MRDV / Institute of Rural Development / See the attached abstract below

Foi desenvolvido um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de pastejo e manejo da pastagem sobre o Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO). A amostragem foi realizada na área experimental do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, unidade da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa Gado de Corte). O solo estudado foi um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico argiloso. Foram avaliados quatro piquetes, sendo dois no sistema de pastejo contínuo e dois no sistema de pastejo rotacionado, e uma área de cerrado (CN). No sistema de pastejo contínuo, implementado com a espécie Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete, obedecendo a uma malha regular de 10 x 10 m, sendo que um dos piquetes não havia recebido adubação de manutenção (Cs) enquanto o outro havia recebido adubação bianual de manutenção (Cc). No sistema de pastejo rotacionado, implementado com a espécie Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, foram retiradas 60 amostras por piquete, sendo 30 na posição espacial touceira (t) e 30 na posição espacial entre touceiras (e), obedecendo a uma malha regular de 5 x 10 m. O diferencial entre os piquetes no sistema de pastejo rotacionado foi o resíduo pós pastejo. Em um dos piquetes o resíduo era de 2,0-2,5 Mg matéria seca total (MST) ha -1 (R1), enquanto no outro era de 3,0-3,5 Mg MST ha -1 (R2). No CN foram retiradas 30 amostras obedecendo a uma malha regular de 10 x 10 m. As amostras foram submetidas a um gradiente de tensão de água sendo posteriormente utilizadas nas determinações da densidade do solo (Ds), resistência à penetração de raízes (RP) e umidade volumétrica (qV). Em seguida, os resultados foram utilizados para o ajuste por regressão das curvas de resistência à penetração (CRP) e retenção de água do solo (CRA). Através da CRP e da CRA foi possível quantificar o IHO e a densidade crítica (Dsc), definida como o valor de Ds onde o IHO é igual a zero. O CN apresentou a melhor condição física do solo para o crescimento de plantas, sendo o IHO igual à água disponível. No sistema de pastejo contínuo estudado, a realização de adubação de manutenção não influenciou o IHO, o que foi atribuído às taxas de lotação animal equivalentes nos dois piquetes. O sistema de pastejo rotacionado apresentou as piores condições físicas do solo para o crescimento vegetal, avaliadas pelo critério do IHO. Os maiores valores de Ds e menor IHO foram observados no R1e, o que foi atribuído às taxas de lotação elevadas aplicadas neste piquete. A posição espacial de amostragem (touceira e entre touceiras) não exerceu influência sobre o IHO no R2 enquanto no R1 o IHO foi muito menor entre as touceiras, o que pode ser atribuído ao hábito de crescimento cespitoso da espécie Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, deixando parte do solo descoberto e, portanto, sujeito à ação direta do pisoteio dos animais. / A study was developed for evaluating the effect of different grazing systems and pasture management strategies on the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR). The experimental site was located at the National Beef Cattle Research Center of Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Beef Cattle). The soil studied was a clay Oxisol (Typic Acrudox). Five sampling sites were selected: two under continuous grazing system, two under intensive short-duration grazing system, and one under native vegetation "cerrado" (CN). Thirty soil cores were collected in each site under continuous grazing system, established with Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk species. Sampling at continuous grazing sites was performed in a 10 x 10 m regular grid. One of the continuos grazing sites had received biannual fertilization (Cc) while the other was not fertilized (Cs). Sixty soil cores were collected in each site under intensive short-duration grazing system, established with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia species, with thirty cores in the spatial position under the plants (up) and thirty cores in the spatial position between the plants (bp). Sampling at intensive short-duration grazing sites was performed in a 5 x 10 m regular grid. The difference between sites in intensive short-duration grazing system was the post-graze stubble. The post-graze stubble was 2,0-2,5 Mg total dry matter (TDM) ha -1 in one site (R1), and 3,0-3,5 Mg TDM ha -1 in the other (R2). Thirty soil cores were collected in CN, in a 10 x 10 m regular grid. The cores were subjected to a soil water suction gradient, and then used for soil bulk density (Db), soil penetration resistance (PR) and volumetric water content (qV) determinations. The data was used for developing soil resistance to penetration curve (SRP) and soil water retention curve (SWR) models doing regression fitting procedures. From SRP and SWR was possible to quantify the LLWR and the critical bulk density value (Dbc) identified as the Db value where LLWR is null. The CN site had the best soil physical condition for plant growth with the LLWR equal to available water. The fertilization did not influenced the LLWR in the continuos grazing system under evaluation, as a consequence of the similar stocking rates at both sites. The intensive short-duration grazing system had the worst soil physical condition for plant growth, as evaluated by the LLWR. The highest Db values and the lowest LLWR were found in R1bp, which may be a consequence of the high stocking rates observed at this site. The spatial sampling position (under the plants and between the plants) did not influenced the LLWR in the R2 site while in R1 the LLWR was much lower between plants. This result is a consequence of the cespitose growth habit of the Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia species, which leaves part of the soil surface uncovered and subjected to a direct action of animal trampling.

