Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os estuários são ambientes altamente dinâmicos e concentram a maior parte da população mundial em seu entorno. São ambientes complexos que necessitam de uma gama de estudos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa contribuir para o entendimento dos estuários lagunares, tendo como objetivo comparar duas ferramentas geofísicas acústicas no mapeamento de uma porção submersa do Mar de Cananéia que está inserido no Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape (SP). Os equipamentos utilizados nesta pesquisa são o Sonar de Varredura Lateral e o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn, através da parametrização de amostras de fundo. A comparação do padrão acústico do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com as amostras de fundo da região permitiu o reconhecimento de 6 tipos distintos de padrões acústicos e a relação positiva com o diâmetro médio do grão foi de 50%. A comparação da resposta acústica do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn com o diâmetro médio do grão foi igualmente de 50%. Isto deve-se ao fato de que os valores produzidos pelo eco 1 e pelo eco 2 deste equipamento mostram que, por ser um mono-feixe e por analisar valores de intensidade do retorno acústico, o equipamento em questão pode responder a outros fatores ambientais que não seja somente o diâmetro médio do grão. Ao comparar a resposta acústica do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de fundo RoxAnn obteve-se um resultado positivo de 93%. Isto pode ser explicado pelo fato de o Sonar de Varredura Lateral gerar uma imagem acústica do fundo. Em locais onde tem-se amostra e os valores do eco 1 e do eco 2 do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn são altos, pode-se associar a esses locais a influência da compactação dos sedimentos finos através da análise das imagens do Sonar de Varredura Lateral. Por meio da comparação destes dois métodos foi possível estabelecer um intervalo de valores para o eco 1 que pode ser associado ao diâmetro médio do grão. Assim, valores entre 0.170 a 0.484 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos finos com granulometria até areia fina. Valores entre 0.364 a 0.733 podem ser associados a sedimentos de granulometria entre areia fina a média. Valores acima de 0.805 milivolts até 1.585 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos mais grossos como carbonatos biodetríticos ou areias grossas. E, por fim, valores acima de 2.790 milivolts podem ser associados a afloramentos rochosos. / Estuaries are highly dynamic environments which concentrate the largest part of the world`s population in it`s surroundings. They are complex environments which need a variety of studies. The objective of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the estuarine system, having as a main objective the comparison between two geophysical acoustic methods in the mapping of a submersed portion of the Cananéia Sea, located in the Estuarine System of Cananéia Iguape (SP). The equipment used in this research were the Side Scan Sonar and the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System, through the correlation of the geological bottom samples. The comparison of the acoustic pattern between the Side Scan Sonar and the geological bottom samples enabled the recognition of 6 distinct acoustic patterns and the positive correlation between the medium diameters of the sediments was 50%. The correlation of the acoustic feedback of the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System and the medium diameter of the sediments was equally 50%. This is due to the fact that the data produced by the echo 1 and echo 2 of this system show that because it is a single beam and because it analyses acoustic intensity feedback data, the equipment may also respond to other environmental factors which are not only related to the medium diameter of sediments. When comparing the acoustic feedback taken from the Side Scan Sonar and the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System a positive result of 93% was obtained. This may be explained due to the fact that the Side Scan Sonar generates an acoustic ground image. In areas where one has high value samples from echo 1 and echo 2 and also from the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System, one may correlate to these places the influence of fine sediment compression through the analysis of the images taken from the Side Scan Sonar. By comparing these two methods it was possible to establish an interval of values for echo 1 which can be associated to the medium diameter of the sediments. In this way, values between 0,170 to 0.484 milivolts can be associated to fine sediments with granulometry variating up to very fine sediments. Values between 0.364 to 0.733 can be associated to fine sediments with granulometry variating from medium to fine sediments. Values above 0.805 milivolts to 1.585 milivolts can be associated to coarser sediments such as biodetritic carbonates or thick sediments. Finally, values above 2.790 milivolts can be associated to rocky emergences.