of instrumental and expressive qualities, for both males and females, (b) sexual satisfaction would be positively related to androgyny for both males and females, and (c) couples consisting of two androgynous partners would be more sexually satisfied than couples where both partners were sex-typed (i.e., masculine male-feminine female), cross-typed (i.e., feminine male-masculine female) or undifferentiated. The sample consisted of heterosexual married and cohabiting couples (N = 93). Subjects completed the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSD; Crowne & Marlowe, 1960, cited in Robinson, Shaver & Wrightman, 1991), the Short Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1981), the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1976, 1989) and the Pinney Sexual Satisfaction Inventory (PSSI; Pinney, Gerrard & Denney, 1987). The first hypothesis is rejected for both males and females, the second hypothesis is supported for males and rejected for females, and the third hypothesis is supported for couples. Instrumentality is negatively correlated with sexual satisfaction, particularly for women, while expressivity is positively correlated with sexual satisfaction for both men and women. Androgynous men and feminine women are more sexually satisfied than any other group; in both cases however, it is suggested that increments in expressivity account for increases in sexual satisfaction. Androgynous couples are more sexually satisfied than sex-typed, cross-typed, and undifferentiated couples; however, self-reported sexual satisfaction varies for individual partners. Implications for the existing androgyny model regarding sexual satisfaction are discussed.

The nature of the role and function of the university chaplain is as much determined by educational considerations as theological ones. While there is an almost essential marginality to chaplaincy work, it is safeguarded from any sense of irrelevancy by sharing in the university's central concern with human development. A study of the factors involved in student development reveals its holistic nature. Spiritual development has its own particular place in the developmental process. The pattern of spiritual development has many parallels with other aspects of development more obviously encountered in a university setting. Research on student development has insights to offer for the expansion of chaplaincy work. Consideration of the traditional models of chaplaincy reveals their failure to take adequate account of the educational implications. A new and adequate model of chaplaincy requires educational as well as theological foundations. Such thinking results in a threefold approach to chaplaincy work centering on ministry to the institution, to the individual and to the Christian community; an approach which is responsive yet innovative, flexible and transient, largely unstructured, but with a consequent freedom for experiment.

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This thesis has explored the relationship between self-disclosure (Jourard, 1958) and sex-role identity (Bem, 1972). It was hypothesized that these two elements would interact such that those individuals posessing androgynous sex-role identities would self-disclose more fully to a peer than would individuals posessing sex-typed sex-role identities.This project used a 2 (subject gender) X 2 (sex-role identity) x 3 (target condition) design. The initial sample pool consisted of 151 female and 80 male undergraduate student volunteers. The final sample consisted of 43 female and 14 male students. Married subjects, those identified as sex-reversed, and those subjects who did not attend the second experimental session were eliminated from the final sample. Paper-and-pencil tests measured both self-disclosure and sex-role identity.The analysis of data revealed one significant interaction across the parameters investigated. Males were significantly more "filling to disclose highly intimate personal information than were females. Possible reasons for these results were discussed, and suggestions for further research were made.

The present investigation examined how the sex of participants (male or female), and the emotion expressed (sadness, joy, or anger) by a hypothetical character (male or female) affected the participants' reactions to the character. Ratings were obtained from 66 male and 66 female college students on: 1) causal attributions, 2) behavior-gender congruence, 3) adjustment in school work and friendships, 4) adjustment in sexuality and in handling emotional needs, and 5) personal acceptance as acquaintance, co-worker, and close friend. It was anticipated that male characters expressing sadness or joy would receive greater negative evaluations_ than their female counterparts, particularly from female raters. Similar reactions were predicted for male and female characters expressing anger. A multivariate analysis of variance was perfcrmed on the data, while eight planed comparisons tested the experimental hypotheses using Duari's procedure. Post-hoc analyses utilized Tukey's procedure.The findings revealed that for each emotion expressed there were no significant differences in ratings either due to participant, or character sex, with one exception. The expression of joy was judged by all subjects as more inappropriate for the male than the female character. Post-hoc analyses indicated the expressions of sadness and joy as more appropriate than the expression of anger, leading to lower acceptance of the latter character. The characters expressing sadness were also seen as more adjusted in school work and friendships than either the characters expressing joy or anger. The validity and generalizability of these findings were discussed in light of previous research.Recommendations for future investigations in this area include the use of mixed-sex character dyads and nonprivate interaction contexts, consideration of how genderincongruent behaviors are defined, and utilization of unobtrusive and behavioral measures along with attitudinal ones.