Foi desenvolvido um estudo com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de pastejo e manejo da pastagem sobre o Intervalo Hídrico Ótimo (IHO). A amostragem foi realizada na área experimental do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Corte, unidade da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa Gado de Corte). O solo estudado foi um Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico argiloso. Foram avaliados quatro piquetes, sendo dois no sistema de pastejo contínuo e dois no sistema de pastejo rotacionado, e uma área de cerrado (CN). No sistema de pastejo contínuo, implementado com a espécie Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk, foram retiradas 30 amostras por piquete, obedecendo a uma malha regular de 10 x 10 m, sendo que um dos piquetes não havia recebido adubação de manutenção (Cs) enquanto o outro havia recebido adubação bianual de manutenção (Cc). No sistema de pastejo rotacionado, implementado com a espécie Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, foram retiradas 60 amostras por piquete, sendo 30 na posição espacial touceira (t) e 30 na posição espacial entre touceiras (e), obedecendo a uma malha regular de 5 x 10 m. O diferencial entre os piquetes no sistema de pastejo rotacionado foi o resíduo pós pastejo. Em um dos piquetes o resíduo era de 2,0-2,5 Mg matéria seca total (MST) ha -1 (R1), enquanto no outro era de 3,0-3,5 Mg MST ha -1 (R2). No CN foram retiradas 30 amostras obedecendo a uma malha regular de 10 x 10 m. As amostras foram submetidas a um gradiente de tensão de água sendo posteriormente utilizadas nas determinações da densidade do solo (Ds), resistência à penetração de raízes (RP) e umidade volumétrica (qV). Em seguida, os resultados foram utilizados para o ajuste por regressão das curvas de resistência à penetração (CRP) e retenção de água do solo (CRA). Através da CRP e da CRA foi possível quantificar o IHO e a densidade crítica (Dsc), definida como o valor de Ds onde o IHO é igual a zero. O CN apresentou a melhor condição física do solo para o crescimento de plantas, sendo o IHO igual à água disponível. No sistema de pastejo contínuo estudado, a realização de adubação de manutenção não influenciou o IHO, o que foi atribuído às taxas de lotação animal equivalentes nos dois piquetes. O sistema de pastejo rotacionado apresentou as piores condições físicas do solo para o crescimento vegetal, avaliadas pelo critério do IHO. Os maiores valores de Ds e menor IHO foram observados no R1e, o que foi atribuído às taxas de lotação elevadas aplicadas neste piquete. A posição espacial de amostragem (touceira e entre touceiras) não exerceu influência sobre o IHO no R2 enquanto no R1 o IHO foi muito menor entre as touceiras, o que pode ser atribuído ao hábito de crescimento cespitoso da espécie Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, deixando parte do solo descoberto e, portanto, sujeito à ação direta do pisoteio dos animais. / A study was developed for evaluating the effect of different grazing systems and pasture management strategies on the Least Limiting Water Range (LLWR). The experimental site was located at the National Beef Cattle Research Center of Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa Beef Cattle). The soil studied was a clay Oxisol (Typic Acrudox). Five sampling sites were selected: two under continuous grazing system, two under intensive short-duration grazing system, and one under native vegetation "cerrado" (CN). Thirty soil cores were collected in each site under continuous grazing system, established with Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk species. Sampling at continuous grazing sites was performed in a 10 x 10 m regular grid. One of the continuos grazing sites had received biannual fertilization (Cc) while the other was not fertilized (Cs). Sixty soil cores were collected in each site under intensive short-duration grazing system, established with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia species, with thirty cores in the spatial position under the plants (up) and thirty cores in the spatial position between the plants (bp). Sampling at intensive short-duration grazing sites was performed in a 5 x 10 m regular grid. The difference between sites in intensive short-duration grazing system was the post-graze stubble. The post-graze stubble was 2,0-2,5 Mg total dry matter (TDM) ha -1 in one site (R1), and 3,0-3,5 Mg TDM ha -1 in the other (R2). Thirty soil cores were collected in CN, in a 10 x 10 m regular grid. The cores were subjected to a soil water suction gradient, and then used for soil bulk density (Db), soil penetration resistance (PR) and volumetric water content (qV) determinations. The data was used for developing soil resistance to penetration curve (SRP) and soil water retention curve (SWR) models doing regression fitting procedures. From SRP and SWR was possible to quantify the LLWR and the critical bulk density value (Dbc) identified as the Db value where LLWR is null. The CN site had the best soil physical