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Os estuários são ambientes altamente dinâmicos e concentram a maior parte da população mundial em seu entorno. São ambientes complexos que necessitam de uma gama de estudos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho visa contribuir para o entendimento dos estuários lagunares, tendo como objetivo comparar duas ferramentas geofísicas acústicas no mapeamento de uma porção submersa do Mar de Cananéia que está inserido no Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape (SP). Os equipamentos utilizados nesta pesquisa são o Sonar de Varredura Lateral e o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn, através da parametrização de amostras de fundo. A comparação do padrão acústico do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com as amostras de fundo da região permitiu o reconhecimento de 6 tipos distintos de padrões acústicos e a relação positiva com o diâmetro médio do grão foi de 50%. A comparação da resposta acústica do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn com o diâmetro médio do grão foi igualmente de 50%. Isto deve-se ao fato de que os valores produzidos pelo eco 1 e pelo eco 2 deste equipamento mostram que, por ser um mono-feixe e por analisar valores de intensidade do retorno acústico, o equipamento em questão pode responder a outros fatores ambientais que não seja somente o diâmetro médio do grão. Ao comparar a resposta acústica do Sonar de Varredura Lateral com o Sistema Acústico de Classificação de fundo RoxAnn obteve-se um resultado positivo de 93%. Isto pode ser explicado pelo fato de o Sonar de Varredura Lateral gerar uma imagem acústica do fundo. Em locais onde tem-se amostra e os valores do eco 1 e do eco 2 do Sistema Acústico de Classificação de Fundo RoxAnn são altos, pode-se associar a esses locais a influência da compactação dos sedimentos finos através da análise das imagens do Sonar de Varredura Lateral. Por meio da comparação destes dois métodos foi possível estabelecer um intervalo de valores para o eco 1 que pode ser associado ao diâmetro médio do grão. Assim, valores entre 0.170 a 0.484 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos finos com granulometria até areia fina. Valores entre 0.364 a 0.733 podem ser associados a sedimentos de granulometria entre areia fina a média. Valores acima de 0.805 milivolts até 1.585 milivolts podem ser associados a sedimentos mais grossos como carbonatos biodetríticos ou areias grossas. E, por fim, valores acima de 2.790 milivolts podem ser associados a afloramentos rochosos. / Estuaries are highly dynamic environments which concentrate the largest part of the world`s population in it`s surroundings. They are complex environments which need a variety of studies. The objective of this work is to contribute to a better understanding of the estuarine system, having as a main objective the comparison between two geophysical acoustic methods in the mapping of a submersed portion of the Cananéia Sea, located in the Estuarine System of Cananéia Iguape (SP). The equipment used in this research were the Side Scan Sonar and the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System, through the correlation of the geological bottom samples. The comparison of the acoustic pattern between the Side Scan Sonar and the geological bottom samples enabled the recognition of 6 distinct acoustic patterns and the positive correlation between the medium diameters of the sediments was 50%. The correlation of the acoustic feedback of the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System and the medium diameter of the sediments was equally 50%. This is due to the fact that the data produced by the echo 1 and echo 2 of this system show that because it is a single beam and because it analyses acoustic intensity feedback data, the equipment may also respond to other environmental factors which are not only related to the medium diameter of sediments. When comparing the acoustic feedback taken from the Side Scan Sonar and the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System a positive result of 93% was obtained. This may be explained due to the fact that the Side Scan Sonar generates an acoustic ground image. In areas where one has high value samples from echo 1 and echo 2 and also from the RoxAnn Acoustic Ground Discrimination System, one may correlate to these places the influence of fine sediment compression through the analysis of the images taken from the Side Scan Sonar. By comparing these two methods it was possible to establish an interval of values for echo 1 which can be associated to the medium diameter of the sediments. In this way, values between 0,170 to 0.484 milivolts can be associated to fine sediments with granulometry variating up to very fine sediments. Values between 0.364 to 0.733 can be associated to fine sediments with granulometry variating from medium to fine sediments. Values above 0.805 milivolts to 1.585 milivolts can be associated to coarser sediments such as biodetritic carbonates or thick sediments. Finally, values above 2.790 milivolts can be associated to rocky emergences.

