Who was Fulvia? Was she the politically aggressive and dominating wife of Mark Antony as Cicero and Plutarch describe her? Or was she a loyal mother and wife, as Asconius and Appian suggest? These contrasting accounts in the ancient sources warrant further investigation. This thesis seeks to explore the nature of Fulvia’s role in history to the extent that the evidence permits. Fulvia is most famous for her activities during Antony’s consulship (44 BC) and his brother Lucius Antonius’ struggle against C. Octavian in the Perusine War (41-40 BC). But there is a discrepancy among the authors as to what extent she was actually involved. Cicero, Octavian and Antony, who were all key players in events, provide their own particular versions of what occurred. Later authors, such as Appian and Dio, may have been influenced by these earlier, hostile accounts of Fulvia. This is the first study in English to make use of all the available evidence, both literary and material, pertaining to Fulvia. Modern scholarship has a tendency to concentrate almost exclusively on events towards the end of Fulvia’s life, in particular the Perusine War, about which the evidence is much more abundant in later sources such as Appian and Dio. However, to do this ignores the importance of her earlier activities which, if studied more fully, can help to explain her later actions in the 40’s BC. This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first provides an introduction to the topic and a biography of Fulvia. The second is a review of the modern scholarship on Fulvia. The third focuses on the contemporary sources, both the literary evidence from Cicero, Cornelius Nepos and Martial, as well as the surviving material evidence, namely the sling bullets found at Perusia and a series of coins that may depict Fulvia in the guise of Victoria. The fourth is a discussion of those authors born after Fulvia’s death in 40 BC, of whom the most important are Plutarch, Appian, and Dio. The fifth provides a conclusion to the thesis, and returns to the questions posed above in light of the analysis of the sources provided throughout the thesis. It concludes that Fulvia played a significant role in events, particularly from Antony’s consulship onwards, and that her actions were deliberate and politically motivated. Moreover, while these actions were done on her husbands’ behalf, she nevertheless exhibited a remarkable degree of independence. / Thesis (Master, Classics) -- Queen's University, 2007-12-17 15:08:34.021

viii, 113 p. / This thesis analyzes various literary, numismatic, and epigraphical narratives of the Roman civil war of 69CE, and the representations of the four emperors who fought in it. In particular the focus is on how the narratives and representations relate to one another. Such an investigation provides us with useful insight into the people and events of 69 and how contemporaries viewed the actors and the events. These various presentations, most notably the works of five ancient historians and biographers, give 69 the distinction of being one of the best documented years in all antiquity. Historical scholarship has typically sought to determine which of these authors was the most accurate on the points which they disagreed. These points of difference, largely subjective opinion and therefore equally valid, illuminate instead the diverse ways in which an event can be interpreted. This thesis will focus on why there is such diversity and its usefulness to the historian. / Committee in charge: Dr. John Nicols, Chair; Dr. Sean Anthony, Member; Dr. Mary Jaeger, Member

Im neunten Buch von Lucans Bellum civile übernimmt Cato der Jüngere den durch Pompeius´ Ermordung in Ägypten vakant gewordenen Oberbefehl über die bei Pharsalos von Caesar geschlagenen pompejanischen Truppen. Cato versucht die republikanische Verfassung vor dem Tyrannen Caesar zu retten. Aus dem verbrecherischen Bürgerkrieg zweier Despoten, Pompeius und Caesar, ist somit ein bellum iustum geworden (9, 292-293). Nachdem Cato Pompeius durch eine laudatio funebris die letzte Ehre erwiesen hat (9, 190-214), besteht er eine Reihe von Bewährungsproben und erweist sich als idealer Feldherr. Zur Charakterisierung Catos greift Lucan verschiedene literarische Traditionen auf. Cato übertrifft den homerischen Odysseus (9, 294-299. 388-389) und Alexander den Großen (9, 268-269. 493-510. 564-586); er entspricht in vollkommener Weise dem Feldherrenideal, wie es sich bei den römischen Historikern der Republik (Sallust; Livius) findet (9,294-296. 379-406. 587-593). Zentrum und Höhepunkt des neunten Buchs stellt Lucans Bewertung Catos in 9, 587-604 dar. Die Triumphzüge des Pompeius und des Marius sind geringer einzuschätzen als die Leistung Catos, obwohl er schließlich Caesar unterliegt. Entsprechend der stoischen Ethik bemißt sich der Wer einer Leistung nicht nach dem äußeren Erfolg -dieser hängt allein von der Fortuna ab- , sondern nach der vorbehaltlosen Erfüllung des moralisch Gebotenen. Für den Erhalt der Republik ist Cato in den Tod gegangen; er ist mulitärischer Held und pater patriae; er verdient göttliche Verehrung.Die stoische Moralphilosphie ist Kern der Poetik Lucans; daneben greift er jedoch auch auf andere stoische Theoreme zurück. Vor allem die Naturschilderungen (9, 303-318. 420-420-444. 444-492) lehnen sich an stoische Lehre an. Zuweilen finden sich auch Rückgriffe auf Lucrez (9, 76-77. 315-318. 471-472). Lucan ist poeta doctus; er gibt eine wissenschaftlich-rationale Weltdeutung.Der Stil Lucans ist geprägt durch das Paradox und die Sentenz. Dem Leser wird auf diese Weise die Ungerechtigkeit des Schicksals vor Augen geführt, das es zugelassen hat, daß Rom unter die Herrschaft von Tyrannen geraten ist. Lucan beabsichtigt die Empörung seiner Leser hervorzurufen und ermuntert sie, gegen die Kaiser Widerstand zu leisten.