condition for plant growth with the LLWR equal to available water. The fertilization did not influenced the LLWR in the continuos grazing system under evaluation, as a consequence of the similar stocking rates at both sites. The intensive short-duration grazing system had the worst soil physical condition for plant growth, as evaluated by the LLWR. The highest Db values and the lowest LLWR were found in R1bp, which may be a consequence of the high stocking rates observed at this site. The spatial sampling position (under the plants and between the plants) did not influenced the LLWR in the R2 site while in R1 the LLWR was much lower between plants. This result is a consequence of the cespitose growth habit of the Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia species, which leaves part of the soil surface uncovered and subjected to a direct action of animal trampling.

A grazing trial investigating the effect of season of grazing and stocking rate initiated at the Nortier Experimental Farm in 1988 provided an opportunity to assess the response of the veld to both grazing and environmental influences in an arid environment. The trial allowed an assessment of the relative influence of internal (equilibrium) and external (non-equilibrium) forces on the dynamics of an arid rangeland. This study involved the analysis of a nine year data set stretching from 1988 to 1996 and served to provide evidence supporting the existence of an equilibrium/non-equilibrium continuum in rangeland dynamics. The most significant implication of this result is that rangeland systems should not be classified as either equilibrial or non-equilibrial, but rather according to a continuum extending between equilibrium and non-equilibrium poles. The exact position of any system on this continuum is a function of the relative influence of internal and external forces on its species dynamics. The dynamics of the veld at the Nortier Experimental Farm showed significant response to both grazing and environmental variables suggesting conformity to both equilibrial and non-equilibrial paradigms. Both ordination and analysis of variance highlighted the importance of rainfall particularly in the fluctuations of the predominant grass species, Ehrharta calycina, which increased in abundance with rainfall. Partial ordination enabled the assessment of species variation following the removal of variation associated with rainfalL Partial ordinations revealed the gradual, directional movement of samples through multivariate space in response to grazing treatments. Individual plant species were also shown to be responding to grazing, the extent of which was influenced by season of grazing and stocking rate. Both the partial ordinations and the ANOVA showed Melothria sp., Tetragonia fruiticosa and Hermannia scordifolia as increasing and Ruschia caroli as decreasing in absolute abundance in response to grazing. Season of grazing was shown to significantly influence the abundance of H. scordifolia over time. The 'shrublherb complex', which constitutes the 'key resource' at the Nortier Experimental Farm displayed an increase in absolute abundance over the duration of the trial. This increase in absolute abundance was accompanied by an increase in the relative abundance of the palatable component of this resource. The application of medium to heavy stocking rates during spring, summer and autumn and low stocking rates during winter resulted in elevated absolute abundances of palatable plants. Furthermore, low stocking rates, when averaged across all season of grazing treatments, resulted in a significantly higher absolute abundance of unpalatable plants. These findings provide the basis for the development of management principles for the Strandveld Vegetation Type. The application of medium to heavy stocking rates within a rotational grazing system, as recommended by the literature dealing with grazing systems in the Karoo, is supported by the results of the Nortier grazing trial. Medium to heavy stocking rates should be applied during spring, summer and autumn and low stocking rates during the winter months. Furthermore, it is recommended that rests of between 12 and 14 months should be afforded to portions of the veld periodically due to the variability in growth, flowering and fruiting times ofdifferent plants in the Karoo. