The clock is the important synchronizing element in all synchronous digital systems. The difference in the clock arrival time between sink points is called the clock skew. This uncertainty in arrival times will limit operating frequency and might cause functional errors. Various clock routing techniques can be broadly categorized into 'balanced tree' and 'fixed mesh' methods. The skew and delay using the balanced tree method is higher compared to the fixed mesh method. Although fixed mesh inherently uses more wire length, the redundancy created by loops in a mesh structure reduces undesired delay variations. The fixed mesh method uses a single mesh over the entire chip but it is hard to introduce clock gating in a single clock mesh. This thesis deals with the introduction of 'reconfigurability' by using control structures like transmission gates between sub-clock meshes, thus enabling clock gating in clock mesh. By using the optimum value of size for PMOS and NMOS of transmission gate (SZF) and optimum number of transmission gates between sub-clock meshes (NTG) for 4x4 reconfigurable mesh, the average of the maximum skew for all benchmarks is reduced by 18.12 percent compared to clock mesh structure when no transmission gates are used between the sub-clock meshes (reconfigurable mesh with NTG =0). Further, the research deals with a ‘modified zero skew method' to connect synchronous flip-flops or sink points in the circuit to the clock grids of clock mesh. The wire length reduction algorithms can be applied to reduce the wire length used for a local clock distribution network. The modified version of ‘zero skew method’ of local clock routing which is based on Elmore delay balancing aims at minimizing wire length for the given bounded skew of CDN using clock mesh and H-tree. The results of ‘modified zero skew method' (HC_MZSK) show average local wire length reduction of 17.75 percent for all ISPD benchmarks compared to direct connection method. The maximum skew is small for HC_MZSK in most of the test cases compared to other methods of connections like direct connections and modified AHHK. Thus, HC_MZSK for local routing reduces the wire length and maximum skew.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IvanovitchMDS.pdf: 411979 bytes, checksum: a431957d3dc2eb80548829e8010ed589 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-10 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The greater part of monitoring onshore Oil and Gas environment currently are based on wireless solutions. However, these solutions have a technological configuration that are out-of-date, mainly because analog radios and inefficient communication topologies are used. On the other hand, solutions based in digital radios can provide more efficient solutions related to energy consumption, security and fault tolerance. Thus, this paper evaluated if the Wireless Sensor Network, communication technology based on digital radios, are adequate to monitoring Oil and Gas onshore wells. Percent of packets transmitted with successful, energy consumption, communication delay and routing techniques applied to a mesh topology will be used as metrics to validate the proposal in the different routing techniques through network simulation tool NS-2 / Grande parte do monitoramento de po?os petrol?feros terrestres realizados atualmente est? baseado em solu??es sem fio (wireless). Todavia, essas solu??es apresentam uma configura??o defasada tecnologicamente na medida em que s?o utilizados r?dios anal?gicos e topologias de comunica??o ineficientes. Por outro lado, tecnologias que adotam r?dios digitais podem proporcionar solu??es mais eficientes relacionadas com o consumo de energia, seguran?a e toler?ncia a falhas. O trabalho investiga se as Redes de Sensores Sem Fio, tecnologia de comunica??o que utiliza r?dios digitais, s?o adequadas para o monitoramento de po?os petrol?feros terrestres. Porcentagem de pacotes entregues com sucesso, consumo de energia, atrasos de comunica??o e t?cnicas de roteamento para uma topologia em malha s?o as m?tricas usadas para validar a proposta atrav?s da ferramenta de simula??o NS-2

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoRSC_DISSERT.pdf: 726277 bytes, checksum: d47bf4e8090a3b1fadc03b4c34ebecda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-19 / The use of wireless sensor and actuator networks in industry has been increasing past few years, bringing multiple benefits compared to wired systems, like network flexibility and manageability. Such networks consists of a possibly large number of small and autonomous sensor and actuator devices with wireless communication capabilities. The data collected by sensors are sent directly or through intermediary nodes along the network to a base station called sink node. The data routing in this environment is an essential matter since it is strictly bounded to the energy efficiency, thus the network lifetime. This work investigates the application of a routing technique based on Reinforcement Learning s Q-Learning algorithm to a wireless sensor network by using an NS-2 simulated environment. Several metrics like energy consumption, data packet delivery rates and delays are used to validate de proposal comparing it with another solutions existing in the literature / A utiliza??o das redes de sensores e atuadores sem fio nas plantas das ind?strias vem crescendo nos ?ltimos anos, trazendo v?rios benef?cios em rela??o aos sistemas cabeados, como flexibilidade na instala??o e manuten??o da rede. Tais redes consistem basicamente de um n?mero possivelmente grande de dispositivos sensores e atuadores pequenos e aut?nomos que possuem capacidade de comunica??o sem fio. Os dados coletados pelos sensores s?o enviados seja diretamente ou passando atrav?s de n?s intermedi?rios pela rede at? uma esta??o-base conhecida como n? sink. O roteamento nesse ambiente ? uma quest?o essencial j? que est? intimamente ligado ? efici?ncia energ?tica e consequentemente ao tempo de vida da rede. Este trabalho investiga a aplica??o de uma t?cnica de roteamento baseado no algoritmo Q-Learning de Aprendizagem por Refor?o a uma rede de sensores sem fio atrav?s de simula??es no ambiente NS-2. Diversas m?tricas como consumo de energia, taxa de pacotes entregues com sucesso e atrasos s?o utilizadas para validar a proposta comparando-a com outras solu??es existentes na literatura