Le réseau REBENT constitue un nouveau réseau de surveillance des habitats benthiques dont la vocation est d'établir un état de référence et un suivi régulier de la faune et de la flore littorales. Ce réseau entre en phase opérationnelle sur la région Bretagne. L'approche sectorielle est caractérisée par un ensemble d'études de sites (20) sur lesquels une cartographie détaillée des habitats est réalisée au 1/10 000 ou 1/25 000ème. Pour identifier en domaine subtidal les unités morpho-sédimentaires et/ou biologiques, elle s'appuie sur la combinaison de plusieurs systèmes acoustiques (sonar à balayage latéral, sondeurs mono et multifaisceaux, système RoxAnn), calibrés par des observations du fond (prélèvements, vidéo sous-marine, plongée). Les baies de Concarneau et de Quiberon, et l'archipel de Glénan, ont été les premiers secteurs ainsi reconnus en 2003. Ces travaux montrent l'intérêt de combiner plusieurs sources acoustiques et différentes embarcations pour caractériser préalablement les habitats par petits fonds. Certaines biocénoses semblent répondre directement aux ondes acoustiques (maërl, crépidule, lanice, étoiles de mer, ophiures, maldanes) alors que d'autres, comme les fonds à Haploops, se distinguent par la morphologie du substrat sur lequel les colonies se fixent (fonds vaseux à cratères). La précision des levés (positionnement et résolution sur le fond) et la gestion sous SIG des résultats permettent de mieux comprendre la distribution spatiale de ces habitats et de suivre leur évolution.

A growing recognition of the need for effective marine environmental management as a result of the increasing exploitation of marine biological resources has highlighted the need for high speed ecological seabed mapping. The practice of mapping making extensive use of satellite remote sensing and airborne platforms is well established for terrestrial management. Marine biological resource mapping however is not readily available except in part from that derived for surface waters from satellite based ocean colour mapping. Perhaps the most fundamental reason is that of sampling difficulty, which involves broad areas of seabed coverage, irregularities of seabed surface and depth. Conventional grab sample techniques are widely accepted as a standard seabed mapping methodology that has been in use long before the advent of acoustic techniques and continue to be employed. However. they are both slow and labour intensive, factors which severely limit the spatial coverage available from practical grab sampling programs. While acoustic techniques have been used for some time in pelagic biomass assessment, only recently have acoustic techniques been applied to marine biological resource mapping of benthic communities. Two commercial bottom classifiers available in the market that use normal incidence echosounders are the RoxAnn and QTC View systems. Users and practitioners should be cautious however when using black box implementations of the two commercial systems without a proper quality control over raw acoustic data since some researchers in their studies have indicated problems with these two bottom classifiers such as, among others, a depth dependence. In this thesis, an alternative approach was adopted to the use of echosounder returns for bottom classification. / The approach used in this study is similar to,~ used in the commercial RoxAnn system. In grouping bottom types however, Multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis) was adopted instead of the allocation system normally used in the RoxAnn system, called RoxAnn squares. In addition, the adopted approach allowed for quality control over acoustic data before further analysis was undertaken. As a working hypothesis, it was assumed that on average 0 and aE2 = 0 where E1 and E2 are the roughness and hardness indices, respectively, and RO is the depth. For roughness index (E1), this was achieved by introducing a constant angular integration interval to the tail of the first OM returns whereas for hardness index (E2), this was achieved by introducing a constant depth integration interval. Since three different frequencies, i.e. 12, 38 and kHz, were operated, Principal Component Analysis was used here to reduce the dimensionality of roughness and hardness indices, formed from the three operated qu frequencies separately. The k-means technique was applied to the first principal component of roughness index and the first principal comp component of hardness index to produce separable seabed types. This produced four separable seabed types, namely soft-smooth, soft-rough, hard-smooth and hard-rough seabeds. / Principal Component Analysis was also used to reduce the dimensionality of the area backscattering coefficient sA, a relative measure of biomass of benthic mobile biota. The bottom classification results reported here appear to be robust in that, where independent ground truthing was available, acoustic classification was generally congruent with ground truth results. When investigating the relationship between derived bottom type and acoustically assessed total biomass of benthic mobile biota, no trend linking the two parameters, however, appears. Nevertheless, using the hierarchical agglomerative technique applied to a set of variables containing average first principal component of the area backscattering coefficient sA, the average first principal component of roughness and hardness indices, the centroids of first principal component of roughness and hardness indices associated with the four seabed types and species composition of fish group of the common species in trawl stations available, two main groups of quasi acoustic population are observed in the North West Shelf (NWS) study area and three groups are observed in the South East Fisheries (SEF) study area. The two main groups of quasi acoustic population in the NWS study area and the three main groups of quasi acoustic population in the study area are associated with the derived seabed types and fish groups of the common species.