The purpose of this study was to identify family background variables that were correlates of offspring perceptions of gender traits. This project measured the strength of the relationship between offspring perceptions of parental gender-related traits and of offspring self-perception of gender-related traits. The strength of the relationship between measures of family environment factors and of offspring possession of gender traits was also measured. In addition, this study investigated the relationship between these measures and family demographic variables.Spence, Helmriech, and Stapp's Personal Attributes Questionnaire measured self-perception of gender traits. Spence and Helmreich's Parental Attributes Questionnaire measured perceptions of parental gender traits. Moos and Moos' Family Environment Scale measured family environment. Correlation coeffiecients were computed to measure the strength of relationships.Results indicated several significant relationships between parental and offspring gender scores. Several significant relationships emerged between perceptions of family environment and self-perception of gender traits. Sex differences were noted in these relationshlips. Although these relationships were statistically significant, the small correlation coefficients indicated that the relationships tended to be of limited practical value.An analysis which transformed correlation coeficient comparisons into z scores indicated that offspring gender traits were no more related to same-sex parental traits than they were to opposite-sex traits. Regression analyses showed that the best predictor variable for offspring selfperception of masculine traits was a family measure. The best predictor variable for offspring feminine traits was a parental trait score.This study indicated that perception of father's feminine traits was significantly related to perception of family environment. The intellectual and cultural atmosphere of one's family of origin was identified as an important variable. Implications of the findings and suggestions for further research were also presented. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to investigate whether men and women clients in therapy are viewed differently by therapists as a result of a double standard of mental health, i.e., whether or not therapists hold one set of beliefs about behaviors and characteristics that describes a mentally healthy male and yet another set of beliefs about behaviors and characteristics that describes a healthy female, and 2) to determine if both sex-typed and androgynous therapists hold these differential views.The basic design of the study was a 2 x 2 x 3 analysis of variances Sex Role Identity by Sex of Clinician by Referent (male, female or adult). The study utilized 83 female and 74 male volunteer clinicians from nine mental health centers in central. Indiana. The 157 participants, ranging in age from 22 to 62, were administered the Bern Sex Role Inventory in order to assess their Sex Role Identity (SRI). The data are based on 44 sex-typed and 45 androgynous subjects retained to complete the study. Of these, 47 were females and 42 were males. Participants were randomly assigned to 3 independent groups and asked to complete the Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire. One group was asked how they viewed a healthy male; groups 2 and 3 were asked how they viewed a healthy female or adult--gender unspecified, respectively.It was expected that sex-typed clinicians would differentiate in their views of a healthy male and healthy female and that these differences would parallel sex role stereotypes prevalent in our society. It was expected that sex-typed clinicians would see no difference between healthy males and healthy adults, gender unspecified. Further, it was thought that Sex Role Identity would have an effect on Sex Role Stereotype Questionnaire scores, specifically that sex-typed male and female clinicians would see a healthy male and a healthy female as having different personality traits and that androgynous therapists would see no differences.In order to test the hypotheses, six planned comparisons were made utilizing 95%Bonferroni t confidence intervals. Contrary to expectations, the data did not support any of the hypotheses. Each was found to be nonsignificant. The present study was compared to the Broverman et al. study which found a double standard eleven years ago.The results may indicate that therapists--both androgynous and sex-typed--may be moving toward a more androgynous view of the world. Factors related to professional discipline of the subjects could have affected the results as well as the possible hesitancy to disclose of some subjects. Rather than being a primary personality attribute, psychological androgyny and sex role identification may make up a limited, situation-specific aspect of personality. This suggests the possibility that sex-typed as well as androgynous clinicians may not hold differential attitudes about men and women.Although clinicians were identified as sex-typed in their attitudes, they may have been able to suspend these attitudes and keep their stereotypes to themselves when counseling clients. The impact of the Women's movement as well as professional and ethical directives prohibiting discrimination may have an influential effect on therapeutic behavior.Finally, it is possible that clinicians could have held egalitarian views of health in their conscious awareness which would have been reflected in their SRSQ scores, but that an opposing set of unconscious attitudes about women could have affected their behavior with women clients. Further research suggestions include focusing on the therapists' behavior in the counseling setting and exploring clients' views of the therapist and of the counseling experience to determine whether non-sexist counseling is actually occurring behind the closed door.

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