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Alternative grazing systems and pasture types for wool production in the south west of Western Australia were analysed using bio-economic modelling techniques in order to determine their relative productivity and profitability. After reviewing the experimental and modelling literature on perennial pastures and grazing systems, seven case studies of farmers were conducted in order to investigate the practical application of innovative grazing systems and use of perennial pastures. Together these case studies provided information for identifying relevant variables and for calibrating the modelling work which followed. The core of the work lies in a bio-economic model for investigating the comparative value of the three grazing systems and two pasture families mentioned above. A baseline scenario using currently available and reliable scientific data provides baseline results, after which a number of sensitivity analyses provide further insights using variations of four key parameters: persistence, heterogeneity, water soluble carbohydrates, and increased losses. Results show that perennial pastures are in the studied region more profitable than annual pastures. Under current baseline conditions, continuous grazing with perennial pastures is the most profitable enterprise, but this superiority is not robust under parameter variations defined by other scenarios. The more robust solution in terms of enterprise profitability is cell grazing with perennial pastures. The results indicate that intensive grazing systems such as cell grazing have the potential to substantially increase the profitability of grazing operations on perennial pasture. This result is an encouraging one in light of its implications for water uptake and salinity control. It means that economics and land care can go hand in hand, rather than be competitive. It is to be noted that it is the choice of the grazing system in combination with the pasture species, rather then the pasture species itself, that allows for such complementarity between economics and sustainable land use. This research shows that if farmers adopt practices such as cell grazing they may be able to increase the area that they can profitably plant to perennial pasture thus reducing the impacts of dryland salinity. This finding is consistent with the findings of the case studies where the farmers perceived that, provided grazing was planned, increasing the intensity of their grazing management and the perenniallity of their pastures would result in an increase in the profitability of their grazing operation. As a result this research helps to bridge a gap which has existed in this area of research, between the results of scientific research and those reported in practice.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this research was to evaluate of three grazing systems (GS) with Elephant grass (EG) + Italian ryegrass (IR) + spontaneous growing species (SGS); EG + IR + SGS + Forage peanut (FP); and EG + IR + SGS + Red clover (RC), in order to use the area in rotational grazing during all agricultural year. EG was planted in rows with a distance of 4 m each one of them. In the cool-season, IR was sowed between rows of EG; RC was sowed and the FP who has found established since 2006 was preserved on respectively GS. Experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments (GS), two replicates (paddocks) and independent evaluations (grazing cycles). For evaluation, were used lactating Holstein cows receiving 1% of BW day-1 feed supplement concentrate. The pre and post forage mass parameters, botanical and structural composition, forage production and stocking rate were evaluated. Samples were collected by the handplucking method to analyze the organic matter, mineral matter, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in situ organic matter digestibility (ISOMD), in situ dry matter digestibility (ISDMD) of forage. Eight grazing cycle were performed during the experimental period (357 days). The values of forage production and stocking rate were 15.03, 16.33, 17.03 t ha-1 and 3.57, 3.52 and 3.65 animal unit ha-1, respectively grazing systems. Grazing systems involving grasses and forage legumes in different cycles provide use of the area during the agricultural year in rotational grazing with dairy cattle. SGS increased significantly (P≤0.05) over in GS without forage legume. Higher value of CP, ISOMD and lower of NDF for GS mixed with forage legumes. Considering the herbage mass, stocking rate and nutritive value, the pastures mixed to forage legumes showed better performance. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar três sistemas forrageiros (SF) com capim elefante (CE) + azevém (AZ) + espécies de crescimento espontâneo (ECE); CE + AZ + ECE + amendoim forrageiro (AM); e CE + AZ + ECE + trevo vermelho (TV), com o intuito de utilização da área em pastejo rotativo durante todo o ano agrícola. O CE foi estabelecido em linhas afastadas a cada 4 m. No período hibernal fez-se o estabelecimento do AZ entre as linhas do CE; o TV foi semeado e o AM que já se encontrava estabelecido desde 2006, foi preservado, considerando os respectivos tratamentos. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com três tratamentos (SF), duas repetições (piquetes) e avaliações independentes (ciclos de pastejo). Para avaliação foram utilizadas vacas da raça Holandesa em lactação, que receberam suplementação alimentar com concentrado à razão de 1% do peso corporal dia-1. Foram avaliados parâmetros de massa de forragem pré e pós pastejo, composições botânica e estrutural, produção de forragem e taxa de lotação. Para analisar a matéria orgânica, matéria mineral, a fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), a proteína bruta (PB), a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca (DISMS) e a digestibilidade in situ da matéria orgânica (DISMO) da forragem, foram coletadas amostras de pastejo simulado. Durante o período experimental (357 dias) foram efetuados oito ciclos de pastejo. Os valores de produção de forragem e de taxa de lotação foram de 15,03; 16,33; 17,03 t ha-1 e 3,57; 3,52 e 3,65 UA ha-1, respectivamente para os sistemas forrageiros. Sistemas forrageiros, envolvendo gramíneas e leguminosas de diferentes ciclos, proporcionam a utilização da área durante todo o ano agrícola em pastejo rotativo com bovinos leiteiros. Houve aumento significativo (P≤0,05) para ECE na pastagem sem leguminosa. Foram observados maiores valores de PB, DISMO e menores de FDN para os SF consorciados com leguminosas. Considerando a massa de forragem, a taxa de lotação e o valor nutritivo, as pastagens consorciadas com leguminosas forrageiras apresentaram melhor desempenho.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / The aim of the study was to assess the importance of spatial and temporal variation in diet quality and abundance for determining sustainable stocking rates on commercial, communal and game ranches in a semi-arid savanna, with the ultimate goal of avoiding land degradation in the long term, to provide sustainable livelihoods in rangelands and to make policy that will help in managing the available natural resources in the rangelands. Thus, firstly the effects of grazing, fire, nitrogen and water availability on nutritional quality of grass in semi-arid savanna was assessed. Secondly, spatial and temporal variation in plant quantity and quality among management (commercial, communal and game) types and habitat types (open savanna, rocky, shrubby and pans) and stocking rates in different management types were determined. Thirdly, the quality and quantity of variation inside and outside herbivore exclosures among commercial, communal and game management and habitat types in the semi arid savanna were estimated. Fourthly, faecal profiling was used to assess the effects of different management types on diet quality in semi-arid savanna. Lastly, policy based on the results of the present study was formulated.

Livestock grazing is the most important type of land-use in arid and semi-arid regions. In these regions, uncertain and highly variable climate conditions cause scarce and spatio-temporally variable resource availability. The major challenge to livestock grazing is the efficient utilisation of these resources without running the risk of degradation. Therefore, well adapted grazing strategies that consider both local environmental characteristics and the farmers' individual needs and perceptions are crucial for sustaining human livelihoods. Particularly, rotational grazing is presumed to render adaptation to spatio-temporal heterogeneities possible. A systematic investigation, however, that analyses the interrelations between the major components of rotational grazing systems on appropriate spatial and temporal scales was missing so far. This doctoral thesis investigates different management strategies for sustainable livestock grazing in semi-arid rangelands. Using an integrated modelling approach, it enters into the question: how to adapt grazing systems to spatio-temporal heterogeneous rangeland conditions, variable and changing climate conditions, and different individual needs and goals of livestock farmers? In order to address these issues, the taken approach tackles both methodical challenges and applied concerns. In the first part of this study, a generic modelling framework is developed that incorporates important components of grazing systems on appropriate spatial and temporal scales. To parameterise the model, a pattern-oriented approach is developed that uses qualitative patterns to derive a broad range of plausible parameter sets supporting a general model analysis. In the second part, a variety of management strategies is explored under different climatic, ecological, and economic conditions. The research focuses in particular on combined effects between and relative importance of different management components. The question how the results of different management strategies depend on the type of vegetation is investigated. Furthermore, the performance of rotational grazing strategies is analysed under different economic requirements and rainfall conditions. The study also identifies management strategies that are suitable to adapt a grazing system to spatio-temporally variable rangeland conditions. Overall, this thesis contributes to a general understanding of basic principles for adaptation to spatio-temporal heterogeneities as well as the interplay of different management components. The results allow an evaluation of management strategies for specific situations and the identification of strategies that are robust to a broad range of situations including different aspects of global change.