Cette recherche analyse les processus d’identifications collectives inhérents à unnationalisme ethnoculturel ainsi que les usages sociaux et politiques de la culture et de la"tradition". Elle porte sur les Roms en Roumanie post-communiste à l'heure de l'intégrationeuropéenne. Privilégiant une étude du nationalisme en deux champs, politique et quotidien,elle procède d'un terrain multi-situé basé sur l'ethnographie de la mobilisation ethnoculturelledes Roms de Roumanie et de familles roms en Roumanie et en France.Cette thèse postule l’émergence de la nation rom sur la scène nationale roumainecomme une construction récente, intrinsèque à la modernité et au nationalisme ethnoculturelrom roumain. En cela, ce dernier est exploré autour de trois axes qui sont les trois parties dethèse. Le premier, politico-historique, interroge la cristallisation du rapport à la culture enmiroir avec l'émergence du nationalisme ethnoculturel et du contexte de changement socialpropice à son avènement (post-communisme, démocratisation et multiculturalisme). Mêlanttrajectoires sociales de militants et analyses discursives, historiques et politiques, il revient surla genèse de l'opposition entre "Roms traditionnels" et "Roms roumanisés". Le second traitedes usages politiques de la "tradition" et de la "modernité" au travers des pratiques militanteset de l’analyse du discours sur la communauté de culture : la nation rom. Il illustre le rapportmoderne à la culture. Le dernier propose une description ethnographique du fonctionnementde l'ethnicité au travers de deux lignes d'analyse. La première appréhende la réception auprèsdes Roms militants et non militants de ce processus d'identification collective à la catégorierom. La seconde rend compte des logiques de l’appartenance ethnique et sociale au quotidien.Ces trois axes visent à interroger le lien entre construction d'une identification collective et etthnogenèse. / This research analyses the collective identification process resulting from anethnocultural nationalism as well as the social and political uses of culture and tradition. Itdeals with the Roma in post-communist Romania in the context of the European integration.Favoring a study of the nationalism in two fields, political and every day life, it proceeds by amulti-sited fieldwork based on the ethnography of the ethnocultural mobilization of Roma inRomania and focuses on roma families in Romania and France.This thesis postulates the emergence of Roma nation on the Romanian national sceneas a recent construction, intrinsic to modernity and to the roma Romanian ethnoculturalnationalism. Three themes make up the three parts of the thesis. The first, political-historical,questions the crystallization of the relation to culture in mirror with the emergence of theethnocultural nationalism and the context of social change favorable to it’s advent(postcomunism, democratization and multiculturalism). Reflecting upon the social trajectoriesof activists and bringing in discursive analysis, historical and political, it retraces the genesesof the opposition between “traditionnal roma” and “romanized roma”. The second deals withpolitical uses of tradition and modernity through militant practices and the analysis of thespeech on “community of culture” : the roma nation. It shows the modern relation to culture.The last suggests an ethnographic description of how ethnicity works through two lines ofanalysis. The first apprehends the reception from the roma militant and non-militant of thiscollective identification process to the roma category. The second reports the logics of socialand ethnic belonging in everyday life. This three themes aim at questioning the link betweenthe construction of collective identification and ethnogenesis.

Introduction: The Roma is the largest ethnic minority in Europe, estimated to be over 11 million (1.35% of Europe’s total population). At the same time, it is the most vulnerable and marginalized community, facing many challenges in everyday life, such as low levels of education, unemployment, poverty, limited access to information, social and health services as well as racial discrimination. Roma people have great health needs and lack access to the European Health Insurance scheme. Efforts by governments across Europe to address these health inequities have been relatively weak and Roma suffer poorer access to health care, health insurance, education and employment in every country that they inhabit in comparison to the majority population. There are studies exploring the health situation of the Roma, but very limited information is available about the availability of the European Health Insurance for Roma and access to health care in Sweden. The general aim of this study is to explore access to the health insurance and health care for Roma staying in Sweden. Methods: A qualitative design methodology has been applied in this thesis. Four non-government organizations in Sweden were contacted and six in-depth interviews were done with professionals and volunteers from those organizations. Questions were asked about experience of working/volunteering and assisting Roma people in accessing health care in Sweden. The interviews also addressed barriers faced by Roma to obtain the European Health Insurance in Romania. The data was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Four themes were developed during the data analysis. The first theme “A bureaucratic and unfriendly system makes it hard for Roma to get insured in Romania” is about the role of the Romanian government in maintaining the (disadvantaged) situation of Roma people. The second theme “Difficult to access the health care services in Sweden, without active European Health Insurance” explains the situation of Roma people, when they seek medical care in Sweden and the importance of having an active European Health Insurance. The third theme “European Union policies do not respond to the health care needs of Roma” elaborates on the governance of the whole health insurance scheme from the EU level and how it is not designed to fit the needs of the Roma. The fourth theme “The history of racism and discrimination of Roma is the root of this situation” is about how society perceives Roma people and how they have been treated for a long time as slaves, with labels including discrimination and racism. Conclusion: This study highlights that access to health care for Romanian Roma people staying in Sweden cannot be seen as a separate issue from that of the situation of access to the health insurance scheme - the National Health Insurance and the European Health Insurance - for Roma in Romania. The study highlights that access to health care and the European Health Insurance for Roma in Romania is often determined by the (dis)functionality of the health system in Romania, corruption and bureaucracy. Without an active European Health Insurance, Roma cannot access health care in Sweden. As an additional burden, they are requested to prove that they can access health care as undocumented people. European Union regulations and laws make it difficult for people who do not have official work to obtain European Health Insurance. The history of racism and discrimination is, potentially the root of the situation. Even today Roma are judged with prejudices, stereotypes and pre-existing beliefs that makes access the health insurance and health care for Roma staying in Sweden even more difficult.